Congressional Record-House. 1009

1894. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 1009

Mr. BURROWS. Mr. Chairman, I yield iive minutes to the I can not permit th11t statement, which seemed to be received, gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. WALKER] . . _:..;...,... I regret to say, with some favor on the floor, tO pass unchallenged. Mr. WALKER. Mr. Chairman, I ask that the indorsement It affects the credit of this country. I taffects the honor and good on a letter written to me and the letter be read, and that the let faith of the Government, and I wish to declare here, what is well ter then and put into the petition box in the form of a petition; known to most of the members of this House, that this subject the time occupied in reading to be taken out of my time. has received careful consideration by the mosteminent lawyers, The Clerk read as follows: and that it is the consensus of the best opinion that the Secre Letter or Alfred N. Whiting, Oakdale, Mass., asking !or free coal, free iron, tary of the Treasury has full authority to issue the bonds which free wool, and the passage of a tariff as soon as possible. he is about to offer to the public. It is no doubt to be regretted The accompanying letter is as follows: that Congress is not in a position to legislate upon a subject of this character, but it is most fortunate that in view of that state OAKDALE, MASS., January 16, 1894. DEAR Sm: I trust. and hope to see every member of Congress !rom this of things we find upon the statute book a law which enables the State working !or the interest of Massachusetts by trying to secure fr ee Government to protect the public credit. wool, free coal, and free iron and the passage of a tariff bill as soon as possi Sir, this matter of the credit of the United States, and of a ble. Our people are suffering from the delay much more than they would from the pas::.age of the Wilson bill. There are no doubt some things in this solid foundation for our currency, lies at the very root of the bill which could be improved, as, for instance. 35 per cent on cotton machin distress and the calamities which hang over this country to-day. ery is too much. I1 agricultural machinery can be made 1ree, then cert(j.inl} A million of workingmen are asking Congress to give them the other would not suffer with a duty of 20 per cent. There are also several other items on which the duty looks to be too high, but it we can get prompt work and bread. That can not be done unless confidence is re action on the bill even in 1ts present form it will be a good thin~ for the peo storad in the public finances. We are placed in this condition, ple of this State as a whole. sir, because of the hesitation and doubt in regard to the silver Truly, ALFRED N. WfiTTING. and paper currency of the country, the result of anterior unfor Hon. J. H. WALKER. M. C., tunate legislation. Let this Congress do what it can to heed the Washington, JJ. C. cry of the unemployed and destitute. Let the Democratic party Mr. WALKER. No man and no organization will ever send do what it can to heed this cry, if it would perpetuate its au a petition to me, not obtained by fraud, that will ever be with thority and power. held from the petition box of this House. Such never has been One word, sir, as to the sneers thrown out by the gentleman - the case. The gentleman from California [Mr. MAGUIRE] could from Illinois [Mr. FITHIAN] upon a portion of my constituents, not have done a nobler act than to do what he supposed he was whom he called ''Shylocks" and '' gold-bugs." He described doing when he offered this petition. But he has been abused thsm, sir, as if they were holding out their hands for .bonds of into perpetrating a fraud. I said in my letter: the Government to be given them gratuitously. Everybody who takes a bond of the Government to-day or to-morrow gives gold Allow me to say to you that I shall not present these petitions to Congress, because I do not believe that they expre.,;s the opinion of a majority Qf the for it in exchange, and that gold is needed by the Treasury to members or the Central Labor Union. If they did they would have been sustain the current value of our paper money. These" gold presented here promptly. . bugs" and" Shylocks" always have open hands and open hearts No man in Massachusetts needs any instruction as to his duty for distre ~ s wherever it is found in our land. To-day they are as a member on this floor concerning the right of petition, a.s I assisting to feed fifty thousand unemployed workingmen in the have shown you in presenting a personal letter coming to me city of New York-men without work and without bread. asking for the action of Congress. But let me read to you in In the dark days of the Republic, when we were on the brink order that you may know who these people are. of downfall and ruin, these "Shylocks" and" gold-bugs" came The author of theseresolutions isThomas F. Kennedy,amem with t?-eir streams of wealth, lilre another Pactolus, and poured ber of the L3Sters' Union, and an urgent free trader. Mr. Ken them mto the 1'rea.sury of the United States, .to pay our troops, nedy says the resolutions were drawn up solely by him and sub to clothe the·m, and to furnish them with the munitions of war. mitted by him to Dr. B. F. Longstreet, a member of a queer These are the men whose charities and patriotism are never little organization known as the ''Single Tax-Club." My friend found wanting. I can not hear them slandered and insulted on from Ohio [Mr. JOHNSON] will appreciate that. this floor without raising my voice in grateful recognition of · He [Longstreet) is a member of a single-tax club, a free trader, their noble qualities. [Applause.] and a "philosophical anarchist," as he calls himself. [Laugh [Here the hammer fell.) ter.] Mr. WILSON of West Virginia. I yield ten minutes to the Socialists, single taxers, "philosophical anarchists" and men who know gentleman from Illinois [Mr. SPRINGER]. as much about the Wilson bill as they do about the man in the moon, all had Mr. SPRINGER. .Mr. Chairman, before proceeding to dis a whack at it, and Dr. B. F. Longstreet, the oracle of the club, in a memora ble and remarkable peroration, capped the climax by fervently declaring cuss t-qe pending amendment, which provides for restoring the that all work is a curse. tariff on wool provided in existing law, I desire to call attention [Laughter on the Republican side.] to the remarks of my coll~agues on the other side who have re-· .Now, let me read to you a resolution adopted unanimously by ferred to the fact that by the pending bill the products of the one of the twenty-four organizations the action of whose execu farmers of the country were placed upon the free list, and that tive committee was secured by fraud. Vvhy, when my friend the farmers were required to pay a large tariff upon the manu from the Sixth district [Mr. COGSWELL] was opposing the Bay factured articles they desire to consume. ard-Cleveland treaty, he received resolutions purporting to have I ask pardon for referring to those farm products that are been adopted py an organization in his city of Gloucester in placed upon the free list in this bill. I bslieve that part of the dorsing that treaty, and on coming to ferret it out he found the bill has not yet been read to the Committee of the Whole House, resolutions were passed by two men paid to do it. I will read and, therefore, I may mention them briefly. Fresh milk, broom the resolutions adopted by Iron-Molders' Union, No. 5, repudi corn, c:1bbn.ges, cider, yolks of eggs, pease, plants, garden seeds, ating- the action of the Central Labor Union: straw, teazles, apples~ bacons and hams, beef, mutton, pork, and meats of all kinds, meats dressed and undressed, lard, tallow, WORCESTER, MASS., Janucwy 15,1894. grease, wool, and salt, if that be an agricultural product. These At regular _meeting of Iron Molders' Union, No. 5, it is hereby resolved that this union, being one or the twenty-four unions affiliated with the Cen are the articles that ure raised on the farm that have been put tral Labor Union, repudiates the action of the Central Labor Union in in· on the free list. dorsing the Wilson tariff bill, January 3: Therefore The amount of these articles coming in last year was valued B e it resolvea, That a copy or these resolutions be presented to the press and also to the Central Labor Union; be it further at $3,00Q,OOO and the duties paid on them were $989,000, so Resolved, We extend our thanks to our Representative in CongTess for his that all the protection that the farmer got on these articles put a.ct.ion in withholding the said resolution from Congress for further verifi upon the free list amounted to less than $1,000,000. As against cation. JOHNS. GALE, that this bill puts upon the free list lumber, which is largely GEO.' ROGERS, used upon the hrm, and is nota farmprojuct. It puts salt upon P. DOYLER, the free list , which is not a farm product, but is largely used by Committee. farmers. It puts, for the benefit o.f the Eastern farmers, coal upon Mr. SIMPSON. What paper have you read from? the free list, which is largely used by the farmers of the East as Mr. WALKER. There are three papers, one Democratic and well as the West, where it is not protected. two Republican papers, and all had the same resolutions. Mr. GROS VEI: OR. Putting co:tl upon the free list is not Mr. S[CKLES. Mr. Chairman, I endeavored to get the .floor done for the benefit of the ag-riculturists of the East. , immediately after the remarks of the gentleman from Illinois Mr. SPRINGER. They use bituminous coal in their houses in [Mr. FITHIAN] this morning. I do not now see him in his seat. the East. • I avail myself of this opportunity to say a few words only in Mr. GROSVENOR.. I bog the gentl9m3.n's pardon. You can reply to some of his opservations . • He made the broad asser not find any such a thing used on the farms in the East at all. tion that the Secretary of the Treasury has no legal authority Mr. SPRINGER. Bituminous cosl is used very largely in -whatever to issue the bonds that are about to be presented to manufacturing in the East, in which they r..re interested. ~.e market. Mr. GROSVENOR. That is our doctrine. XXVI-64 .1010 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. JANUARY 18,

1 Mr. SPRINGER. They use it a great deal where I live in the Mr. BURROWS. I suppose it has come about because there State of Illinois. · are fewer there now th'ln tb.ere were former.ly. [Laughter.] I find, by comparing this bill with the existing law, that the Mr. SPRINGER. That is how the gentleman explains that. farmer is not injured a particle by putting anything on the free Now we stand tog-ether. list which is peovided for in this bill. Mr. BURROWS. I give that explanation because I know it Now, so fa.r as the woolen schedule is concerned, I desire to is within the capacity of the gentleman from Illinois. [Laugh call the' attention of my colleagues on the other side of this ter.l Chamber to the fact that the placing of wool upon the free list Mr. SPRINGER. You give it because it is the only explana is an act in the interest of the farmers and wool-growers in this tion you can give. country. We had a tariff in 1867, which was invoked by those I did not speak of the encouragement that was to be given to who were raising wool for the purpJse of encouraging wool• wool-growing by increasing the duty on wool. That is the gen growing in the great St3.tes of the Union east of the Mississippi tleman·s argument. Yet, in the face of that increase the number River. The States we:;t of the river were not interested in the of sheep has gone down. There was a slight increase after the matter at that time, and wool-growing was carried on to a very McKinley act increased the duty on wool, and that may have a.c limited extent in them. Only -3,00J,UOO sheep existed at that counted in part for the increased number in 1893. time west of the Mississippi River. It was invoked, therefore, rHere the hammer fell.] for the benefit of the people in Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, Mr. SPRINGER. I regret that my time has expired. Illinois, and Indiana, aiJd those great central States through Mr. BURROWS. So do I. the North, and through the whole South. Mr. SPRINGER. I would like to furnish the gentleman some Let us see what that effected. In the State of Illinois, in 1863, more information and amusement in connection with this sub the first year after this law was put into effect, there were ject. 2, 700,0 0 sheep, and in the year 1891 there were only 770,000-a Mr. BURROWS. We have been enjoying it very much. loss of 2,00J,OOO shet5p in that State. The number of sheep raised Mr. PENDLETON of West Virginia Mr. Chairman, in the by the farmers in the great State of Illinois has been reduced discussion of the tariff question, if the advocates of protection from 2, 700,000 (since that the tariff on wool was placed there to would rely upon the legitimate arguments that can be made on encourage sheep-growing) to 700,000 in 1891. Then take the behalf of that system, they would present a far stronger ca.se to State of Ohio, wnich is often referred to as the great ·wo !-grow the country than they are presenting at present. Such fallacies ing State of this country. That State had 6,700,000 sheep in as that the consumer does not pay the tax, or that the foreigner 18o8 just after wool was h:ghly taxed for their protection; and does pay it, and other arguments of that character, only weaken in 1891 the sheep in Ohio numbered 4,000,000-a loss of 2,669,000 the cause which they are supposed to advance; and when our since the tariff was first placed on wool. friends begin to compare protection countries with free-trade Mr. GROSVENOR. Will the gentleman allow me? countries, and, when finding in some one protection country that Mr. BURROWS. Will the gentleman yield to me for a. ques wages are higher than in some free-trade country, they argue tion? that therefore the fact is due to the tariff; or, when finding Mr. SPRINGER. One at a time. I yield to the gentleman more people out of employment in one country than in another, from Ohio (Mr. GROSVENOR] first. they argue that that is due to tariff legislation, they make a Mr. GROSVENOR. Now, in the first place, I want to state colossal mishke. that the figures given ·as to the number of sheep in the State of The gentleman .from Illinois [Mr. CANNON] told us this morn Ohio in 18o8 are totilly erroneous· and, in the second place, I ing that there were more than 800,000 paupers in Great Brita,in want to sbte that the wool ·product in that State in 1892 was to day, and he argued that because there were more paupeu: in more than double the quantity in 1868. . Great Britain than in the United States, and because this country Mr. SPRINGER. I am stating facts that I obtained myself, had been under a protective tariff for thirty yeara, while Great upon a personal call on the Superintendent of tbe Bureau of Britain had been advancing along the line of free trade for forty Statistics. five yeal'S: the greater amount of pauperism in England was due to Mr. GROSVENOR. The State of Ohio never had at any one free trade. All the gentleman needed to have done to avoid time anything like that number of sheep. that blunder was to have studied a little the history of England. Mr. SPRINGER. I will state that according to the census In the year 1800,when England was still living under the '' Crom schedule the number is given as 4,928,000 in the State of Ohio. wellian tariff," as it was c:-1lled, with a population of a little more Mr. GROSVENOR. Th::tt is right. than 8,000,000 of people, more than 1,000,000 of them were recog Mr. GROSVENOR. That is right; but that is not 6,800,000. nized as paupers. Mr. SPRINGER. According to the census there were that In 1845, when the population of the United Kingdom of Great many in 1870, and by the last census there were only 3,900,000, Bribin and Ireland was 23,000,000, a million and a half were a loss of a million by your -own figures. then recognized as paupers. In 1845 Sir Robert Peel passed the first tariff-reform act ever put upon the British statute book, Mr. BURROWS. Now, will the gentleman from illinois, as and now, with a population of 38,000,000, the United Kingdom he seems t.o understand the subject, tell us how it is that illinois, has only 800,000 paupers upon her rolls. [Applause.] in 1890, before the passage of the McKinley act, had only 688,000 [Here the hammer fell.] . head of sheep, and in 1893, under the operation of the McKinley Mr. BURROWS. I yield five minutes to the gentleman from act, .the number h~d increased to 1!870,000? California [Mr. Lounl. Mr. SPRINGER. I have the figures only for 1891. Mr. LOUD. Mr. Chairman, I had not intended to say any Mr. BURROWS. Well, I have them for 1893. thing on the wool question, preferring to devote what little time Mr. SPRINGER. Even at.that rate you are more than a mil may fall to the lot of a member in Committee of the Whole to lion and a half short of the number that you had when you first matters relating ps.rticularly to my own district. My experi invoked thetari"f for the protection of the wool industry. ence has taught me that if a member on this floor is enabled to Mr. BURROWS. But how do you explain that increase be represent the view·s of his own constituents in Committea of the tween 1890 and um3? Whole he will find that he h ts accomplished at>out all that is Mr. SPRINGER. While the St::tte has increased in popula ordinarily within the power of any mamber. tion more than 100 percent, the sheep have decreased in number My colleague from SJ.n Francisco [Mr. MAGUIRE], it seems by more than 50 per cent; so that while we have doubled our popu: his speech tnis afternoon, has found that he had no constituency lation we have reduced the number of our sheep one-half, ac of his own to represent, and going out of his own district to rep cording to your own figures. Will the gentleman explain that? resent the State of Massachusetts, has presented to this House Mr. BURROWS. The gentlem:w from Illinois does not ex- a petition emanating from the district represented on this floor plain the increase after .the adoption of the McKinley bw. by the gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. WALKER]. Now, I Mr. 8PRINGER. There was an increase at that time. believe that Massachusetts is abundantly able to take care of Mr. BURROWS. How do you account for it? herself, and if my colleague desired to present any petitions to Mr. SPRINGER. Why that there were more sheep at the this Housel think he should have been eminently fair, which I one time than there were at the other time. [Laughtel".] know he intends to be, and should have pre::;ented some petitions Mr. BURROWS. That is entirely satisfactory. I think that which he has received from his own constituents covering the is one of the clearest explanations the gentleman has ever made. very bill now under discussion. But he has n t seen fit to pre [Laughter.] sent them. I have gained the floor simply for the purpo e of Mr. SPRINGER. It is very clear. Now, will the gentleman reading them to this Hou&'S. Here is a telegram addressed to from Michigan explain to me why the number of sheep is one my colleague [Mr. H;rLBORN], although I have received one of half less at this time th:mit was at the time when the tariff was the same character, which.I have filed in the petition box. This invoked to protect wool-2'rowing in illinois? is an exact copy of mine: Mr. BRETZ. How does the gentleman from Michigan explain At a meeting of the wool-growers, dealers, and manufaeturers. held this the decrease in Indiana? day, it was resolved that we, the wool dealers, growers, a.nd manufacturers 1894. OONGRESSIDNAL .RECOR.D-HOUSE. lOll of California., irrespective of party, do hereby protest in the most emphatic Not only did I find that men enga.gedin these occupations bad terms a"'a.inJSt ehan'-"eS in the tari.tt affe{:ting wool and woolens .as proposed 0 signed these remon-strances, but I ffnd men engaged in other oc· by the Wilson bill. We assert that to remov~ the duty fi:om '.vool ,and wool ens will prostrate, if not wnolly destroy, a.n mdustry which g1ves direct e.m c 1pations, whose modes of life, whose habits of thought pecu ployment to 30.000 or our citizens. We call ~pon you, as a. Re~resent3.t1ve liarly entitle them to consideration when we re!l.d the testimony. of C2>lifornia interests, to work and vote agamst these propo:~itions. I. R. HALL. which is advanced in b3half or the amendment offered by the B.P.FLINT. gentleman f_rom Michig:.tn. To-day, for inst!lJlce, I found 'i'HOMAS DENIGAN, amongst them th'3 name of a man whom1keshis living by racing C. S. M03ES, JAMES P. HULINE, horses; I found the names of men engaged in the occupation of JOHN E. SHOOBERT, doing nothing; I found, another who s tys he is a .capit:llist; I Committee. found the n-tme of another who states he belongs to the Salva - JACON ROSENBURG, - President. tion Army (laughter]; and judging from the remarks made by FRED. S. MOODY, the gentleman from Maine, in re:;ponse to the ob ervations of Becretapy. the gentleman from New York the other day, the man who I have another telegram which I have no doubt was sent to signed himself as a member of the Salvation Atmy evideatly every member of the California deleg11tion. If it was not, or if anticipated those rem3.I'ks, bec3-use he thought that the assist my colleague [Mr. MAGUIRE] has not received a copy of it, he no ance of the Lord w .-tS necess3-ry to carry-out the views of theRe doubt peruses the San Francisco papers, and has seen there an publican party, and in that respect he agreed with the gentle account of this meeting which took place there. This telegram man from Maine. [Ls.ug-hter.] is d ated ''8.:1n Francisco, January 10:" I -find the names of cowboys, who, of course, being on the prairies and in the brush looking after cattle day and night, Th~ wool-growers and manufacturers or Oalifornia, in State convention assembled, protest against the free-wool clause in the Wilson tariff bill as have had ample opportunities to determine what would be for :ratal to our industries, and ask you to oppose the same. Resolution by the benefit of the wool-growers of this country; and in addi mail. tion to all these I found the names of men who wrote their oc Which evidently my colleague has by this time received. This cupations down as hustlers and roustabouts and grangers No.2, telegram is signed "B :~.r clay ffenly," late a member of Congress whatever that me..tns. Such are the occupations Oi the eleYen from the State of California-a Democrat, too, I believe; and is hundred signers of this remonstr-ance who, the gentleman from also signed by Fred S. Moody, secretary. Michigan say-s, ought to compel the Texas delegation represent Now, as I said before, my only object in rising was to present ii~g three millions of consumet's in that State to vote-against some petitions from my colleague's constituency, which it seems their interest, and amongst the three millions I include t)le he did not see fit to preeent himself. I regret that he has taken men engaged in sheep r~nsing. this course-- [Here the hammer fell.] Mr. MAGUIRE. I only wish t.o say that I have received no The CHAIRMAN. 'rowhomdoesthe-gentleman from Michl· such petition. gan next yield? . Mr. LOOD. As I said before, if the gentleman has perused Mr. BURROWS. I yield ten minutes to the gentleman from .the newspapers of San Francisco be must have seen this action Maine [Mr. DINGLEY] . reported there and must know tb.at it did bke place. I regret Mr. DINGLEY. The proposition of the pendin-g bill, Mr. that the gentleman bas gone outside of his district to represent Chairman, is to place wool on the free list. It should be ob.: the interests of M:1ssachusetts here. I believe the interests of served that it is a complete rever~al of the policy which has ex that St!l.te·, so far .as involved in this Wilson bill, are w~ll enough isted in this country for many -years. ca.red for at the present time, without the support of my col By the t ctriff act of 1846 a duty-of 30 per cent ad valorem was league from California. placed upon clothing wool. By the taPiff act of 1857 the duty fHere the hammer fell.] r was reduced to 24 per cent; and wool un-der 20 cents a pound, Rl Mr. WiLSON of West Virginia. I yield five minut-es to the most entirely C!i.rpet wool. was placed upon the L·ee list, so that gentleman froJD. Texas [Mr. CRAIN]. for years, under Dem0cratic as well as Republican tariJs, it has Mr. CRAIN. Ml'. Chairman a gentleman 1'rom Ohio to-day, been the policy of this country -to protect clothing- wool. · in discussing the wool question~ made th~ remark that in his Therefore ta.e.propositio 1 in this bill is to revolutionize the youthful days-perhaps fifty or sixty years ago-when a bad man policy wbich has existed since 1824. Indeed, throughout all the died in Ohio they used to say that he went e1ther to hell or to hrift discussions from 1824 to 1830, in Gen. Jackson's time, the Texas. I infer from his remarks that the civilization of my State then Democratic party emphasized the fact that it proposed to has so far advanced, and that of Ohio bas so far retrograded, protect wool clothing: Fitst, on the ground -that it was a neces that when a bad man dies now in the State of Ohio they do not sary article of defense for the clothing of the people in time of let him go either to hell or to Texas, both of which .are too good war. Secondly, on the g round that it was an important product for him, but keep him in Ohio. - [L!:Lughter.] of agriculture, and being such should be encouraged to diversify I took occasion, Mr. Chairman, to examine one of the remon the products of the farm and renov~tte the soil. strances presented by the gentleman from Michigan £Mr. BUR And, thirdly, that it was important to foater the keeping of ROWS] on yesterday, the remonstrw_ce purporting to emanate sheep because it gave the people cheap meat in the shape of

from San Angelo1 in North western Texas. I was Curious to know mutton. whether the signers who said they were wool-growers and busi Gen. Jackson, in his celebrated Colman letter, made a special ness men or We.:; tern Texas, correctly representdd their vocations point of the fact that the then Democratic party contended that and business pursuits, and 1 found, not to my astonishment, for the products of the farm, and especially the wool produced upon I really expected it from the statements made in the remon the larm, were deserving of protection as much as any other in strance, that they live in different parts of the State, a number terests in the count1·y. of them being actually engaged in busineRB in the city of Galves To-day we find t at the men of the Democratic party politi ton, on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, nearly 800 miles from cally descended from Jackson-and a long descent it is, too San Angelo. I discovered that these men are engaged in various have completely changed their position and now propose to put occupations, a number of them being wool-growers who live in not only wool, but many other important products of the farm, good houses, and sheep-herders, many of whom doubtless exist upon the free list. in ja.cals, men whose employment compels them to be out on the Now, Mr. Ch9Jirman, what is the situation with reference to hills among the cacti, men who are furnished goats meat! men clothing wool in this country? Last year we consumed in this who are limited to the use of the milk of the goat, men who live country in the neighborhood of 450,000,000 pounds of clothing

for a month at a time with their flocks of 11 000 or 1,500 head of wool and 10J,OOO, \J Ov pounds in addition of carpet wools. Of the sheep. ~50 000,000 pounds of clothing wools which we consumed in this M tn.y oi the sheep-herders are unable to speak the English country 300,000,000 pounds were grown here~ 50,000,000 pounds language, and are receiving under the benefit of high protection were imported in the form of wool, mainly from Australia_and the munificent wages of from $10 to $12 a month. I found that from the Cape, largely by way of London, and 10 ),000,000 pounds m!lJly of the signers are livery-stable keepers, painters, carpen of wool were imported in the form of manufactured cloth. Thus ters, stone masons, engineers~ telegraph operators, physicians, of 350,000,0JO pounds of clothing wool m tnufactured in this etc.-men engag ed in respectable occupations, and some of them country last year 300,000,000 pounds were grown upon our own in the vocation of raising sheep four or five hundred miles from farms or ranches. where they reside: and I do say in all seriousness and earnest The increase in production of clothing wool in this country is not ness that their business pursuits are not intimately connected measured by the increase in the number of the sheep, for the rear with wool-growing, and that their testimony oughp not to carry son that by improvement of breeds there has been a large increase much value or much weight in this House when we are consider in the clip per head. In 1860 the average weight per head of ing the oper:ttions of the schedule of free wool as proposed by the wool clip was only 2t pounds, but last year it was nearly 6 the Wilson bill, in contrast with the high protective duty of the pounds per head. In other words, the increase of production of McKinley act. wool in this country within Jorty years is double that of the in· 1012 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. J .A.NUARY 18,

crease of the flocks. The value of the wool clip of this country Michigan X washed wool, a standard wool, well understood by the year before so-called tariff reform struck us was nearly $75,- our friends from Michigan, was worth in the Boston markets 28 000,000. cents a pound. To-day it is worth from 19t to 20 cents a pound. So far as carpet wools are con~rned, there might be an argu Now~ a wool substantially like that, both as to quality and shrink ment to support the placing of them upon the free list, on the age, can be imported and placed in bond in Boston or New York ground that we do not produce them to any considerable extent for 17 cents per pound. in this country. They have baen kept on the dutiable lists at And under free wool, wool exactly similar to that can be bought lower rates than clothing wool for the reason that some part of in our markets for not much, if any, above 17 cents a pound. the carpet-wool fleece can be used for clothing purposesL I MichiganXwools have already shrunk8centsapound since last think of the 100,000,000 pounds of carpet wools consumed in January in anticipation of the removal of the duty, and will this country last year, not more than 10,000,000 pounds, and per probably decline 3 cents more after wool goes on the free list; haps less, were produced in this country. That arises from the for you must bear in mind that the woolen manufacturers must fact that carpet wool is a coarse hair, produced generally by enter upon the manufacture of their goods from six to eigh land sheep tttc~.t yield less wool per head than any other sheep, and twelve months before they actually go into consumption. Every which are kept in semi-barbaric countries. woolen mill which has for the last six months been manufactur In this country we have always encouraged the keeping of ing Ylool has been obliged to purchase the wool as near as possi sheer- for theproductionof clothing wool; and I desire, therefore, ble to the free-trade price, because the falling off of consump in behalf of those farmers in my own State-and a large part of tion of woolen goods in consequence of the general distress aritl the farmers keep sheep to some extent-to protest against the the expectation thatforeign goods would come in at lower rates discrimination that is proposed to be made against them in this haYe reduced prices of woolen goods and made it unsafe to make bill, by putting this product on the free list. them on any other basis. Mr. SPRINGER. How does the gentleman account for the Gentlemen tell us that wo_ol is not as high now under protec fact that after the increase of the duty on wool by the McKin tion as it was with lower duties before the war. That is true ley act the sheep decreased in Main::> from 542,000 in 1890 to not only of wool, but of most other products. The world's price 3 ~:S9 ,00 0, a loss of 144,0GO in two years? of wool has been greatly reduced by the enormous increase of Mr. DINGLEY. Those figures, I think, are incorrect; but I production in South America, Australia, and South Africa, and am aware that there has been some falling off in the number of also by the increase of the clip per head through improvement sheep kept in Maine, although not so much in the aggregate of of breeds. It costs less to produce wool than it did thirty-five the wool clip, for several years, because of the decline of the years ago: for the reason that one sheep yields as much wool world's price of wool, notwithstanding the price of wool in this now as two did then. country has been nearly 10 cents per pound higher here than The price of wool in this country has necessarily gone down abroad. as the world's price has declined; but at all times the difference We have heard here during this discussion two antagonistic of price here and abro1d has been substantially the assured positions taken on the other side of the House as to the effect of duty. the abolition of the duty on wool. By abolishing the duty on wool you take from the farmers of First, it has been said by our Democratic friends who repre this country about 10 cants per pound in the value of all the wool sent wool-growing communities that the abolition of the duty on that they produce, which up to within a few months brought wool will increase the price, and that protection has diminished here the foreign price plus the duty, for the reason that we could the price. This answers for localities where gentlemen repre not produce it lower, and compel them to go out of wool-grow sent wool-growing constituencies; but others of our Democratic ing to a great extent. You practically take from the farmers of friends, who do not represent wool-growing constituencies, have this country $30,000,000 in money, with which they would pur insisted with equal emphasis that the abolition of the duty on chase your manufactured goods and other products that are pro wool will reduce the price of the wool. Now, one or the other duced in this country. You diminish the purchasing power of of these positions of course can not be correct. Both positions the farmers, co'fnprising ne!l.rly half of our people, and in doing c:m not be·maintained at the same time. that you injure every member of the community. It is when Mr. REED. Except by the Democratic party! [Laughter.] the farmer is able to diversify the products of his farm that he Mr. DINGLEY. And except in the different localities which receives the largest returns from his crops and the country i3 these gentlemen represent. most prosperous. In the campaign of 188S this wool question was the real issue But you say the farmer has to purchase his clothing and he befora the American people, and they really decided it then. pays more than enough more for his clothing in concequence of In 1 92 that was not the auestion that was brought to the att ~ n the duty on wool to offset what he gains by the duty on com tion of the Amedcan people, but in 1 8' the questipn of remov peting foreign wool. Now let us look at that for a moment. On ing the duty from wool was the vital question that was br~ug ht an average the people of this country consume 7 pounds of raw to the attention of the people, and the people most emphatically vwol per bead in clothing. The average family of a farmer, condemned the proposition. which will numb3r five, would consume 35 pounds of unwashed I remember during the progress of that campaign, a distin- wool. Now, assuming that the duty makes that wool cost 10 3"uisbed ex-member of Congress came up into my district, and he cents more per pound, then each person who consumes that 7 spoke first in the city where I reside, addre sing a large audi pounds pays 70 cents, and a family of five pay $3.50. ence of workingmen and manufacturers. He told them what Now, how many sheep has a farmer to keep to offEet that benefits would come from free wool; that it would reduce the $3.50 in the increased cost of his woo1 in clothing? Only six! price of their wool, would diminish the cost of clothing, and The average clip of each head of sheep is 6 pounds. This gives would give them larger wages. 60 cents as the increased price for the clip of each sheep, and Ha.ving made his spaech that night with a great deal of eclat, $3.60 for 6 sheep, and if a farmer keeps only 100 sheep and raises he was unfortunately sent by the committee to an agricultural 600 r ounds of wool he receives $60 more for his wool protected town the next night, where he was privately informed· before than he would receive with wool on the free list, which would the meeting opened that there were a large number of sheep offset the increased cost of the wool in the clothing for his fam kept in that district, a.nd was warned to make his Democracy ily and leave him $56.50 profit. [Loud applause on the Repub square with the particular condition oi things in that locality. lican side.] So the gentleman changed his D.cmocratic principles. He s::tid: The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman has expired. "I am glad to be here to-night. I am a farmer as you are. I Mr. BURROWS. I yield the gentleman three minutes more. am a wool-grower as you are, and I want the duty removed from Mr. DINGLEY. Gentlemen on the other side profess to be wool because it will increase the price of my wool." friends of the farmer; yet by placing wool on the free list they And having gone on in this way for a little while~ some one take from e:wh farmer who keeps 100 sheep-and in that propor who had attended his meeting the previous evening divulged t:on from those who keep less or more sheep-$56.50 profit, after the fact that the night before the speaker had a-ddre ~ s ~ d an au offseting any increased cost of clothing arising from the duty dience and declared that placing wool on the free iist would re on wool. LApplause on the R-epublican 'side.] duce the price, while that night he was taking the other role You propose to take that away from the farmer while you are s.md declaring that the abolition oLthe duty would incre:1se the going to protect a great many other classes. Now, I hold that ~ price. [Laughter.] . the farmer should be the last person from whom this protection (The time of Mr. DINGLEY having expired, Mr. BURROWS should be t 3.ken. I regret exceedingly to see that gentlemen who yielded to him :five minutes more.] have for years been denouncing the R-epublican policy of pro Mr. DINGLEY. Now, Mr. Chairm an~ what has been the effect tection as unfavorable to the farmer are about to leave the already of the anticipated abolition of the duty upon wool? We farmer without any protection on his wool and many other prod can judge something by what has taken place as to what will ucts in the first step they take in what you call ''tariff reform." take place in the future. I say I regret to see this step taken, and all through this tariff A year ago the 1st of November I remember very well that bill to see farm products, like eggs, vegetables, and other prod~ 1894. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 1013

ucts of farmers in the Northern portion of our country, put into and to fix the rates to suit their own judgment of what their in open competition with similar far m productsof Canada, without dustries required. And yet, sir, when we examine the history even asking any return. It is contrary to the whole·spirit and of the increase of sheep-raising we find that from 1867 to the policy of this country frolll the days of Jackson ~ own to the pres present time the production of sheep has lagged far behind the ent time. [Loud applause on the Republican s1de.j increase in numbers of the other farm animals of the country. Mr. PEARSON. Mr. Chairman, I desire to say, before the We have not as many sheep in 1894 as we had in 1884. vote is taken upon this amendment, that I have the honor to I h ave here the Statistical Abstract for 1892, which shows that represent on the floor of this House one of the large wool-pro the numbm· of oxen and cattle in this country to-day is three ducing districts in the State of Ohio, that I was sent here as t~e times as great as the number in 1868. The number of horses representative of that people, with the ·distinct understanding to-day is thrae times as large as the number in 1868. The num and fully co mmissioned by them to vote to place wool on the free ber of mules is three times as large as it was in 1863. The num list. [Applause on the Democratic side.] Sir, they have been ber of cows is more than t wice as large as it was in 1868. The trying to produce wool under the supposed protection afforded number of swine is twice as large as it was in 1868, whereas it by the McKinley law, and they have learned from sad expe the number of sheep has increased only from 38,991,000 to 47.273,- rience that the statement of their Senator, Mr. SHERMAN, to 0JO, showing that, with all the protection of a high tariff, we the effect that any increase of the rate of t~ rifi' on an article tends have failed to develop the sheep-growing industry of this coun to decrease its price, is at least true, when applied to the wool try in proportion to the natural growth of population and the they" produce. Under the present law the price of their wool natural increase in the number of other farm animals. has been reduced each successive year since thatlaw was ena.cted Now, Mr. Chairman, I know that this tariff on wool is worth until to-day it is lower than ever ·before. a gt·eat deal to the whole protective system. It is that particu In that district the issue was squarely presented in the elec lar provision in the tariff by which you have most industriously tion in 1892. If there was a wool-growerwithin the district who sought to delude the farmer and to secure his support of the did not know that I had voted for free wool in the Fifty-second whole system. - But the ai vantage of the tariff_ on wool to the - Congress he read no Republica-n paper published within the dis farmer is something that no man has ever yet been able to prove, tdct during the campaign, and listened to no Republican orator and, in my judgment, that no man ever will be able to prove. there. [Applause on the Democratic side.] You invite the faemer to If there was a wool-grower within the district who did not furnish the banquet, and then you let him wait on the table, and know that I would vote for free wool if returned to this Con satisfy his appetite with a smell of the viands upon it. [L3.ugh gress he attended no meeting which I attempted to address! ter and applause on the Democratic side.] That is the only divi and made no effort to inform himself on that subject. The dend of protection which he gets from the tariff upon wool. question was there made an issue, and on it, notwithstanding The gentleman from Maine [Mr. DINGLEY] tells us that last the large Republican majority in the district, the people said ye3.r we consumed 450,000,000 pounds of clothing wool and pro by their votes that they favored free wool; and not only free duced 300,000,000 pounds of that ourselves, importing the other wool, but free raw material generally, and a substantial reduction 150,000,000 pounds. It appears, then, that out of every 9 pounds of the present rate of duties on manufactured articles. fAp that we used we were obliged to import 6; and although you plause on the Democratic side.] have b :: en p1·etending to build up the wool-growing industry for Sir, the fi ght to preserve the tariff on wool is riot made by thirty years by your tariff, I find that in 1860, out of every 10 wool-growers alone, but it is made at the instance of those who pounds of wool used in this country we were able to produce 6 are benefi ted by a high protective tariff, the rrotected manufac pounds ourselves. [Applause on the Democratic side.] Where, turers. [Applause on the Democratic side. They are behind then, is the growth in this industry? Gentlemen on the other all this fight, for the reason that they realize that the tariff on side argue as if there had always been a protective tariff on wool; wool is the keystone of the arch of protection; that once the they speak as if we had never had wool upon the free list. They duties on this article are removed, and tho people enjoy the forget that when the tariff was revised in 1857 all wool costing benefits accruing, not only to the wool-growers, but to all the 20 cents and less a pound abroad was put upon the free list. people by the removal, the arch itself must fall, and that pro Mr. DINGLEY. That was only carpet wool; no clothing wool. tection for protection's s:tke alone is doomed. [Applause on the Mr. WILSON of West Virginia. The gentleman is mistaken; Democratic side.J They realize tha.t they will then no longer carpet wool was not the only wool that cost 20 cents a pound and be able to deceive the people by appealing for protection to the less. American farmer and wool-grower. I am not one of those who Mr. DINGLEY. There was no clothing wool that could be would abRtndon the custom-houses of this country; nor would I bought for that price in 1860. cripple any of the industries of this country by taxing the for .M e. WILSON of West Virginia. Mr. Chairman, I have the - eign raw materials which they must have when by that tax no information before me, and I join issue with the gentleman. He benefit accrues to the American owner of the article. is mista.ken. Wool costing 20 cents and less per pound was put [Here the hammer fell.] , upon the free list, and all wool above that was dutiable at 24 per Mr. WILSON of Ohio. I would like to ask the gentleman a cent. I invite gentlemen who wish to get at the facts of this question. matter to read a speech made in this Hoill>e in April, 1 60, by The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman [Mr. PEARSONj has no Governor Alexander Rice, of Massachusetts, which is a mine of time. His time has expired. information on this subject. Mr. PEARSON. I would be glad to answer the gentleman if He showed from the market prices quoted inhis speech what I had the time. had been the consequence, not only as to wool itself, but as Mr. WILSON of Ohio. I just wanted to ask-- to woolen manufactures, of the wool tariff of 1857. And b.e The CHAIRMAN. But the gentleman fromOhio [Mr. PEAR proved that, with the exception of the ps.nic year of 1858, the SON] bas not the floor. The gentleman from West Virginia is immense increase in the production of woolen goods in this coun recognized. try had carried up the price of domestic wool10 cents a pound. Mr. WILSON of West Virginia. Mr. Chairman, I listened fApplause on the Democratic side.] And he proved by quoting with great interest, as I always do, to the speech of the gentle from a report then recently made to the French Emperor by the man from Maine [Mr. DINGLEY], knowing that he would present secretary of the ministerial department of France, that the same the subject with an array of information and acuteness of state thing had occurred in France when she put wool on the free ment as great as could be expected-from any advocate of the list. position which he holds. -But, sir, it seems to me that it is not These are the words of that report, which reviewed the wool necessary for us to go into prophecy as to what is going to hap and woolen industry of France for a century previous: pen with wool on the free list when we have in the history of Experience has proved that the price of wool is independent or tte action our own wool tariff so many enlightening facts. 1t is not for or the ta.ri!l', and that 1n proportion as the duties have become more moder me to say whether the removal of the t3.ritl'on wool will increase ate the price has risen; because the demand has always been beyond the sup the price of home wool or decrease the price of home wool, ply. merely as a matter of prophecy, but, holding to the future the So as to England Governor Rice said that the introduction of for lamp of past experience, we can reach some persuasive opinion eign wools free of duty doubled the woolen manufactures, and as to the probable effect of such action. the price of English wool instead of falling-and the pr.aphecies Mr. Chairman, if there· is any industry in the United States then were exactly the same as those indulged in in this debate that has been coddled and pampered and favored by the tariff to-day-rose in a very few years 60 per cent. it is the wool-growing industry. I do not exaggerate when I fHere the hammer fell.] say that our whole tariff system in a large measure has been The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Michigan[Mr.BUR grouped around that industry ever since the famous compact of ROWS] now has three minutes remaining. 1 '67 between the wool-growers and the woolen manufacturers. Mr. BURROWS. I yield three minutes to my colleague [Mr. Both were allowed then, and both have been allowed at every THOMAS]. I recurring revision of the tarifi' since, to write their own duties Mr. THOMAS. Mr\ Chairman, it is not my purpose to ad- 1014 CONGRESSIONAL-RECORD-·. HOUSE. JANU.AR~ 18~ i dress the committee at this timer but I take this occasion to allow stroyed. This.would be attended with the sacrifice of 47,000,000 one of my Democratic constituents to do so. I ask to have Fead sheep, in which over 2,000,000 of our farmers have invested capi from the Clerk's- desk a letter which I have received~ tal of over $100,000,000. It" is idle to contend' that with wool on The Clerk read· as. follows: the f-ree-list this-industry could survive. ALLEGAN, Ml:OR., Jamtary 6, 1891. · Mr. Chairman,, the American Jarmers are too intelligent to DEAR Sm: I do not know just how I can apologize to you to write yon, a be deceived, and. they are already selling their flocks or driv Republican eongre sman, as a Democrat, in the interest otprotected wool, but I believ-e that it is of great importance to the sheep business of the ing them into the slaughter-pens in the hope of s:1ving some country. and the-business is no small one. Few, it any, lines ot ma.nuractw· thing from the general wreck which is sure to follow if the ing in this country have greater capital invested. Many good- flocks have pending m-easure is en·:10ted into law. I call the attention of the been ruined the-past summer in anticipation o! free wool, and more are yet to follow. advoC!ltes oi free wool to the thousands of protests thu.t have I am of the opinion that it would not harm my particular kind of sheep, been filed amon-g the records of this House, d t:: nouncing this but I can really see no good to come- from free wool, and it is scarin~ many atrocious outl"!£tge and protesting against this unjuat discrim people out of the business. I receive a great many letters from sheep-farmers who would like to-buy sheep, but the free-wool talk has completely got them ination against. the farmer. These protests may now fall upon ot! from the notion, and in this way I reel the eff~>ct of it. I think we should deaf ears~ but the time is not far distant when they will be both have a reasonable tariff on wool and a reasonable one on woolen-goods, but heard. and understood. surely there is no justice in free wool and exceeding high prowction to Mr. Chairman., when this shall have been consummated the , woolen goods. I am aware that millions-o~ letters and petitions are being sent into Congress. but I can not see that the desired results are- being manufacturer, of course, will secure his raw material in the cheap reached, and I suppose it is not in your power to do much in the matter, but est market, and our people can not contend against the cheap trust you will put forth what influence you have in the right dir-ection. I :ihclose you a page from Wool and Mutton, Minneapolis, Minn. It is about and servile labor of Europe and other. countries where this for the feeling of the sheepmen generally. eign wool is produced. Yours, truly, But, says the gentleman from West. Virginia, we must have A. H:FOSTER. free wool in oraer to permit our manufact11rers to manufacture Ron. H. F. THOMAS, Washington, D. (J, cheap. goods. Yet in the same bill, which provides for the ad~ miss~on of wool free· of duty, we find: a large duty placed upon FREE WooL & Co., goods of woolenmaterialmanufactur.ed.abroad. Thisunjustdis Dealers in A ustr.alian. New Zealand, C~pe, and South-American woo1s.! crimination will, in due time, receive its merited reward. [.A:_p-:.. plause pn the Repuplican side.] Also "the hair or the camel, goat, alpaca, and other like· animals;"' [Here the hammer felL]- _ Fine Scotch, Donskoi and China white, fawn and gray Bagdad-, Gelong, Joria, and other free wools. Mr. BURROWS., Bow much time have I remaining? Just opened up! The CHAIRMAN. One minute. BURROWS. appears I have been liberal in the Om· Representatives, the Congress of the- United States, hav1ng t.urned Mr.. It too- over to us the entire American tield, we will institute for the benefit. or East disposition, of the time. The little·time1·emaining. can probably ern and forei~n wool manufacturers, though re-·ulting in a loss and hard be as well occupied a£ otherwise by recording our votes to asce!! ship to Amenc:1n wool-growers, a free-wool sacrifice sale! Choice washed clothing fleeces from the States ofOhio,Pennsylvania.Michi tain who ar.e in fMOr of free wool- and who are against it upon gan Wisconsin, and New York. Formerly sold under protection, when la. this test proposition. I will, however, say a word. bo,r and capital 1nvested derived some benefits. at 30 to 40 cents per pound. The gentleman from West Virginia states that the history of But we can sell these goods at 18 to 25 cents, as we are not pa.ying American the wool-industry is of more importance than any prophecy or wages; our laborers don't live on smail cultivated farms which so well con· tribute to the revenue to the several States, construct schools of learning, phHosophy. Now, under the act of 1867 our flocks increased agricultural colleges, public libraries, asylums, hospitals1 etc. Ourproduc from 3J ,000,000 to 50,000,000, an, increase in- fourteen years of tion,does not encourage this condition of society, but we grow wool, and the. 18,500,000~ Under the reduction of duty in the tariff of 1 '83 the people must have it to clothe them. With our prices people can wear cheap clothes and long fa.ces, to say nothing of stinted stomachs, etc. number-oi our sheeP' in four. years went down 8,0\JO,OOO. In 18!:JO, Fine washed combing and delaine wools- from. New York, Pennsylvania, under the pr.esent law,. the number inareased from 43,000,000 to Michigan Ohio. Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, and other States growing this 47,000,000. grade of wool, where under protection the industry has been encouraged, and many farmers have with wool-growing been able to live against cheap As·to the quantity of wool during the four years from 1880 prices that have prevailed for farm produce. Under protection this wool until1883, there was. under the act of 1867- an increase of 21 per sold at 20 to 30 cents, but our free-trade price is only 12 to 18 cents, a net loss cent in the wool product. From 1884 to 1890, under the act of to tlle American wool-grower of 10 to 15 cents a pound. But we have thtrfield, hence the sacrifice. - 1883, which di'rninished. the tariff, there was a decrease of 6 per Territorial wools go down to 5 and 6 cents. In this class of wools we make cent in our wool production. Fr.om 1890 to 1893, there has been a big cut, and though it ruin the growing of wool in the Western States, we an· increase of 18~ per cent in our wool product; and in 1893 we Will sell at that figure. It is n·ue the wool industry has contributed largely 1n developing the great West, but Congress thinks "we are the people," and produced 364,000 000 pounds of wool, the greatest production we are here to s-tay. ever known in this country. We also have on hand a lot or ruined sheep ranches, tons of pelts, job lots The ge:qtleman speaks of the benefit of free wool to our manu of sheep dips. millions or feflt of fencing, barns, sheds, etc. Also the good will of interior wool commission firms who are closing out. Also Western facturers. England has free-wool; and in 1860 the British manu woolen and knitting mills who will not be- aole to compete with Eastern facturers consumed 300,000,000 pounds of wool, four times as much mllls that get their wool unloaded at their very doors from foreign markets. as we consumed. Yet in-1890 the British manufacturers consumed Cable address, • Wilson." only 470,000,000 pounds. In this country during thirty years the Mr. BURROWS. The gentleman from Pennsylvania. [Mr. consumption of wool in our own factories has increased 375 percent HICKS] desires two minutes. I yield to him. with protected wool, while in Great B-ritain the increase has Mr. HICKS~ Mr. Chlirman, I do not agree with the state been, only 57 per cent. [Applause on the Republican side.] ment which has been made by the gentlemen on the other side The CHAIHMAN. Under the orderof thecommittee.debate of this House, that to stimulate· manufactures in this country on the pending amendments is closed, and the vote will 'now be the proper thing to do is to import manufa

' - 1894. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 1015

The question was taken; and the C4airman announced that Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. I did not he:1r the remark of the the noes seemed to have it. gentleman from Maine-- Mr. BURROWS. I ask a division. We WttY as well have Mr. SPRINGER. Another question: A,re your works located tellers at once. more favorably to market than the other institutions engaged Tellers were ordered. . in the same kind of business? · Mr. BuRROWS and Mr. WILSON of West Virginia were ap- Mr. JOH~~SON of Ohio. I think not. We may ba better lo· pointed tellers. - lated for the trade arouna Pittsburg, as we are near Pittsburg: The committee divided; and the tellerQ reported-ayes ~7, but some of our competitors are located farther east in the State noes151. of Pennsylvania, and one of them farther west, in Chicago. So the amendment was rejected. Mr. SPRINGER. Is it not a fact that you are about in the [Applause on the Democratic side.] center of the steel-rail production in the country? Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. Mr. Chairman, l offer the a.mend Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. Yes. ment I send to the desk. . Mr. SPRINGER. And that your mill is a fair average of all The Clerk read as follows: others engaged in the business? Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. I think so. Strike out in paragraph 115. on page 17, all of lines 13, H, and 15, and insert after paragraph 602, on page 83, the following words as a new paragraph: Mr. BOWERS of California. - If rails are put on the free list, · "Railwav bars made of iron or st.eel and ra.ilwaybarsmadeinpartof steel, can not you get them cheaper? · · 'T • rails, giruer street rails, punched iron .or steel flat rails." Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. I have not the slightest doubt of that. Mr.·DINGLEY. Mr. Chairman, I would suggest that this Mr. BOWERS of California. Will not that put money in the proposed amendment really consists of . two amen_dme_nts; one pockets of your stockholders? amending a dutiab~e paragraph of the bill an<} the o.the1· ref~r Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. I thought you asked me if rails ring to the free llst. :a:owever, I shall not make the pomt would be cheaper-- ag inst it. Mr. BOWERS of California. Will you reduce the price 0f Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. Mr. Chairrp.an, th~ is a proposition transportation? to strike steal rails out of the dutiable list and insert them in Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. We will have to reduce the price of the free list. Tbe only change in the paragraph ~ the audition rails. · oi the wQrds "girder streetra$." Tbey wo:.1ld probably be in Mr. WILJ.,IAM })... STONE, Mr. PENDLETON of West Virginia, eluded in the paragraph without special mention, but to ma~e and Mr. TARSNEY addressed the Chair. _ it perfectly plain that girder street rails are to be on tbe free list The CHAIRMAN. To who1)1 does the gentleman from Ohi l ihe words are added. . [Mr. JOHNSON] yield? - - It has been admitted that there is a steel-rail pool in thiscaun Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. I yield to the gentleman from Mis try, and that it buys 1,1p other concerns to clos~ their ~ills. It souri [Mr .. 'i'ARSNEY]. is undisputed that no revenue comes in under the present law; Mr. T ARSNEY. I desire to ask the gentleman for informa ~d under the estimi;l.tes furnished by the Commi.ttee on Ways tion, he being an expert, if it is not his opinion that the tax o ' tmd Means 1).0 revenue is expected from the 25 per cent duty. $13.40 a ton now imposed upon steel rails, coupled with the de · I do not care to go over the arg-ument again in ia~or of the pressed condition of the p9.St year, resulting in but little rar proposition; but I ask this committee to put stool ra.~ls on the road construction throughout the country, and the surplus of free list. Can anyone give a good reason for not domg so? I production of rails by our domestic mills, has not resulted in the pause now for a reply. Is there any reply? condition which he describes, of there being but slight revenue .J Mr. KILGORE. Will the gentleman allow me a moment? The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Ohio ha · Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. Certainly. expired. · Mr. KILGORE. I understand the gentleJA~n said t];lat no; Mr. BRECKINRIDGEof Arkansas. I ask that it be extended revenue was derived frQ~ the imp ortat~on of steel raJls last year, five minutes. that there was no revenue at all? · Mr. TARSNEY. I desire to finish the question I am asking Mr JOHNSON of Ohio. Th:1t is correct. · the gentleman, and for that purpose I will ask for the floor in MI.: KILGORE. And on the ground that the tariff is so high my own time. that they can not come in under it. The CHAIRMAN. The gentlemanfromMissouri[Mr. TARS· Mr: JOHNSON of Ohio. That is the reason. And under the NEY] is recognized. proposed duty presented by the Ways and Means Committee Mr. TARSNEY. I will ask the question and then yield the they estimate $:!0 as a possible revenue! Now, there is an item balance of my time to the gentleman from Ohio [Mr. JOHNSON]. in the consumption t3.ble described as rails made in part of steel, I desire for the information of myself and thia House to know and some $8,0UO have been collected on that item. What these from an expert if the existing tariff of $13.40 a ton, coupled with compound rails are I can not find out; I can only guess. But the conditions which I have described, the depressed condition under the head of iron '·T" rails or steel "T" rails nothingwas of business and the depression in l'ailroad construction, may not received last year, and the committee's estimate of the revenue account for the sligh.t revenue that was received in the pas that will be received under the 25 per cent duty they propose is year upon steel rails, and if a reduction from $13.40 per ton to $20! I want oome member to give a reason why steel r~s sho~ld less than $5 a ton, as proposed by the bill now being considered. be kept off the free list for a revenue of $20. I have tried to give may not, in all probability, in the future, when bu~iness revives the reasons why they should be put upon the free list, and I and railroad construction proceeds again in a normal way, pro pause again for a reply. duce a larger amount of revenue, and so in some degree assist Mr. SPRINGER. Will the gentleman answer a question? in the production of needed revenue? Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. Certainly, if I can. -- Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. I will try to answer that. In 1891 Mr. SPR.INGER. I understand that you stated sometime ago the total amount of the revenue was $13,000. I do riot believe on the floor of the House that you ;vere engaged in manufactur there will be a dollar of revenue now, whether you put the duty ing steel rails? at 25 per cent or at $13.4! per ton; and as evidence of that, I Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. I am. offer your own committee's estimate that the duty collected Mr. SPRINGER. "-.ill you state whether in the place in under.the proposed bill would be $20 a year. Twenty-five per which you are now located you can make these rails without the cent will keep out all competition. So will 10 per cent: and protection proposed by this bill? rails are sohl so close that I think 5 per cent will do it. There Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. We can. We will make the rails, can be no revenue from any duty. Rails can not come in under but we will probably not make quite so much money. a duty. We are destined to become exporters of rails. Mr. BOUTELLE. Is that the reason why you want to put Mr. BLAND. I would like to ask my friend from Ohio [Mr. them on the free list? JOHNSON] if whatever tariff is put on will not simply .result in Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. No; but I am not here to vote money enabling the· trust to put up t.he price, and still keep out im into the pockets of our stockholders. [Applause on the Demo portation, so that they will get all the benefit and the people cratic side.] none? Mr. BOUTELLE. I am glad to have seen one" robber baron" Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. Every dollar of it will go to the at least who pretends to be a patriot. [Laughter.] benefit of the trust, and they will be able to pay concerns, as Mr. SIMPSON. We are all glad of it! - they are now doing, a thousand dollars a day to close their es- Mr. JOHN~ON of Ohio. I do not claim more patriotism than tablishments. [Applause on the Democratic side.] ' other members, but I claim that I do not represent the stock Mr. WILLIAM A. STONE. The gentlemen has said that holders of our company here. I do not expect you to under under the amendment which he proposes he can make steel rails stand that proposition. at a profit. I want to ask him if he can pay the same wages un Mr. BOUTELLE. That may be all very nice, but there seems der that amendment which he is now paying? to be a very great element of improbability ahaut it p1'imajacie. Mr. JOHN$0N of Ohio. We can. We will do ju.it as we 1016 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. . JANUARY 18,

have always done, hire our laborers in the free-trade market of the price of steel rails here, what ha.s reduced the price on the the world, and pay them no more than we have to. [Applause other side of the Atlantic, and to a lower point always? on the Democratic side.] Mr. DALZELL. The inventive genius that was stimulated by Mr. WILLIAM A. STONE. As a matter of fact-- the formation of this industry on this side of the Atlantic, for The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman has expired. one thing. The value of inventive genius I shall show a little Mr. CANNON of Illinois. I want to ask the gentleman a further along, in connection with my comments on the gentle question. man from Ohio [Mr. JOHNSON]. So long as there was no :Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. I will answer any question that is steel-rail industry in this country (and there would not have asked me, if I ca.n, in the next five minutes that I have. · been any steel-rail industry in this country without a protective Mr. CANNON of Illinois. I want to ask the gentleman from tariff) just so long would we have been dependent upon a British Ohio, as a steel-rail maker, whether he thinks it quite fair, as and Belgian monopoly and compelled to pay it whatever price it the Democratic Ways and Means Committee has reported this saw fit to demand. American competition has reduced prices bill with a tariff of $6 on steel rails-- abroad. · Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. Twenty-five per cent. Now, it is my judgment that the duty on steel rails may with Mr. CANNON of Illinois. With a tariff of 25 per cent on propriety be reduced. It was reduced from $28, tixed by the steel rails, to come in here and move to put them on the free list, tariff of 1872, to $17 under the tariff of 1883, to $13.44 under tl;le understanding that it is not going to be done; and then after tariff of1890. I believe that the manufacture of steel rails in w.:-.rds to get the benefit of the duty and the benefit of the mo this country has progressed to such a degree of perfection that tion. [Vwghter on the Republican side.] the duty may be still further reduced, but I do not believe that Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. You vote with me and see if it will it can be reduced, consistent with the maintenance of the Amer not be done! ican industry, to the extent named in the Wilson bill, and I The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Pennsylvania is doubt very much whether any gentleman on this floor who will recognized. give the subject examination will be willing to cast his vote in Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. I want to answer the gentleman's favor of putting steel rails upon the free list. It will be ob question. I say again, in answer to that question, that this ev served, Mr. Chairman, with respect to steel rails, as with re idence of the existence of the pool, that we have gathered to spect to many of our industries, that we have to compete with gether, came to this House after the Committee on Ways and the foreigner in two particulars. In the first place, the for Me.::~.ns had agreed to the bill, and I believe if they had been in eign manufacturer of steei r a,ils pays much less in wages than formed of that before their action was taken that they would the manufacturer in this country. have done what I am trying to do now. · Mr. Stirling, vice-president of the Illinois Steel Company, ap Mr. DALZELL. Mr. Chairman-- peared before the Ways and Means Committee and submitted Mr. BURROWS. This is an important matter, and I ask the following figures, hken from memoranda and letters in unanimous consent that the gentleman from Pennsylvania may his possession: have twenty-five minutes. Comparative wa{les paid in Connellsville coal region, Pennsylvania, and in the The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Michigan asks unani coal mines of Lanarkshire, Scotland, Scotch rates being reduua to .&.meri~an mous consent that the gentleman from Pennsylvania shall have currency; years 1887-'88. twenty-five minutes. Is there objection? Mr. BYNUM . . Could he not g-et along with less than that? Com1ellsv1lle. Lanarkshlre. We would like to have a vote. Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. And would he not be willing to di· Miners ------per day __ $1.95 to $2.19 Sl. 08 to ~1. 26 vide the time? Drivers ·------do____ 1. 90 2. 20 60 Mr. BURROWS. I think that that is not unreasonable. Blacksmiths------2.50 96 Mr. DALZELL. I will say to the gentleman from Indiana that I do not think he will get a vote to-night, because I think Comparative wages paid in United States and Lanarkshire coal mines. the gentlem!ln from Ohio [Mr. JOHNSON] will probably want an opportunity to be he trd further after I get through. [Laughter Wilml!!gton, Danville, Ill., Scotland, on the Republican side.] Ill.• 1893 1893 1888. The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Michigan asks unani (3-fooli vein). (6-foot vein). mous consent that the gentleman from Pennsylvania be allowed Miners' (paid by the toni average twenty-five minutes. Is there objection? . [After a pause.J The earnings ______perday.. ~.28 12.12 ~1.09 Chair hears none. • Engineers ______do ____ 2.00 to 2.50 2.50 to 3.00 .91 Mr. DALZELL. Mr. Chairman, the steel-rail industry is one Trackmen, timbermen, roadmen, etc ______per day __ 1.80 2.25 2.00 2.50 ~1.03 to 1.09 of the most important industries in this country to-day. It is Drivers------1.60 2.00 .48 .91 carried on in eleven States of the Union-in Pennsylvania- Mr. BURROWS. I rise to a question of order. The CHAIRMAN. The point ·of order is well taken. The Railroad labor. gep.tleman -Will suspend until order is obt1ined on the floor. Gentlemen will cease conversation or retire to the cloakroom. Chicago. Scotland. Mr. DALZELL. It is carriedonineleven States of the Union in Pennsylvania, Missouri, West Virginia, Tennessee, Ala Locomotive engineers- bama, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Colorado, and Califor Passenger ______per month.. $145.00 $36.00 to!F51. 00 Freight ______------______do____ 125.00 32.00 48.00 nia. In the year 1891 we produced 1,307,176 tons, and in the year Switchmen ______do_ ___ 70.00 22.06 28.34 1 921!551,, 44 tons. The present duty on steel rails is-$13.44 a Section foremen------.. do ____ $45.00 to 55.00 22.00 26.00 ton. The duty proposed by the Wilson bill is 25 per cent. The Section hands .. ------____ per day__ 1. 10 1. 25 . 69 . 75 Blacksmiths ------Per hour__ . 27! .lOt .15f same bill proposes a duty of 25 per cent upon billets and blooms, Boiler-makers ______------____ .. ______per day__ 2. 75 . 81 1. 81 the raw materials out of which steel rails are made; and the Helpers------·------do____ 1. 3.:; . 58 proposition now is that on these raw materials there shaJ.l be 2.5 Apprentices------____ ------______.do____ 1. 00 . 20 per cent duty and on the finished product none at all, which is Painters ______---- __ ---- ______do____ 2. 25 1.13 1. 31 an absurdity. There is no industry in the United States that is a more mag In this connection Mr. Stirling said: nificent tribute to the beneficence of a protective tariff than the Mr. J. S. Jeans, secretary of the British Iron ann Steel Institute, in his st3el-rail industry. Prior to 1872 we were dependent for our book on "Railway Problem " confirms the above figures, for he says that steel rails upon foreign manuf ac~urers. We paid to England at. in Belgium, Germany, Switzerland and France the earnings or the different one time as much as $166 a ton for steel rails. In 1872 Congress ~ades of railroad labor vary from about $H to $38 per month, a great ma- put a duty of $28 a ton upon them, and the result was that Amer Jority being less than: ~"20. · ican capital was induced to engage in that enterprise. Addi Blast-furnace labor. tional opportunities were furnished for American labor. Amer ica.n inventive genius was stimulated; and gradually the price At a Cum berland Newcastle Glasgow of steel rails fell until they have been sold down as low as twenty Chicago. seaport (England). (Scotland). some dollars a ton. The gentleman from Ohio [Mr. JOHNSON] (England). quoted the price the other day at $~4 a ton. This reduction in price has been due in large part to the influence of a protective 'l'op fillers. ____ --·--- ___ _ l2.40 $1.13 ~1. 71 $1.09 t :l ri1l'. Bottom fillers------ 2.10 1.13 1.19 ' 0.97 Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. May I ask you a question? Cinder loader&------1.68 .85 1. 00 ------Blast ~ngineer ______---- 3.25 1.09 1.27 Mr. DALZELL. Certainly. General labor----- ______1.68 .77 f().stto .97 -i

Mr. Stirling continued: to the rates of wa~es paid upon our railroads and lakes, and owing to the distances from Which the raw mat-erials have to be brought together-raised The rates named above refer to the years 1887-'88. Inquiry shows that the our cost and necessitated adequate protection, I find that Mr. J. S. Jeans, rates paid for r ailroad labor on lines running into Chicago at the present in his book entitled Steel, its History, Manufacture and Uses, shows that in time do not vary materially from the rates given herein. I am not in formed as to what change in wages may have been made abroad. eight dill'erent iron and steel manufacturing localities in Great Britain, at In s teel plants I have the figures for 1888, covering a converting mill and which five-sixths or all the iron and steel in Great Britain are manufactured, rail mill at Sheffield, England. The comparative rates that I give are based the approximate cost. of conveying the raw materials required for making 1 ton of pig iron varied from a minimum of $1.l!2 to a maximum of $3.89 per upon an average run at the works of my company in Chicago in 1892. The ton or pig iron manufactured. English rates are for a day of ten hours, the Chicago rates are mostly for a In our case the assemblin$ of the same raw materials on cars in our mill day of eight hours. v ard cost us not less than S5.81 per ton of pig iron, amounting, as you will see. to 49 per cent more than the highest cost in 3reat Britain, or to 376 per Chicago. She1Held. cent more than the lowest, an amount that I believe you will readily admit is a very serious factor in the cost of manufacture.

CONVERTING MILL. To pursue this question further. In the second place, a ton of Ladlemen ______per day __ $6.88 $2.43 ·steel rails can be carried from abroad and landed at any of our Pitman .... ______------...do ___ _ 7.56 1. 94 Atlantic, Gulf. or Pacific ports for $1.50 a ton, whereas the in Runners. ______------__ ----..do .••• 4.40 1. 46 8.25 1. 91 land freights are very much gres.ter. I have here a statement, g~~ ~~J>c~!;s- ~::::: :::: ~: ::::~: ::::::::::::::: ==~== =~~~ ~ ::: 4.00 1. 46 which doubtless some members of the House have-seen, prepared 3.00 1.94 CommonLocomotive labor engineer __ -______. ------____ per.. hour do ______by the firm of Whitney & Co., in New York, which shows ~he .15 .11 fo. eign price of rails and of other foreign manufactures of iron RAIL HILL. and steel, the ad valorem duty under the Wilson bill, and the Heaters ______------'---- ____ ---- ______..... per day __ 6.65 2.91 rates of freight from foreign ports, as well as the rates from 4.48 1. 94 Pittsburg to the Pacific, Atlantic, and Gulf ports. I will print ~!~~~eli:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::i>e·r~~:y:: 5. 58 1.94 5.10 1. 94 this statement in the RECORD in connection with my remarks. 3.40 1. 21 I will not stop to read the figures now, but will simply s3y that 1. 75 1. 21 at not a single port in this countey can the American manufac !ii.~~~~T:~=~~~~~~~~~~===~~~~~~~~~~~=~=~:~:::~~~~==~ 4.38 l. 46 Table engineer ____ ------______------______.LdO •••. 3.25 2.43 turer lay down steel rails in competition with foreign manufac turers at an ad valorem duty of 25 per cent. · Referring to the point that I raised, that the cost of transportation-owing That statement is as follows:

Comparative statement of effect on prices of different manufactures of iron and steel, American and foreign, f.lnder Wilson and McKinlet~ tariff bills.

Foreign. American.

Free on board, Proposed Wilson Adding freight to- Free on board. Adding freight to- foreign ports. duty. Pittsburg. Present duty. Atla-ntic Gulf Pacific 4tlanticl Gulf Pacific Articles. ports. ports. ports. ports. ports. I ports. - Per ton· Per ton Per ton Per ton Per ton Per ton Per ton At Adva- Per Per ton Per ton Per Per ton of 2,240 lorem. of 2,2-10 of 2.240 of 2,240 of 2,UO pound. of 2,240 or 2,24.0 or 2,240 of 2,24o of 2,240 pounds. ${.88. pounds. pounds. pounds. pounds. pounds. pounds. pounds.· pounds. pound. pounds. ---1---- Beams upto201nchesdeep: Angles, tees, channels, Per cent. - Cents. Cents. .u.oo.o $19.52 35 $6.83 $27.60 $28.79 $29.75 1.5 1.'*1.08 IU2.56 $44.35 .9 $20.16 Billets.and shapes ______...•. ------______~ool 3.00.0 14.64 25 3.65 19.55 20.74 21.70 ...... ---- 16.50 18.90 Z7.25 .5 11.20 Rails ______------·------____ 3.15.0 18.30 25 4..58 2~.13 25.32 26.28 ...... 24.00 28.4.8 ----32."9(;" 34.75 .6 13.« Boiler plate ______---- 5.10.0 26.84 30 8.05 36.14 37.33 38.29 1.7 38.08 42.56 47.04 48.83 .8 17.92 Bars: 1 by f: and larger ______5.00.0 24.40 30 7.32 33.97 34.16 35.12 1.3 29, 12 33.60 38.01i 39.87 .8 17.92 Sma ler than 1 inch wide or; thick ______5.00.0 24.4.0 30 7.32 33.'17 34.16 35.12 *1. 5 33.60 38.08 4.2.56 44.35 1 22.40 Rounds alfd squares: t:~: l:~er down io·;r;· 5.00.0 24.40 30 7.32 33.97 34.16 35.12 *1. 4 • 31.30 35.84 40.32 42.11 .9 20.H for rounds __ ------5.05.0 25.62 30 7.68 34.55 35.74 36.70 *1.5 33.60 38.08 42.56 44..85 1 22.40 Rounds less than hi _____ : __ 5.10.0 26.84 30 8.05 36.14 37.33 38.29 *1. 6 35.8! 40.32 44.80 4.6.59 1.1 24.M Hoops: " 'l'hinner than No. 10, . not thinner t.han No. 20------5.15.0 28.06 30 8.40 ST. 71 38.90 39.86 1.7 38.08 4.2.56 i7.0i 4.8.83 1.1 24.64 Thinuer than No. 20 ____ 6.00.0 29.28 30 8. 78 39.31 40.50 41.46 1.9 42.56 47.04 51.52 53.31 1.3 29.12 Cotton ties------6.00.0 29.28 Free. Free. 30.53 31. 'l'Z 32.68 1.50 33.60 38.09 4.2.56 44.3i) 1.3 29.12 Black sheets: No.l6No. 12G ______------______6.00.0 29.28 35 10.25 40.78 41.97 42.93 1.65 36.96 41.44 45.92 4.7. 71 1 22.40 No. 18 ______6.05.0 30.50 35 10.68 4.2.43 43.62 44.58 1.80 40.32 H. SO 4.9.28 51.07 1 22.40 6.15.0 32.94 85 11.53 45. i2 46.91 47.8"7 2.00 44.80 49.28 53: 76 55.55 1 2'Z. 40 No. 20 ______7.05.0 35.38 35 12.38 49.01 50.20 51.16 2.20 49.28 No. 21 to 24 ______53.76 58.24 60.03 1 22.40 7.15.0 37.82 35 13.24 52.31 53.50 54.4-6 2.30 51.52 56.00 60.48 62.27 1.1 24 .. 66 No. 25 to Z7 ------8.15.0 42.70 35 14.94 58.89 60.08 61.04 2.40 53.76 ~.24 62.72 64.51 l.i 31.36 Galvanized: No. 20 ______10.05. 0 50.02 30 15.00 66.Z7 67.46 68.42 :to5 68.32 72.80 77.28 79.()7 1. 75 39.20 52.46 15.84 69.55 No. 2624------______10.15.0 30 70.74 71.70 3.30 73.92 78.40 82.1l8 84.67 J.SS 41.44 12.05.0 59.78 30 17.93 78.96 80.15 81.11 3.50 78.40 82.88 87.36 89.15 2.15 48.16 Galvanized corr., No. 24 ____ 10.15. 0 52.46 35 15.84 69.55 70.74 71.70 3.30 73.92 78.40 8!!.88 84.fJ1 2.15 48.16

*Average.

Mr. WARNER. Will the gentieman permit a question? Mr. DALZELL. Yes; the gentleman from New York [Mr. Mr. DALZELL. Certai.J?.ly. WARNER] alarms me every time he opens his mouth. [Laugh Mr. W AR.NER. Is it true, as might be inferred from the ter]. statement the gentleman has just made, that the imposition of a It would appear, then, that protection has built up a steel-rail tariff upon steel rails is principally designed to keep the sear industry and reduced the price of steel rails to the consumer. port cities of our country,·and those alone, from getting rails as It would appear further that the foreigner has an advantage over che1.ply as they otherwise would? us in the matter of wages and freights that ought to bi3 provided Mr. DALZELL. Oh, Mr. Chairman, Ido notthink that ques against, and that this industry is therefore entitled to continued tion needs any answer. I do not understand the working of an protection. ~ intellect that draws such an inference from the sts.tement that That it is so entitled to protection the Wilson bill concedes, I have made. but it puts it on the same basis with the industry of bloom and Mr. WARNER. For, is not the freight from the seaboard billet making. These are the raw materials of steel rails, and a the same on foreign rails as upon your own? substsntial difference exists between the cost of manufacturing Mr. DALZELL. Mr. Chairman, I decline to yield further to steel rails and the cost of manufacturing steel billets. the gentleman from New York. Let me explain: Mr. REED (to Mr. DALZELL). The gentleman from New 1. A rolling-mill plant for the manufacture of rails is of neces York has absolu~ly laid violent lungs upon you! [Laughter.] sity much more expensive, contains heavier, more extensive, .1018 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD--HOUSE. JANUARY 18~

and more complicated machinery than a plant designed only for point of fact, the gentleman from Ohio does not make steel rails the manufactl.U'e of biUe_ts. The ground space, both under roof at all for use upon s team railway~; he is a manufacturer of rails and out of d0ors, is very much larger for steel rails. for street railways, an9. he is practically a monopolist of that 2. The higher carbon in. rails, viz~ a.bou.t four times that in manufa-cture in this country. [Laughter and applause on bet billets, add~ te -the cost for-recarburizers, and· labor at;1d fuel for Republican side.] hanrlling and· melting same. Mr-. JOHNSON of Ohio. Is not the gentleman aware that 3. The multiplicity of rail sections al;!d. weig_hts requires a there are two other concerns making them? laTger stock of ingot molds of assorted sizes; the ingots have to Mr. DALZELL. Yes, two others~ There arethreealtogether be made heavier in proportion to the ton of finished rails rolled in this country; but I say the gentleman is practically a monopo from them than 'in proportion to the .fi:p.ished billets, conse list of the manufa{)ture of that kind of rails. quently there is a grea..ter loss in scrap. Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. At one time there was only one mill 4. To insure the production of pe:rfect rails made from ingots, in this country making those rails. whjch by their very nature are liable to imperfections, a larger Mr. DALZELL. I trust the gentleman will wait until I get amount of scrap has to be cut off and handled between the in through. He no doubt will have an opportunity to be heard. got and the finished rail t.han is the case between ingots and The gentleman furthermore said, in answer to a question which finJ.shed billets. I put to him, that his steel rails were not protected by a single 5. Most of the billets rolled in this country are made from the patent. I hold in my banda statement, the authenticity of which ing_ot on o.ne. train of rolls with one e-ngine, whereas ingots for I vouch for, showing the issue of ope hundred and two patents rails which. are of a complicated section have to pass through to the president or the .Johnson Steel Rail Work.s at Johnstown, two or even three additional trains, each with ~ engine and in the SJate of Pennsylvania. [Laughter ~nd applause on the crew, thereby !:g.volvi:p.g additional cost for labor, power, main Republican side,] tenance, etc. Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. On .rails? 6. Accuracy in the cross-section of a billet is never dema.Lded. Mr. DAI4ELL. The gentleman tells us in his bree2ly way In a rail. &·variation in heig_ht, due to the natural wearing of the that he is not protected b_y a sj.ng_le patent. He asks you to rolls, equal to so little as three six.ty-fourth.s of an inc,h, will cause believethat he has employed counsel and takenoutone hundred its rejection; this c.auses freque}lt roll cl:u,mges and lp,rge re and two patents of the United St::ttes, not fo1• -the purpose of pro placements at heavy expense. tecting himself-; but for fun! [Laughte-r.] A1;1d fro-m behind the 7. Billets when rolled are chopped while hot by shears into barrier of one hundred and two United States patents-better lengths required, which are not expected to be extremely ac protection than any protection bill that this House could pass curate, because the billet is not a finished product. Rails are he assumes the r8le of a public benefactor, and says: " Strike off sawed to standard lengths, usually 30 feet, and a variation in tbe protection that my competitors have, who have no patents." this tohl length of one-fourtP-_of_~ inch under or over causes [Laughter.] the rejection of the rail. I shall put. in the RECORD as part of my remarks this list of 8. Owing to its simple form a billet is an easy section to roll, patents,_ and I ask the committee to give attention to the fact and defective billets are few in number, whereas a rail with that these patents cover not onlymachineryfor the qlanufacture thin flanges and web and relatively thick head is a very diffi of steel rails, but the steel rails themselves, and almost every cult section, and the loss to the manufacturer on defective rails thing in connection with their use. T~ere is not a rail made in is very considerable. Billets are hardly inspected at all; ralls the establishment of the gentleman from Ohio that any other a:re most rigorously inspected both by the mill and the pur steel-rail maker in this countr-y can make without incurring the chaser, and frequently rejected for most trifling defects, after risk of a lawsuit and damages. The- patents are taken out in the considerable expense has been put upon them in rolling, straight name of the president of the Johnson Company, Arthur J. Mox ening, cold-sawing, drilling, chipping, marking, etc. The loss ham. by the rejection oi these defective rails, which may amount to That list of patents is 343 follows: as much as 10 per cent upon some of the most difficult sections, Arthur J. Moxham, manufacture or iron, November 19, 1878, No. 210049. adds very largely to the cost of the rails that pass inspection. Arthur J. Moxham, assignor to Johnson Steel Street Rail Company, of 9. To ma,ke the perfect rail that is collll;Ilercially required and Louisville, Ky., rail for streetrcar tracks, November '1:7. 1883~ No. 289355. of the many sections in use upon our railroads requires a.n ex Arthur J. Moxham, rolling mill, August 5, 1884., No. 3j)3036. Al-tl;lur J. Moxham and J . R. Tra-qter, roll !or rolling car rail!> Ja,nuary 29, pense for rolls that I think I am safe in estimating at four or 1884, No. 292759. five times the cost for ro-lls to make an eqUJLl tonnage of bil ~~ur ~·Moxham, making steel-girder street rails, January 6, 1885, No. lets. 31 Arthur J. Moxha~. rolling mill !or rails. February 10, 1885, No. 312213. 10. Not only does the rail manufacturer incur all the addi Arthur J. Moxham, securing girder rails to track, March 10, 1fl85, No, tional expenses named above, a large proportion of which ex 313512. • pense is put upon the rail for the purpose of making it .as free 31tfs~~ur J. Mo~all\, railway girder rail and rl\il j9int, May 5, 1835, No. from defects and thereby as safe as possible to bear the traffic to Arthur J. Moxham, rolled or forged metal chairs for railways, May 5, 1885, which it is submitted, but when all that is aone the tnanufac No. 316995. turer, as a rule, has to stand behind the quality of his goods with Arthur J. Moxham, built-up girder rail, M::t.y 12, 1885, No. 317665. Arthur J. Moxham, railway switch, May 26, 1885, No. 318645. a guaranty of not less than five years against any defects in Arthur J. Moxham, roll for rolling ca.r rails, June 2, 1885, No. 319009. either material or workmanship that may develop during that Arthm J. Moxham, metal cross-tie for railways. June 2, 1885; No. 319010. period. Arthur J. Moxham, railway frog, June 2, 1885, No. 319011. Arthur J. Moxham, roll for street girder rall~, July 7, 1885, No. 321627. Now, Mr-. Chairman, to make a long story short, because I want Arthur J. Moxham, roll for rolling girder ra1ls, November 24, 1885, No. to pass to another branch of this subject, my proposition is that a 330997. protective tariff hasdeveloped the steel industry in thiscountry Arthur J. Moxham. roll for rolling car rails, November 24, 1885, No. 330998. Arthur J. Moxham, railway switch, December 1, 18S1>, No. 3315'25. to the adv-antage of th,e American capitalist, the American la Arthur J. Moxham, railway switch, December 1. 1885, No. 331526. borer, and the AmeriC;all consumer; that it has legitimate claims Arthur J. Moxham, railway switch, December 29-, 1885. No. 333474. upon protection: that the committee has recognized those claims Arthl,ll' J. Moxham, roll for rolling girder rails, December 29, 1885, No. 333475. only in part, and that it is the dqty of this House to maintain Arthur J. Moxham, splice-bar rail-chair for street-railway track, January such a protective rate upon steel rails as will equalize the dif 12, 1886, No. 334265. ference between our conditions and the conditions abroad, hav Arthur J. Moxham, making wire cables, March 9, 1886, No. 337513. Arthur J. Moxham, railway frog, March 16. 18 6, No. 338181. ing reference to wages and freight rates. And let me say just Arthur J. Moxham, roll-s !or roilln.ggirderrails, April '1:7, 1881), No. 340891. }lero, that any argumentfounded upon the present price of steel Arthur J. Moxham. rolLs for rollin ~ girder rails. June 29, 1886, No. 844396. rails and steel billets and steel blooms is an argument founded .Arthur J. Moxham, railway frog, October 12, 1886, No. 350549. Arthur J. Moxham, rolls tor rolling grooved rails tor street cars, January upon an erroneous b:-tsis, because we all recognize the fa{)t that 11, 1887, No. 355777. - we are living in a time of great depression, and legislation ought Arthur J. Moxham, metallic-cored post fQr street-railway tracks, January not. to be founded upon these exceptional circuinstances. 11, 1887, No. 355Ti8. JOHNSON] Arthur J. Moxham, railway rail chair, January 11, 1887, No. 355779. The gentleman from Ohio [Mr. see}rs to give strength Arthur J. Moxham, making center-bearing girder rails, January 11, 1887, to his position by saying that he is a steel-rail manufacturer, but No. 35D780. that he is not here to vote money into the pockets of his stock Arthur J. Moxham, rolls_ !or rolling center-bearing girder rails, January 11, 1887, No. 355781. holders. The gentleman from Ohio and I had a little colloquy Arthur J. Moxhru;n, center-bearing girder -rail and splice-joint, January in the House the other day when he introduced this subject of 11, 1887, No. 355782. steel rails, to which I desire now for a few moments to advert. Arthur J. Moxham, railway rail chair, February 15J..1887, No. 357849 . .ArthUI' J. M.oxha.m, ra.ilway chair spike, February ~2, 1887, No. 358122. The gentleman said: "My mill makes about one-thirt~eth of all .Arthur J. Moxham, st.reet-railway frog, March 1, 1887 No. 358619. the steel railsthatareprodu,ced inthe United States," by which Arthur J. Moxha,m, rolls tor rolling girder-rails. March~. 1887, No. 360036. statement he sought to convey to this House the impression that Arthur J. MoXham, paving-block for street-raUway beds, April 5, 1887, No. 360780. he was in competition with all the steel-rail mills that consti Arthur J. Moxham, wir&ccable, May 10, 1887, No. 362649. . tute this infamous and wicked " trust " of which he to}d us, and. Arthur J. Moxha~ tong:ue-swi.wh to~ s~eet railways) June 14, 1887, No. about which I shall have something to say further on. Now,in 364725. 1894. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE .. 1019

Arthur J. Moxham, curved crossing for street, railway~>. July 12, 1887, No. 366497. Arthur J. Moxham, railway T-chair; July-12, 1887, No. 3664-98.:- Now, let me go a step farther. I asked the gentleman on that Arthur J. Moxham, movable tongue-switch for· street railways, July 12, occasion whether or not he was paying his workmen in scrip; 1887, No. 366598. and in that breezy way again he s ,id: "We h ad an opportunity Art-hur J. Moxham, railway crossings, August 2, 1887, No. 31}7433. Arthur J. Moxham, railway chair, August 2, 1887, No. 367434. to get some railroad bonds· we called our workmen together and Arthur J. Moxham, pocket-filling device for girder rails, August 2, 1887, they agreed to take pay, one-third cash, two-thirds in certifi No. 367654. ca tes for bonds, rathel' than have us shut up;" and our friends Arthur J . Moxham, combination crossing and switch for railway tracks, August 2, 1887, No, 367655. on the other side cheered the gentleman for his generosity in A.rthm· J. Moxham, street-railway crossing, December 6, 1887, No. 374265. thus providing for his workmen. Arthur J. Moxham, rolls for rolling girder rails, Feb!'uary 21, 1888, No. That is to say, in the midst of this depression, in the face of a 378209. Arthur J. Moxham, rolls for rolling girder rails, February 21, 1888, No. coming winter~ starvation in front of them_) these men were 3i8210. - called together and were told: " If you will work for one-third Arthur J. Moxham, rolls for rolling flangeless.center-bearing rails, Feb- cash and tw-o-thirds scrip, we wiil give you work; iY you won't, ruary 21, 1888, No. 378211. Al'thur J. Moxham. grooved girder rail, May 15, 1888, No. 38300-J. we will. close up our factory." That is the gentleman's own Arthur J. Moxham, double-grooved girder rail. May 15, 1888. No. 383002. statement as you· find it in the kEcoRD. Yet- he p-oses here Arthur J. Moxham, acute curve crossing, May 15, lb88, No. 383003. as a public benefactor in the interest of the gres.t American con Al'thur J. Moxham, straightening slot rails, July 10. 1888. No. 385818. ArthurJ. Moxham, movable tongue switch for street railways, September sumers of steel rails! [Applause on the R-epublican side.] Now 4, 1888; No. 388994. let us go a step further; and by the way, Mr. Chairman, just at Arthur J . .Moxham, rolling slot rails for cable railways, September 4, 1888, this point I wish to put in the RECORD a copy of one of" these 888995. ·Arthur J. Moxha;m, rail and rail joint. for stree-t railways, Octobel.'l23, 1888, bond certificates: No. 391549. Arthur J: Moxham, machine for rolling girder rails, October 23, 1888, No. 891550'. 'g-'0 ~1J....; ~~1l ~ 1_; _ BOND CERTIFICATE. } Arthur J: Moxham, railway turntable, Octo bel' 23', 1888, No: 391551. 0 MQ~O~Q ~ ~ - ArthurJ. Moxham, two-part girder rail October23, 1888, No. 391552. ~ 8.8,,. .'g_~Q tlO ~~ ~ .TOHNSTOWN, PA., 1893, SERIES No. L (l)_m q) 0.8~~ ~ . Arthur J. Moxham, rail and rail chair for girder rails, October23, 1888, No. 00 391553. . . ;a oo ~ ~=:~ A Q S J- This lS to certtly-that the bearer 1ft the owner of P~ c~·~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1:-i one twenty-thousandth (1 - ~000) of the interest Arthur J. Moxham, brace chair for girder rails, December 4, 1888', No. 394078. 00 Arthur J. Moxham, rail chair for girder rails, December 4. 1888, No. 394079. en q) 5- ~ .... _ ~ o .... bearing securities now in the handii of the trustees Arthur J. Moxham, expansion joint for railway track rails, December 25, ~ Q ~:;::: ~P.~ . o -~ for the employ~~:t of the Johnson Company, and 18&8, No. at!5248. · _ -:~-:::!£ rn~ ~ ~"" z~ that out of-th&proeeedsof such bonds the trustees Arthur J. Moxham, portable passing switch for ra-ilways, December 25, ~po 8.~.s:1 P<8 £.~ ~ wilL pay to the bearer as s.uch certificates are 1888, No. 395249. o ~ ~ ;so SA zz-.q marketed, - Arthur J. Moxham, street-railway crossing, April30, 1889, No. 402470. 1»~ . ~1l1l ~8"g ~< ONE DOLLAR, Arthur J. Moxham, rolling steel or iron, August 13, 1889, No. 408043. ~oo'S: (1} d l:::l~ ~~ This certificate is one of an issue of twentvthou- Arthur J. Moxham, rolling iron or-steel, August 13, 1889t No. 408844. ~ ~ 1-t;;::j.O~ £~ ~8 sand dollars ($20,000.00), that being the market Arthur J. Moxham, adjustable clamp joint for railway rails, October 29, .s:1 ~ oo £ ,g l:::loo .,_,~ value of the approved securitiy of whioh this-is an 1889, No. 413956. . · ~>.~'S;::_ • ..,..s:12 u.i.:-o- · evidence-of part ownership. The evidence or the Arthur J. Moxha-m, rail chairfor-streetrailways, Marchl1,1800, No. 423012. ~"§I::S~i~ 0 $ ~ ownership of such securities ii:S in the form of a Arthur J. Moxham, rail and·rail chair, May 6, 1890,- No. 427348. PF18~Q.s:l!ll<;j Tlr:8 Trmteea /01' the Employes Arthur J. Moxham, expansion rail for railways, June 28, 1892, No. 47i615. 8 ~ r: ... ~.s:~: §-o of tll.e Johnson Company. Arthur J. Moxham, railway crossing. June !!8, 1892 No. 477676. Ooo080N..t:l No. 3387. Arthur J. Moxham, rail joint, June 28, 1892, No. 477677. Arthur J. Moxham, railway rail joint, June 28, 1892, No. 4?'i'678. Arthur J. Moxham. combined rail and cross-tie, June 28, 1892, No. 477679. And to this I have attached a clipping from a Johnstown Arthur J . Moxham, railway rail joint, June 28, 1892, No. 477680. newspaper which. says, in. answer- to a. correspondent: Arthur J. Moxham, railway crossing, June 28,1892,. No. 47768L Arthur J. Moxham, railway crossing, June 28; 1892, No. 477682. HOW YOU GET YOUR SCR[p. Arthur J. Moxham, rail for railways, June 28, 1892, No. 477683. The pay of-the Johnstown Company is given out in money in two envel Arthur J. Mox:ham, frog or cross for railway crossings, June 28, 1892, No. opes, two-thirds in one envelope, and one-third in the oth~r. According to 477684. the understanding, you take the envelope with· the two-thirds money into Arthur J. Moxham, railway crossing, June 28,1892, No. 477685. another window and in exchange get your scrip; and the Johnstown Com· Arthur J. Moxham, switch-pieceforrffilwaytracks, June 28, 1892, No. 477686. pany does. not pay the_lO per cent State tax on the issue. Arthur J. Moxham, railway crossings, June 28, 189-~, No. 477687. Arthur J. Moxham, railway crossings, June 28-, 1892, No. 477688. [Applause on the Republican side.] Arthur J. Moxham, railway rail joint, June 28,1892, No. 477689. And I have attached to.the other end another clipping from Arthur J. Moxham, rail and making the same, June 28, 1892, No. 477690. Arthur J. Moxham, chair for railway rails, September 20, 1892, No. 482801. the Johnstown paper which says: Arthur J. Moxham, railway rail chair, 'eptember 20, 1892, No. 482802. .A.T .A. DIBQOID;~ . Arthur J. ~oxham, channel rail and chair, SepLember 20, 1892, No. 482803. Arthur J. Moxham, railway chair and making the same, September 20, The Johnstown Compan.v scrip is already being offered for sale at a heavy 1892, No. 482804. discount. Arthur J. Moxham, combined railway rail and chail··and making the same, Now, I asked the gentleman the question whether these cer September 2()., 1892, No. 48280:>. Arthur J. Moxham, tie rod for railway tracks, February 28, 1893, No. tificates were not selling a.t a discount; and what did he reply? 492469. You will not find his reply in the RECORD, because his reply Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. May I ask you a question? Are lacked the essential that ought to belong to anything said in this you not aware th1.t we tried to defend our patents and were de House-lacks the essential element of truth. The gentleman's feated; and that the other concerns are flourishing on that busi reply was," No; they were redeemed last week at a premium." ness? And the gentleman, knowing that he had told this House what Mr. DALZELL. The gentleman has had two lawsuits. But was not the fact, changed the stenogra,pher's notes and substi here are 102 patents-- tuted: Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. But not on rail&. The first series of certificates ha.s already been redeemed at par. [Ap Mr. DALZELL. Pretty nearly all of them. plause on the Democratic side.] Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. Oh, no. When the gentleman struck out the answer that he untruth Mr. DALZELL. I will put them in the RECORD, and our col fully made to me on the floor of the House, he failed to strike leagues in the House can examine them for themselves. out the ''Democratic applause" that that untruthful answer ..... The gentleman in this connection said also: evoked; and he failed also to anticip:tte the publication of the I t·hink the gantleman underestimates the number of patents that Mr. answer that he actually made in the Democratic newspapers of Moxham has taken out. I think they number nearly two hundred. Not one of these on the process of manufacturing rail$ has been taken out abroad, Pennsylvania. _ and consequently would not interfere with the making o! rails in England, The fact is, Mr. Chairman, that the first series was redeemed or in Germany. and so could not interfere with English or German manu on the day that the gentleman was making his speech. The fact facturers in bringing into this country rails made in competition with us. is tha t it was not redeemed at a premium. The fact is that it In utter ig-norance, it would seem, of the fact that- a rail pro was r ede )med at par, without a single solitary penny of interest, tected by Unit ~ d States patent is protected in the United Stat's, although the certifica tes called for interest. The fact is that not only against rails made in the United States, but against the these certificates were hawked about on the streets of Johnstown, same kind of rails made anywhere [applause on the Hepublioan and sold at· a discount. sidel-as one of my colleagues suggests, even against similar I send to the Clerk's desk and a-sk him to read two articles rails if they fell from the moon._ from the Johnstown Tribune, no single allegation of which has 1020 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. JANUARY 18, ever beep. denied either by the gentleman himself or by his reJr 1'he CHAIRMAN. Fifteen minutes would carry us beyond resentatives in Johnstown. the time fora recess, and the committee cannot extend the time. The Clerk read as follows: Mr. McRAE. Let the matter be ended now. MAYBE TOM JOHll'SON DOES NOT KNOW. Mr. PAYNE. But if consent is given he can have tne time While ToM L. JOHNSON was slashing the Republicans and Democratic in the morning. cuckocs in the House yesterday, "Mr. DALZELL, displaying a certificate, The CHAIRMAN. Undoubtedly. asked Mr. JoHNSON 1:! his comnany was not paying its employes in scrip?" Mr. DALZELL. I ask five minutes to-night to conclude the To which Mr. JOHNSON replied as follows: "We pay our men higher wages than they can get anywhere else, because article the Clerk has been reading, and will continue in the we believe it pays us to have the pick of the trade. Last summer we found morning. our customers (the street-railroad companies) sutrering from the etl'ects of The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection to allowing the gentle bad Republican legislation. They had bonds, but no money; and could not get any. ·we agreed to take bonds in payment !or rails in case we could get man from Pennsylvania five minutes additional time this even- our men to help carry the burden. We presented the case to them and asked ing? - . if they would prefer that we shut down, or that they take one-third of their There wo.s no objection. wages in cash and two-thirds in scrip, you may call it, but really evidences o! their part ownership of the bonds. l'hey unanimously said they would The Clerk then resumed and concluded the reading of the ar rather continue work on that basis. We borrowed the money &.nd went ticle as above. ahead. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Pennsyl "Mr. D .ALZELL. Is it not true that this scrip is selling to-day at a discount in Johnstown? · vania h as expired. "Mr. JOHNSON. That can hardly be possible, for we took up the first is Mr. DALZELL. Mr. Chairman, I shall have to ask additional sue last week at a premium." time. As Mr. JoHNsoN may not 1mow what his wicked partners are doing, the Tribune will endeavor to enlighten biro. One street railway that we know Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. What is the gentleman's request? of (the Johnstown street railway), of which Mr. TOM L. JoHNsoN is the prin The CHAIRMAN. . Does the gentleman make any request? cipal owner, made over $1 ,000 a day clear last summer, while the national Mr. DALZELL. I ask to have fifteen minutesaddition·1 l time. Republican Administration was in power ("su1Iering from the effects of bad Republican legislation," as he says), and its receipts gradually !ell off after Mr. JOH NSON of Ohio. I ask that the gentleman ba allowed the Democratic Administration got in power, until now its net profits are fifteen minutes to conclude l;ris remarks in the morning. not more than half that amount. The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection? The men did agree to accept two-thirds or their pay in scrip, as Mr. JoHN soN says, although they art~ paid all in money, in two envelopes-one with Mr. SPRINGER. There will be no objection; but I would one-third of what they earn. and the other with two-thirds; the one contain like to suggest that the gentleman from Ohio be accorded time ing two-thirds they take to another window and exchange its contents for to reply. bonds. Mr. JoHNsoN would hardly say they would not ra ~her kee~ the cash, as they are not mlilionaires and can not well alford to hold the certificates, Mr. BURROWS. Oh, there will be no difficulty about that even if they knew the bonds would be paid in time, and therefore they dis- on this side. . pose of them as they can. · . ·· · The CHAIRMAN. The Chair thinks there will bo no diffi The bonds of the first series--$20,000-were paid yesterday, but not at a premium, and very few to the workingmen, as they had already disposed of culty about the gentleman getting time in the morning. If there them; some of them were paid to a real tive of Toll L. JOHNSON, who doubt be no objection the understanding will be that the gentleman less had the tip, as Clevela.nd's broker in New York had about the extra ses from Pennsylvania will be entitled to fifteen minutes when the sion or Congress, a.nd went arourid and bought many up at a discount a day ortwo .before publication of the notice that they would be redeemed. The committee resumes consideration of this bill in the morning, and 1620,000 b ave been redeemed, but not at a premium, nor was there interest paid. the gentleman from Ohio time to reply if he so desires. The idea of the Johnson Company not being aole to borrow $20,000, instead There was no objection. o! requiring the men to carry the debt, is not believed by anybody. Series two and three, each for the same amount, are now in the market,· and no Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. I move that the committee now rise. -time is fixed for their redemption. The CHAIRMAN. The time has now arrived when the com- DOES HE WANT TO SWALLOW HIS WORDS DY PROXY? mittee must rise. "It (the Tribune) takes a garbled and perhaps falstiled report of the con The committee accordingly rose; and the Speaker having re troversy in the House Wednesday between Congressman DALZELL and Con sumed the chair, Mr. RICHARDSON of Tennessee reported that gressman ToM JOHNSON, and tries to make Mr. JOHNSON say that the first the Committee of the Whole House on the s tate of the Union, issue of the bonds of his company was taken up 'last week at a premium,' whereas everybody knows, and no one better than Mr. JOHNSON, that the having had under consideration the tariff bill, had come to no bonds were lifted Wednesday of this week at par, and in his speech Mr. resolution thereon. JoHNSON so stated. He said nothing about premiums.-Democrat." LEAVE OF ABSENCE. The Tribune did not take a garbled, or" perhaps "-perhaps is significant- ~ falsified report of what 'l'OM JOHNSON said. It took up what the otllcial By unanimous consent leave of -absence was granted to Mr. stenographer took from his mouth, before it had time to be garbled, and this is what one sentence was (nearly all other sentences in his speech being DRAPER, for one day, on account of important busin3ss. about on a plane with it): The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Indiana [Mr. BROOK ".Mr. DALZELL then asked whether that scrip was not to-day at a discount SHIRE] will perform the duties of the Chair at the evening ses at Johnstown? "'That can not be possible,' was the reply (of Mr. JoHNsoN), 'because the sion; and in accordance with the special order, the Hou;;e will first series was redeemed last week at a premium.'" now t s,ke a recess _until8 o clock p.m., the evening session to be The above is copied from the stenographic report in the Harrisburg Pa deYoted to debate only on the pending bill. triot-a pronounced free-trade organ, which blows through the same horn that TOM JOHNSON does. It was printed in the same way in all papers that received correct rer>orts. Now, we repeat what we said yesterday, th.at the EVENING SESSION. first ~eries ($2\.1,000)-there are two other series out-was not taken up last week. but Wednesday, January 10, the day·Mr. JOHNSON was making his speech; they were not taken up at a premium, and no interest even was The recess having expired, the House resumed its session at paid on them; and further, a relative of ToM JoHNSON went to parties and 8 o'clock p. m;, and. was called to order by Mr. BROO~ SHIR E as purchased this scrip at a discount only the day before the publication or Spea,ker pro tempore. adverti ~ ements stating that it would be redeemed. Mr. JoHNSoN evidently did not know what he was talking about just then, as well as many other The SPEAKER p1'0 tempore. The House is in session for pur times in the course of his harangue. . . poses of general debate only upon the bill the title of which the Mr. J ORNSON certainly would not say that theJ ohnson Comp:;.ny could not Clerk will report. . have procured $20,000 to pay the workmen as easily as he cou;d get the wherewithal to pay others, among them his relative. The Clerk read as follows: Certainly if the Johnson Company's foresight was as great as Mr. JOHN A bill (H. R. 4854) to reduce taxation, to provide revenue for the Govern SON would make us believe it is now, he mig.nt have borrowed the $20,000 to ment. and for other purposes. pay his hands from a person with whom he is well ac.q uainted, as by the English papers of last July we see an item as follows: Pursuant to the special order, the House resolved itself into ''MILLIONAIRE IN ENGLISH POLITICS. the Committ-ee of the Whole on the state of the Union, foe the "The wealthy Anglo-American mentioned as having subscribed £5.000 to a further consideration of the tariff bill, with Mr. PEARSON in campaign in favor of the taxation of land value is raported to be Mr. A. J. the chair. Moxham, a native of Glamorganshire, who, in the course of the last twenty Mr. McKEIGHAN. Mr. Chairman, representing, as I do, a years, has amassetl a colossal fortune. ~!r. Moxham has of late years been settled in New York, but is now about to return permanently to Great district the population of which is almost entirely devoted to Britain. It is proposed to form a fund of £20,000, and it is understood that farming, it is -only natural that, in discussing the question now several separate subscriptions or £1 ,000 have already been intimated toward before the House, I should present the case from the farmers' the £'40,000 fund. " point of view. I recognize the duty of every member of this During the reading of the above the hammer fell. House to be:tr in mind that he is and ou~ht to be the repre The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Penn sentative not only of his district, but of all the people of the sylvania has expired. United:- Shtes; that all its citizens have a just claim upon him, Mr. DALZELL. I trust that the time will be extended for a and that he ought to ask nothing on behalf of his constituents few minutes. which is unjust to his country as a whole. But one great ad ~-a.n Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio. I hope, Mr. Chairman, the gentle tage of the position occupied by representative of a farming dis man from Pennsylvania will h g,ve additional time. trict is that his immedia te constituents, the farmers, need noth The CHAIRMAN. How much time does the gentleman want? ing and ask nothing which is inconsistent with the welfare of Mr. LIVINGSTON. I move that he have ten minutes addi the whole United Sts.tes. They can gain nothing by monopoly, tional. by bounties, by so-called "protection," or by any other form of Mr. DALZELL. I want fifteen or twenty minutes. fraud or injustice. /

1894. CONGRESSIONAL . RECORD-HOUSE. 1021

The condition of the mass of farmers, not only in my district made to believe that they could only find customers for their but throughout Nebraska and theadjoining States, is one which products among the Eastern factories and· foundries. The sly might well justify them in demanding favors from the Govern humor shown in some of these arguments is really refreshing ment, if such demands could be justified on the part of any class amid the dry wastes of economic discussion. Thus, in a glowing whatever. Such demands are made continually in this House, speech made on May 10, 1890, Mr. La Follette, of Wisconsin, one nominally on behalf of the wage-earners employed in Eastern of theframersof the McKinley tariff, after referring to a speech mills. foundries. anG. factories, but in reality on behalf of the in which ROGER Q. MILLS had pointed to millions of half bosses and capitalists who own the wealth which these wage starved people in Europe who would be customers for our wheat earners have created. I deny the right of this Government to and corn in case ourtariffwall wasbrokendown,exclaimed with load the farmers with taxation, even if it were true that such passionate eloquence, "In God's name, Mr. Chairman, is this taxation would all go into the pockets of the ironworkers, the wool the ma.rket you ask the American farmers to sell their wheat in? weavers, and the cotton spinners; and I should deny that right, Are they to trundle their grain from the Dakotas to the Old even if the average income of the farm~s in my district was World and wait for foreign subjects, starving for bread to bid much larger than the avera,ge income of Ea.'3tern factory hands. against each other and fix the price? I quote word for word; But the fact is, and it is very well known, that the avel'age and it certainly accurtatdy represents the spirit of Mr. La Fol ea1·n ings of a farmer in the western half of both Kansas and Ne lette's burning declamation, to which the Republican majority braska, if not in the whole of those States, are much less than of the House responded with enthusiastic applause, tho farm the average earnings of a man of the same years and streng ;;h ers' representatives leading off. in an E1stern factory. In 1890, Mr. Kelley, of Kansas, who voted Sure enough! Could there be anything mora outrageous than for the McKinley tariff, declared in the course of debat3 that to ask an American farmer to sell his wheat to hungry men? the average earnings of a Kansas farmer did not exceed $300 a He ought not to condescend to sell wheat or corn to anybody year or a dollar a day; and his statement was true then, and is who is hungry enough to eat it. The only customers whom he true now. should deign to accept are fat monopolists who are already gorged On the other hand, the infallible census reports, prepared by with food. The fact thatamanis hungryshould besufficientrea a McKinley administration, and doctored by a McKinley super sonfor refusing him permission to buyour fine American wheat. intendent, state the average earnings of men engaged in factory It is too good to be wasted upon anybody who has an appetite. work and other protected manufactures at considerdbly over It must be reserved for the gentlemen manufacturers from Mas $450 a year. or $1.50 a day; and in the speeches which are con sachusetts or for the Lawyers' Club of New York, which, I under stantly made upon this floor in opposition to the pending tariff stand, uses nothing but Hungarian flour. But the farmers of mel sure, we are told that full-grown American workmen in the Wisconsin were so stupid that in spite of all this eloquence, protected industries receive from $2 to $2.50 a day, even in un they kept Mr. La Follette at home, inN ovember, 1890, preferring skilled labor. The very class of workmen, therefore, whom the his comp:mionship to his representation. farmers are asked to support by taxation wrung out of their own l n like manner it has been the constant burden of protectionist hard earnings, are already in the possession of incomes exceed- speeches, addressed to the American farmer, to impress upon - ing that of the average W estern farmer by 50 to 150 per cent. him the t 3rrible loss which he suffers by having his prices fixed I can see no reason or justice in the demand for the continuance in the Liverpool market, in competition with the grain of India, of such taxation. [Applause.] Egypt, and Russia. They have been exhorting the farmer for But in reality, as everybody knows, this taxation is not kept thirty years to r id himself of the Liverpool market and to rely up for the benefit o1 workmen, but is demanded by and for the .only upon the home market. which is to be supplied by millions benefit of capitalists. Take away from the tariff the support of of fJ. t factory operatives, who will all be anxious to buy the all men whose incomes exceed $5,000 a year; and it would in American farmera' wheat and corn at high prices, because none stantly collapse. Not merely the McKinley tariff , but all taliffs of them will ever be hungry enough to eat it. Because the 50,- whateverwould be immediately repealed. Why do these crowds 000:000 people who now buy our grain in Europe refuse to pay us of snug, fat, weal thy manufacturers throng around this House and as good prices as we would like to have, therefore our protectionist haunt the members of the Ways and Means Committee until tlie friends urge us to cut off those 50,000,000 customers altogether, chairman of that committee has himself to have protection, and and for 'the purpose of increasing the price of our grain, to refuse tomakehimselfmuchmore inaccessible than the Presidentofthe to sell it at all. United States. Why do they swarm around the Capitol, button The comic element in this advice is so very fine that they holing members, beseeching, whining, threatening, and bully feel quite sure that the farmers will never suspect it. But it ing, with their demands for t1e maintenance of the McKinley amounts to just this: A farmer, we vvill suppose, has only two cus tariff? Why do they spend millions of their money in the effort tomers, neither of whom will give him the price which he wants. to elect McKinley candidates? Does anybody with a grain of Both offer him 40 cents when he thinks he ought to have a dollar. sense suppose that they do all this out of pure philanthropy, out Thereupon, one of them says to the farmer, ''Do you not see that of love for their workmen, out of anxiety to pay high wages? it is all on account of that other mean rascal that you do not get I know that one of the members from Massachusetts, himself a .good price for your wheat? Kick him out of the market alto a manufacturer, and voting as manufacturers do, without the gether and sell only to me, and then you will get any price that smallest scruple in favor of measures which are directly intended you want, because you know that I am so generous that I will to enrich themselves. declares that such is the fact, and that not pay you anything you ask." Any farmer would answer, ,; Then only he, but absolutely every other manufacturer in the United why do you not pay me a dollar a bushel now without waiting States, is animated solely by the desire to have a tariff which until I h ave driven the other fellow off?" But, unfortun::ttely, will compel him to pay high wages to his workmen and to dis there are too many farmers who do not see that precisely the tribute all its benefits among them. But the eloquent gentle S3Jlle thing is true about the Liverpool market. If we cut off the man can not really expect anybody outside of a lun:1tic asylum Liverpool market the only result will be that the people in tho to believe such a statement. [Applause.j home market will pay us a smaller price than ever, since we The one element of &incerity in such pretenses is the belief, shall have no other customers. honestly entertained, by a great many wealthy gentlemen, that Mr. Jacob R. Dodge, who for twenty-five years adorned the it is the business of the Government to take care of the rich, Deptrtment of Agriculture, was an enthusiastic and doubtless because then the rich will take care of the poor. They sin sinc3re advocate of cutting off the Liverpool market. He had a e l'ely believe that they give bread to their workmen; that remedy for the farmer, which he was never ·weary of advocating. they support their laborers, instea.d of the laborers s'upporting Ye::t r after ye::tr, for more than twenty ye:1rs, he laboriously ex them. They regard themselves as the chief benefactors of the plained to the farmers that the more they planted the worse race; and because they see in times like these multitudes of they were off. He showed by figures that when we raised a men deprived of the comforts of life, because unable to find em large crop the pdce fell so much that we got no more in dol ployment under a boss, they honestly believe that the boss cre lars than we did for a small crop. He therefore continually ates wealth and distributes it among his hired men. It never urged us to plant less, because no matter how little we planted _occurs to them that the reason why such multitudes of men are we should get just as much money for our· products as if we had thus dependent upon them is that they, and those who act with planted more. He proved it by figures, and figures can not lie. them, have monopolized all the natural opportunities given by Very good. Then our remedy is to plant only one bushel of God to the American people, and have thus compelled the masses corn in the whole United States, which will of course, sell for of the people to come to them, h at in hand, saying, "Put me, I 8600,000,000 (the price of last yeJr ·s .crop), which we farmers can pray thee, into one of the offices, that I may eat a morsel of divide among ourselves, shar~ and share alike, while only one bread." of us need do any work. [Laughter.] I' well know the arguments which have been used with too But Mr. Dodge never ventured to recommend this. Neither much success in the past to persuade the farmers to submit to did Mr. Dodge ever tell us how, if we cut down our grain pro this enormous taxation, which all tlows into the pockets of a duction one-half, we could prevent Russia, India, and Egypt wealth,y few. Down to a very recent period the farmers were from doubling theirs, and so keeping the price down after all. -·

1022 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. . JANUARY 18,

Nor did he ever condesc'?nd to explain to us what would be the come to this country is there on0 of them who refuses American result to the ftrmers·themselves of a short crop, even if that bread or American beef? We all know that the simple reason crop did bring high prices. But I can tell him, because it was why they do not eat our flour and our beef is that they can not that short-crop business which brought about my election to afford to buy them. Congress in 1890. In tb.e beginnin; of that year corn could not . But wi;ty C"tnnot they afford to buy them? The answer again be sold in Western Nebraska and Kansas for as much as 15 c~nts Is very simple. We put up an enormous t3.riff wall, and insist a bu3hel. If it had been forced on the market, it would not have th t these 150,000,000 Europeans .shall not have the privilege of sold for 10 cents. The farmers were compelled to burn it in ~u1ing our wheat, corn beef, and_Pork;, unle ~ s they will pay for large qu'lntities, because it would not sell for enough to enable It m gold. They have no gold mmes m Europe, except in Rus them to buv wood or coil. sia, which exports whe1t. They never will h ·we. When they Now, th~y had heard a greatdeal about the terrible free-trade offer anything which they do have, we put n eno ·mous tax upon times of 18- 3, when corn was burned for fuel in Iowa; and this it for the express purpose of keeping it out, and in this we are had been held up to them for thirty years, as a conclusive rea successful to a very hrg::J degree. Europe could easily send us, son why they must abhor free trade and vote to tax themselves every year, at least $5W,OJO,O 0 worth of the very things which in order to provide a home market for their product. But farmers want in addition to what we now receive; and we should when, under enormously high protection to manufactures. the pay for these things principally in wheat, corn and cotton, beef price of corn fell lower than it had fallen even in 1858, they were and pork. But we shut them out. told by such protectionist papers as the Chic lgo Tribune, the Strike down the b ~trs which keep out $500 000,000 of European Des Moines Register, 'and the American Ta.rltf Bulletin, pub products, and you would, by the same blow, strike down the b:n's lish ·~ d by the rich Manu ~acturers ' Le:.tgue in New York, that which keep in 500,000,000 worth of American farm products. corn was the very best kind of fuel, and that they ought to be which force back our own wheat and corn upon us, choke up our very thankful that they had corn to b.ll'n. When this question markets and compel us to leave wheat to rot on the gt·ound, and was 1·aised in this House, Mr. Kerr, a Republicanand high pro corn to burn for fuel: A de·:!p cut in the tariff would enable our tectionist from Iowa, who voted for the McKinley bill, declared American farmers to sell all which they now raise, at prices 50 that this corn-burning was a matter-of no consequence, because per cent higher; and the total abolition of the tariff would give corn had always been burned mor-e or less in Iowa for twenty to every farmer 100 per cent more in exchange for his products yea1 s. What became of the time-worn protection argument than he now receives. b!ls ~d upon the burning of corn under free trade? We heard Mr. BROOKSHIRE. Will the gentleman allow an inter nothing more of that for the time, but it will be trotted out ruption right there? agab., by a fresh set of knaves, for the benefit of a fresh crop of Mr. McKEIGHAN. Yes. fooh;. Mr. BROOKSHIRE. It is contended by those who are op Well, there was a great change in the price of corn. It sud posed to tariff reform that we ought to create in this country, denly jumped up to 50 cent.s a bushel in Kansas and Nebraska, by a high protective policy, a market for everything produced and in some places sold forevenmorethan that. President Har on the farms of the United States. I want to say to the gentle rison publicly rejoiced over this rise in the price of corn, and man that there are 498 people to the square mile in England and the whole protectionist party echoed his words, beinQ' fully per Wales, 224 people to the squara mile in Germany, 187 people to suaded th_t now everything was lovely and the farmer's goose the square mile in Franc9,and 101 people to the square mile upon hun_;· high. Great was their astonishment when the elections the whole continent of Europe, and that in the line of the argu of Kovember, 18!:)0, proved that it was their own goose and not ment which the gentleman is just making, it would seem to be the farmer's which was elevated to the position of honor: apparent that the market for the agricultural products of the LLaughter.] United States will have to be found in Great Britain and on the Y ot the explanation was very simple. Nature had listened to continent of Europe; and while I have not examined the statis the advice of Hon. Jacob R. Dodge and gallant Ben. Harrison, tics for the last fiscal year, in the fiscal year ending June 30, although the farmers had not. The farmers planted as much 1891,52 per cent of the entire agricultural exports of the United corn as ever, but nature dried it all up in the Western half of Kan St tes were sold to the people of Great Britain. So we need the sas and Nebraska. The corn crop was reduced in -that entire dis Liverpoolrnarket. · trict to about one-tenth of what it had been the year before. In Mr. McKEIGHAN. And why, Mr. Chairman, should not many counties, which had the previous year raised from 1,000,000 American farmers have this marketr Why are they to be shut to 3.\JOO,OOO bushels, the crop of 1890 produced only 6,000to 10,000 out from foreign markets! Why are they not at libertv to ex bushels. Of course, the price of corn went up; but who got the change their wheat, corn, beef, and pork for cloth, lumb6r, salt, benefit? When nineteen-twentieths of thefarmershadnotraised iron, steel, plows, hats, shoes, or anything else that they fancy, a bushel of corn each, and the remaining twentieth had only raised even to the frightful extravagance of kid gloves and silk ribbons a qu1rter crop, what consolation could they find in the fact that for their wives and daughters, on such terms and in such pla~es corn had gone up from 10 cents to 50 cents? They were now as they choose? buyers of corn, not se lers; and they were driven to the ed?e of The answer always is that this would ruin the home manu starvation. More tllan fifty thousand utterly ruined families facturers of these articles and destroy the farmers' home m1r fled from the land which Benjamin Harrison assumed was flow ket~ and for a hundred years the Americm farmer has been ing with milk and honey, but which, in reality, was tlowing with patiently waiting for this home market to become so large a::; to nothing except the advice o • Jacob R. Dodge. [Laughter.] enable him to dispensa with a foreign ma.rket. He is further I am ash med to h!!.ve to explain to anybody the tra.nsp t.rent off to-day from this result than he ever was. In spite of all the humbug of this Dodge philosophy, but it must be done. I tis not enormous taxation which the farmer has endured for the sake to the interest of any farmero or of all farmers to raise small of building up a home market, the foreign m:trket is still big crops. There is no such thing as overproduction. There are ger than any home market, outside of the farme s themselves people enough in a few European countries to e:1.t all the wheat, and of the other classes which are not and can not be protected corn, beef, and pork which we can rJ.ise, and who would be glad by any tar.!.ff. to do so if we would give them a chance. We want hungry cus There are, in fact, only about twenty-five thousand families tomers. We do not want a few fat monopolists. It the farm9rs which really derive any benefit from the tariff. But, even if we all over the world were to hke the Dojge advice and to raise add all the people who are hired by these 25,000, and who per only half crops they would starve the rest of the world and would haps fancy that their wages are increased by a tax which in kill off their only customers. II by any such act of monstrous creases tke profits of their bo2ses, still there are only 1,000,000 cruelty, they could get $2 a bushel for a singe ye:1r, they would families, at the most, which can have even an imaginary interest only get 25 cents for corn the next year; and meantime tb.ey would in protective taxes. The other 12,0i.J O,Ov0 families c n derive no stop the production of the very things which they want to get benefit whatever from being taxed, except such a.s may filter with their money. Money is of no use to them unless they can back to them from m9.king ~5,000 people very rich. The whole get the comforts of life with it; and if they starve people who system is one which is intended to and does in fact make a few make for the farmers the things which they need: they would thousand pP.ople rich, on the theory that if we would only make kill the goose which lays the golden egg. them rich enough they will be able to t ake care of all the rest of The fact has been repeatedly st9.ted, even by the great Dodge the community. This is a very old theory, which despots and himself, and by the late distinguished Secretary of Agriculture, oligarchies have always mainta.ined. "Take care of the rich Mr. Rusk, that there are 150.0JO,OJU people in Europe who never and they will hke care of the poor." eat wheaten brea-d. But neither Secretary Rusk nor St9.tistician What is the practical result oi all this century ol protection? Dodge eve-r took the trouble to ask or think why these 150,000, At the end of it European markets take from American farmers ()00 peo1Jle did not eat American wheat. Is it because they do more than five times as much as is purchased by all the protected ' not lf.re wheat:> Is it because they would not eat good white manufacturers and theirworkmen an.d workwomen put together. bread if bney could get it~ Why do they note ~ t American beef, The boasted home market for the farmers consists chiefly of the .or any Peef? Is it because they do not want it? When they farmers themselves. A farmer must eat as much a.s any body eloe; 1894. CONGRESSIONAL REOORD--HOUSE. 1023

yet -in all the computations made by protectionistsas~o the value Kinley tariff, and would decrease even if the duty on wool were of the home market, they push this out of sight and try to per rah;ed. suade the farmer, often with too much success, that the entire Some farmers will always keep a few sheep, but very few will home market is mille by protected manufacturers. . keep them for the sake of the wool. Fifty sheep is a large num J It is said that if we a1mitted $500,000,000 worth of foreign ber for any farmer to own, and even if he could get the whole manufactures we should throw out of work people who are mak protective duty of 11 cents a pound for his own pocket, which. he ina the same amount aF-ong ourselves. Suppose this were true. never does, it would only be worth about $15 aye tr to him. But Y~t the farmers would be better off, because they would get the any farmer who can afford to keep 50 sheep is not only taxed $500,000,000 themselves in directly inc ·eased purchases of their $50 a year by the protective manufacturer, but is deprived of a products: while the whole number of people who would be foreign ma:rketto the amount of at least$500 a year, without any thrown out of work, even if American manufactures were re compens·ttwn }yhatever. duced by this amount, would be less than 30,000. We farmers· The pretense th<:tt farmers can directly benefit by the tariff is can ~.fford to maintain those 30,u00 men without working and pay re'1lly very quickly given up by every honest and intelligent man. them as la.rge wages as WB earn upon our farms and still make a But he is persuaded to vote for such a tariff, in order to make good b rgain off the transaction. I am willing th t a commis for himself a home market. I have already shown what this sion should be appointed, a majority of them protectionists, home market amounts to, but a word more must be added. All who sh 1ll select the men and women who are proved to their the manufactured articles which are now imported from abroad satisf.,ction to nave been thrown out of work by increased im and which could possibly be imported if this new mriff bill were ports, under either free trade or a good half-way tariff raform to pass, could be made in this country, if they were made at all, and to have them all maintained at public expense until they by less than 100,000 hands. The utmost possible effect, there can get as good wages as they h :'\.1 before. As the whole cost of fore, of the highest protective tariff which human wit could in this would be only $12,00J,OOO, even if they were out of work for vent would be to give the American farmers 100,000 new custom a year. and the farmers would make a profit of $500,000,000 by ers. It would not do this; but let us pretend that it would, be even half-way tardi reform, we could affo.:d to pay these people ca.use this is all which can be claimed by anybody not insane. handsomely out of it. Yet, for the sake of getting these 100,000 customers. the farmers But all this clamor about the displacement of home manufac are asked to put up the tariff wall so high that we shall succeed _ tures by the importation of foreignmanufactures isabsolutenon in building- a home market sufficient to enable us to dispense sense. Free trade would, it is true, reduce the price of all do with the Liverpool m.:trket. · mestic manufactures, as it ought to. That is wh t we want it But through the Liverpool marketwenowfeed 50,000,000 peo for. But it would also reduce even more the cost of all the ma ple. If any tariff is ever in vented which will really provide us terials whlch go into manufactures. Seven-ceighths of the pro with an exclusive home market, it must be one which will bring tectivetaxesarelevied upon materials; not more than one-eighth into this country 50,0 )0,000additional people. Does any man im of them upon linisbed manufactures. Free trade would be a pos agine for a moment that we cau bring that number here and em itive relief to all honest manufacturers. With the reduction in ploy them all in manufactures? Does any man imagine that at price there would be an immense increase in the number of p~r least half of them would not at once enter into the business of sons who could afford to buy. There are a thousand families farming and so compete with our present farmers, instead of fur which can afford hats costing $1 to one which can afford-a fancy nishing a market for them? The new census report on manu New York hat costing $8. There are ten ttiousand families which factures is not yet ready, but there can be no doubt that it will can afford to buy chairs costing a dollar apiece to one that can buy not show as many as 5,080,000 people engaged irt manufactures chairs costing $50. Evers reduction in price enlarges the mar of all kinds whatever, of whom not more than 1,000,000 will be ket. The redu-ction in the price of manufactures which would engaged in any business which can possibly be protected by a. be brought about by free trade would double the purchasing tariff. power of the American people. Foreigners could not supply THE ARGUMENT FROM HISTORY. even one-fourth of this increased demand. All the rest would go The protectionists· are alwaya boastful of what they call the to domestic manufacturers. They would tnake less profit upon argument from history. They flood our farmers with speec~es each article which they sold, itistrue, buttheywouldmake even and papers describing the immense prosperity of the country larger profits in the aggregate. under protectiv-e ta.riffs and the terrible disasters which ~ave Now, as to the protected workmen, is it not clear that their happened under low tariffs. Let us, therefore, take a little time wages defend not upon the profits which their bosses make, but to review the present and-the past. upon the quantity of goods which those bo5sesare obliged make to The presentst~te of things is ba-d enough. The price of wheat in order to g-et their profits? If, by making $500,000 worth of is lower than ever before, the price of corn a.s low, and every goods, the boss can make a profit of $50,000, he is apt to be con thing- which the farmer pt-oduces is selling at a loss. Hundreds tent; for although he would like to make more, yet there is of thousands of wor\rnlen are thrown out of employment and some risk involved in doing so, and there is certs.inly a great in tramps are wandering all ove1· the land. Business failures, both -crea ·e of care and responsibility. But if prices are cut down, in number and amount, are greater than they ever We !·e in our and at the s:tme time the market enlarged, so that he finds him previous history. Inc1udingrailroads and b~nks, as we1l as mer self able and obliged to sell $1,000,000 worth of goods in order to chants and manufacturers, the failures for the year 1893 are at get his $50,000 of profit, he is compelled to double his produc least four times as great in number and amount as they were in tion, and thel'efore to double the number of his workmen. Un that terrible year 1 57, about which we have heard so much. der free trade, or even a low tariff, this would be precisely the There is no dispute about the facts. The question is: W}lo is re effect produced. His market w-ould be enlarged. but he would sponsible? be compelled to send out for more workmen, and therefore to pay To this question I have seen an answe.r, which so fully meets more wages. The very workmen in protected indqstries, there my own views that I quote it from a speech made to a large au fore, would gain by free trade. dience of factory workmen in the m'l.nufacturing city of Pater I shall not, however, further discuss this question with refer son, N. J., wbere,accordingtoa local Republican newspaper, it enc-e to the interests of the employes in protected factories; not was received by the protected workmen with all the enthusi- because I do not sympathize with them and -wish them well, but aam of conviction. · because they have shown by their own votes, outside of Pennsyl vania, that they are too intelligent to be fooled by their bosses, What laws are in force? . Republican laws. and that they understand perfectly that all the benefits of pro Who, when the panic bega.n, held nine-tenths of the offices through which tectivet1riffs go into the pockets of the bosses, and never by any those laws were administered? chance reach the workmen. · They can take care of themselves. Republicans. Who hold most of those oftlces to-day? It is my duty to represent the f.:t.rmers' side of the question, a Republicans. duty which is all the more imperative beility benefit the Republicans. farmer? The protective duties on wheat, corn, and provisions Is there more or less protection to American industries in force to-day than there was in the first year of Harrison's Administration, when we are of all kinds-which the farmer raises in such quantities that we told that everything was so prosperous? export of the leading articles from one thousand to ten thou More by about one-third to one-half. The protection on woolen goods is san-d times as much as areimported-are a mere insult to his un about 50 per cent higher; on cotton goods, 40 per cent higher; on iron and steel, 50 per cent higher; on silk, 8 per cent higher; on fi.ax, 16 per cent derstanding. The protective duty on wool is made the pretext higher. . of a tax of ten times as much upon his clothing and an excuse What have the Republicans been telling us, for the la.st thirty years, was for delivering him bou.nd, hand and foot, into the power of his the cause of Ameri11an prosperity? The Morrill tariff. oppressors. The fiumber of sheep in Kansas, Nebraska, and all 15 there more or less protection given by the tariff to-day tha.n was givq the States east of them, is coll'[email protected] ~ecreasing under the Me- by the great and wonderful Morrill tariff? _ .. 1024 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. JANUARY 18,

More by 100 per cent all around. More on woolen goods by 200 per cent; more on iron and steel by 80 per cent; more on silk by 60 per cent; more on enough. No tariff ever was, is, or will be protective enough fia.x manufactures by 100 per cent. because protection does not protect. ' However, let us pass to the tariff of 1824, which they always We have the McKinley tariff in full force. The goods are praise as so beneficent. That tariff was followed by the panic weighed by McKinley weighers. The duties are calculated by of 1825, and was such an entire failure that the protectionists McKinley clerks. The values of imported goods are decided by clamored for an increase of duties more loudly than ever before. McKinley appraisers, and the rates of duty are determined by Accordingly, in 1828, p..nder representations that the manufac- McKinley judges. The law was made by McKinley, and the turers were being ruined for want of more tariff, they passed men who have interpreted the law and ruled upon its meaning another very much higher, and especially for the benefi t of the are all McKinleyites. No change has been made in anything woolen industry. Almost as soon as it took effect, the woolen about the law or its administration by the Democrats. Every manufacturers were pretty generally ruined. Farmers all over thing stands to-day just as Harrison and McKinley left it, with the country were immem~ely injured by both tariffs, the prices of every American industry protected and everybody in this coun their products constantly falling. The new t ariff was indeed so try guarantied tremendous prosperity as the result of taxing bad that the manufacturers themselves could not endure it; and each other. Yet here we are. [Applause.] they procured a new bill to be passed in 1832, which brought the "Oh, but," say our Republican friends, "all the trouble comes tariff pra-etically back to the level of the law of 18J4. from the fear which the Democrats have caused. We have au· Then some measure of prosperity began to come upon the gone to r uin because we are so desperately afraid that you are country, which continued slowly through 1833, when t hu com going to ruin us, that we felt bound to ruin ourselves in advance, promise tariff act was passed, making a moderate reduction of without waiting for you to do it." duties extending over ten years. This was followed by a rapid A. pretty kindoflittletin godonwheels isthisgreatidol "Pro improvement in business, so r apid in fact that it unfortunately tection." It is sti11 set up on its throne. The laws and the ad developed an enormous speculation in vacant land, a wilder ministration of the laws are still in its power, with all theRe speculation, in proportion to the population of the country, than publicalls falling down fiat upon their faces before it, while the was ever known before or since. The existence of such specu surrounding priests beat the Harrison gongs and the McKinley lations, however, is always a proof of prosperity, although they cymbals. And yet, in ·the midst of all this magnificence, a few end in destroying that prosperity; and with each gradual re little boys peen around the corner and shout "Free Tl'ade," and duction of the tariff the prosperity increased, wages advanced, instantly down falls the great god Protection and smashes to and farm products increased in price, until, in 1836, American pieces, not only itself. but its prostrate worshipers. And then farmers were getting the biggest prices for their crops which its worshipers pick up the pieces and say that nothing but ruin they had received in twenty years could have been expected so long as little boys will persist in But the tramendous land speculation destroyed this prosperity, shouting 'Fre~ Trade," although fr~e trade is not in sight, and especially because it was accompanied by a failure of Northern everybody knows it is not coming. crops; and the nanic of 1837 was the consequence. Henry Clay, Now, what is the use of a deity who tumbles off his throne and who was the chief spoke of Protection, always mainhined, to the smashes hisworshipers the moment that anybodybeginstotalk day of his death, that the reduction in the tariff had nothing to against him? For my p:trt, I would like to see things turned do with the p:tnics of 1837 and 1839. Even after the panic of H\37, right around: Let us adopt free trade, and we will let all the the effect of which passed away in about one year, prices of farm little boys in the world bawl" protection" at the top of their products were high and the wages of farm ·laborers advanced voices, without the smallest fear that any bad results would considerably. But tha spirit of gambling took such hold of the happen. community that it again corrupted business and resulted in a Mr. Chairman, no successful answer can be made to these sim fresh panic, at about the end of 1839, .which, however, mainly ple facts. This disaster and ruin have come upon us in the affected the South. The general rate of wages in the North, midst of protection and under the auspices of the highest pro both in farm labor and in factories, was higher in 1839, 1840, and tective tariff ever known in this country. I am a.s~ed whether 1841 than it had ever been before, and so remained until the I .believe that protection has done all this mischief; and I may p:tssage of the beneficent Whig- tariff in 1842, of which protec be referred to speeches made by those who agree with me in tionists are so proud. An English tr::Lveler (C. A. Murray), who politics, charging these disasters upon measures concerning the traveled all over our country in 1839 and 1840, relates that he currency, which we condemn. But this misses the very point never saw more than one beggar. at issue. The eloquent gentleman from Michigan [Mr. BUR The new Whig tariff went into effect September 1, 1812, and ROWS], and the distinguished member from Worcester [Mr. anybody who will look at statistics can see for himself that, WALKER], in May, 1890, expressly declared that if we woulq let whether it was the effect of ~he tariff or not, disaster and gloom them frame the tariff laws they would guarantee us prosperity. settled over the country durmg the whole of 1843. Commerce They made no conditions about silver, or currency, or free-trade and shipping fell off; the price of all farm products, especially agitation. Their guaranty was absolute, no matter wh at bad wheat, corn, and cotton, declined, and continued to decline in laws might be enacted or good laws fail to be enacted: the the following year; wages in factories wera never raised, and the McKinley tariff was offered to us as the one grand medicine wages of farmlaborerswereeverywherecutdown. The farmers which would infallibly cure all our evils. were so poor that they were obliged to dispense with laborers; We have had the biggest dose of protection which the manu and the latter were gla.d. to stay on the farms for their board, facturers themselves desired; and here we are. It has utterly with scarcely any allowance for clothing·. The rate of farm wages failed, not merely to give us prosperity, but to keep us from the in illinois, under the tariff of 18!2, was only between$5 and $7 a greatest amount of adversity ever known. The McKinley bill month. It is true that manufacturers beg:tn to prosper greatly hasbeeninforcethreeyears,and two years out of the three have in 1844; but none of them added a penny to the wages of their been tha worst in' the history of this country. Its first year workmen 1 for the simple reason that the farm laborers, being ruined the farmers and twelve thousand merchants; its second turned adrift, thronged into the manufacturing towns and sought year witnessed the absconding of the president of the American employment at any price. Tariff League; and its third year has ruined the manufacturers Theienactment of the low tariff in 1846 was followed bv an who invented it. It is of no use to say that "something else" immediate boom. Prices of wheat and corn rose rapidly; farm has done this. When we consent to take a big dose of calomel ers prospered; they employed many more laborers at higher and jalap, we do so because we are assured that the nauseous wages, and manufactures extended also. The year 1847 is agreed dose will work a cure. If,· after taking the medicine, we are ten upon all hands to have been the most prosperous year in Ameri times as badly off as we were before, we had better let the med can history. The production of American iron alone vas much icine alone and take our chances with the disease. greater than ever before. This is a well-known fact, stated em We do not need to refer to the present time merely. Protec phatically by Henry C. Carey, the great advocate of protection, tive t 3.riffs have always been a failure. It is utterly untrue that whose explanation of the matter is that no tariff shows what its the adoption of a protective tariff was ever the cause of pros real effects are until two ye~rs after it ha.s been repealed. In perity, or ever did anything but hinder the growth of pros accordance with this wise view, I respectfully suggest to our Re perity. The tariff of 1816 was a · protective tariff, invented by publican friends that we should unanimously unite to repeal the the manu{acturers, and made higher in 1818. There is uni McKinley bill, so as to have that prosperity which it is sure to versal agreement among all protectionists that in 1819 and 1820 produce in the two years succeeding its death, but has so sig t"b.e country suffered the worst disasters which it had ever nally failed to produce while it yet lives. ; known. I know that they call the bl'iff of 1816 a free-trade The testimony of Senat-or JUSTIN S. MORRILL, of Senator tariff, because, they say, "it was not protective enough." It was JOHN SHER.M.A.N, of the late President James A. Garfield, and just as protective as they wanted to make it. They had the of the late James G. Blaine, establishes beyond doubt that the power L'l their own hands. They passed exa-etly such a law as pEiriod from 1846 to1860,with the exception of about four months they chose, the free traders being nowhere. It was dictated by in the winter of 1854 and 1855 and six months in the winter of Henry Clay and Pennsylvania. Of course it was not protective 1857 and 1858, was one of unparalleled prosperity, and that the 1894~ CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE. 1025

year 1860 was the most successful one for farmers, manufacturers, the period of absolute peace in Europe and no famine anywhere and merchants ever known. · that we had the enormous progress in wealth, manufactures,· The unprecedented prosperity of this period of low tariffs is commerce, and agriculture, which marked the years 1850, 1851, such a stumbling-block to all protectionists that they alternately 1 52, 1~3, and 1~5o . _ deny the facts and seek to explain special reasons why the facts Now, for the other branch of the theory. lf the production of existed. They b:tSe their denials upon the fact oi the two short gold and silver sufficed to bring prosperity under a low tariff, seasons of depression just mentioned, which they assume, con why did not the vastly greater production of the same precious trary to well-known historical evidence, were samples of the metals between 1873 and 1878 bring even greater prosperity_un whole period. I will therefore first state just what those bad der an enormously high tariff? We all know that it did not. seasons were and what was their cause. The free -trade panic of 1857 did not last five months. The pro The years 1852 and 1853 were ye::trs of peace and relative pros tective-tariff panic of 1873lastedfive years, growing worse and perity all over the civilized wo.ld. The prosperity of this coun worse all the time. t:y was far gre:1ter, even in proportion to its increasing popula In March, 1861, the new Morrill protective t::~.riff was adopt6d; tion, than ever be ford. No one has ever cited a word of evidence and everyone who recollects that time knows that it wa& followed to the contrary, or ever can do so. Our m!lnufactures especially by the darkest year in American history, when more men were flourished beyond all precedent. But the summer of 18.54: was thrown out of employment and wages were lower than they memorable for tb.e severest and most prolonged drought ever had been for many years. I pause to say that, of course, this known in America. The wheat crop fell heavily short; but the was the result of the outbreak of war; out the friends of a pro corn crop, which is the foundation of all American prosperity, tective tariff are always ready with an excuse for the failure of was an utter failure. Our cattle had to be s:rorificed wholesaie their idol to accomplish anything, while they lay upon the a h~ence for want of water. of their Idol every disaster which happens in the history of the The Crimean war, which is so often absurdly mentioned as a country. I am content to point out that protection has always cause of our prosperity had exactly the oppo"site effect. It added faileWalker tariff. And it was during and Nebraska were, by thousands, absolutely ruined and driven X XVI- 65 1026 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. J .A.Nu.ABY 18, out homeless and penniless. The failures for 1893 amount to the number of sheep in the United States had dechned from $557,000,000. The average for the three McKinley years was 55,500,000 to 42,600,000, a loss of 12,000,000. over $300,000,000 a year, being far in excess of 1857, 1873, 1878, or The election of 1888, .which gave the Republicans control of any other year. the national House of Rep:r:esentatives, promised some relief in This is the history of p. otection, down to the present time. the shape of a higher tariff on wool. Consequently, the num What it ctoes at the present is visible to everybody. Eitner it ber of sheep increased from 42,600,000 in 1888 to 46,300,000 in 1890. does absolute harm, or at all events it is utterly unable to pre Under the stimulant of the McKinley bill, which increased vert harm fr om being done. This modern Baal is blind~ deaf, the tariff on certain grades of wool and also increased the duty and dumb; and the only thing which he is ever capable of doing on woolens, the number of sheep increased, as shown by there is t.o take fright at the cry of the free traders like myself. ports of the Department of Agriculture, more than 5,000,000; In conclusion, let me comment upon some election figures and a further fact is also shown, that under the operation of the which have been used in this House by my colleague [Mr. MEI McKinley bill the price of wool, which declined from 7 cents to KLEJOHN], for the purpO!'ie of showing that there was no popu 10 cents per pound in Europe, only declined about 2 cents per lar majority against-the McKinley tariff. This strange result pound in the United States until the beginning of tariff tinker is reached by adding the Populist and Prohibition vote to the ing under the present party in power. Republic n, Hnd assuming that the Democratic party monopo As many people are credulous as to the cause of the fluctua lizes all tariff reform. On the contrary, the majority against tion in the price of both sheep and wool, it will be necessary to McKinleyism was nearly 1, 700,000. It should be rustinctly un show how tariff legislation or even proposed legislation has its derstood that the 300,000 Prohibitionists expressly declared effect upon this great agricultural industry. On the first of De themselves in favor of repealing absolutely just as much of the cemb.er, 1887, a New England firm had stored in Boston $60,000 tariff as was not indispensably necessary for revenue, after pro worth of wool, for which they were negotiating a sale with cer viding a large amount of direct t'1Xation; while the Populist tain manufacturing people. The difference in price of a half party, to which I have the honor to belong, is almost universally cent per pound prevented the contract from being closed. On in favor of cutting down the t ariff to the lowest possible point, that day President Cleveland sent his famous message favoring and approaching as rapidly as possible to free trade. We repre a reduction of American duties to Congress. The owners of this sent more especially the farmers of this country. We believe that wool at once wired the buyers for the same that they would all tariffs cast the burden of taxation upon labor, instead of upon accept the price offered~ to·which they received a reply that wealth and therefore tax farmers, who are the principal labor they too had read the President·s message and were not buying. ers, more heavily than any other class of the community. We That $60, 000_worth of wool was sold within the year for 10 per believe that taxation should be imposed upon wealth, and not cent less, bemg an absolute loss of $6,000 in cash. upon labor. . President Cleveland, in his message to Congress in 1887, said We are in favor of taxation as nearly direct as possible, and that the price of wool would be reduced equal with the saving in proportion to wealth. We are, therefore, as a present meas of the duty. The following is his statement: ure, in favor of an income tax as the chief means of raising pub If the liberal estimate of 6 pounds be allowed for each fleece, the duty lic revenue, and we believe tha t this tax should be so adjustable thereon would be 60or72 cents, and this maybe taken as the utmost enhance as to reach invested wealth. So far as such taxes can be substi ment of the price to the farmer by reason of this duty. Eighteen dollars would thus represent the incr eased pr ice of th6 wool from twenty-five sheep tuted for direct taxation, we would abolish indirect taxation; and $35 that from the wool of fifty sheep. and, therefore we would gradually, but as speedily as possible, abolish t he entire tariff. We know for certain that the tariff If President Cleveland s statement be taken as correct, it is an calls for revenue in proportion to the necessities of each man's easy matter to calculate what the Wilson bill will entail upon family, instead of in proportion to either his income or his ac the sheep-raisers of the United States by carrying out the policy cumula ted wealth. We want to put an end to that system and of placing wool upon the free list. That is to say that the price to establish in taxation, as in everything else, the rule of fair must be reduced equal to the duty now paid. The highest rate ness, equality, and justice. of duty paid, according to the McKinley bill, is 50 per cent ad Mr. Chairman, the bill now under consideration goes but a valorem on woor exceeding 13 cents per pound, 32 per cent ad very small way in this direction; but still it is in the right di valorem on wool13 cents per pound or less; on wools of the first rection. so far as it goes. It relieves the farmer from some bur class 11 cents per pound, and on wools of the second class 12 dens and does away with those shams which have been used to cents per pound. It is fair to say the average rate under the deceive him in ~ the past. It is a step forward toward.s light, McKinley bill on all classes of wool is not far over 10 cents per towards freedom, t.owards equality, towards justice; and as such pound. The amount of wool produced in 1892 was 294,000,000 I shall gladly vote for it, hoping that the day may soon come pounds. · w ben the prosperity, which will certainly follow the enactment of Presuming that the crop of 1894 and 1895 will not be less than this very moderate bill, will encourage fresh efforts for the re that of 1892, and if the doctrine of the Wilson econ-omists be true, form of our whole system of taxation and for the relief of the it will daily increase; therefore, striking from the price of the farmers from all the burdens of injustice and oppression which American product the rate of duty as suggested by President now weigh so heavily upon them. The light is dawning, though Cleveland we have 294,000,000 pounds at 10 per cent discount, but dimly; and feeble though the dawn may be, it gives hope making a total of $29,400,000 of a direct loss in one year to the and encouragement for the coming of; the day, when our states wool-growers of the United States, being $23 per capita for each men shall see the truth that the different nations are only sep owner of sheep-according to the estimates printed by the arate groups of the one great brotherhood of man. Let us base Committee on Ways and Means, the saving to the nation of sev the law on truth, and the truth will make us free. [Applause.] enty-five millions in customs duties, which would amount to [Mr. HAYES ad,dressed the committee. His remarks will ap about $1.10 per capita to the population of the United States. Allowing five persons to a family, it would therefore be to each pear hereafter:] wool-grower a saving of the amount of reduction in the tariff to Mr. CALDWELL. Mr. Chairman, wool stands out as the sev his family of $5.50, while t he loss or shrinkage on his product enth largest agricultural industry in the United States. The amounts to $23 for one year. Therefore, it would require the striking down of this one great industry means greater loss to Wilson bill to be in operation four years with an annual reduc the wool-growel'S than the ordinary citizen comprehends at the tion of seventy-five millions in import duties before the wool present ti.me. 1 grower would receive benefi ts equal to his loss for the first year, It will be necessary to understand that a low tariff on wool has owing to the striking down of the wool tariff. a direct result upon the increase in the flock of the United States. Do the framers of the Wilson bill realize what they have done From 1850 to 1860, under the low tariff of 1846 and 1857, the in for the farmers? Is there any clause of the bill which gives to crease in the number of sheep in the United States was only 31 the agricultural clasE

Last Thanksgiving Day, in common with thousands more of this Wll on Articles. Duties now levied. bUl. city, I went out to the National Park to see the Columbiana and Georgetowns play their annual game of football; and well they played it, too; right tackle and left tackle, center tackle and Feathers _____ . ____ ------10 per cent .... ------Free. Flax straw------$6 per ton ______Do. baekstop, one and all kicked the ball and kicked each other; Flax, not hatcheled ______)~22.40 per ton·.------Do. ·each in turn punted the ball, and in turn punched each other's l!emp, not hatcheled ______$25 per ton ______Do. Do. noses; each determined to keep possession of the ball. They Do. would jumn on it, lay on it, kick it, alternating the attentions Do. be towed upon the ball, with attentions bel:)towed in attempts to Do. ~~:~~~::Trees and all ~~::~~nursery ::::~~~~:~ stock ______~ ~ ~::: r20;~a~~~~~::~~~==~~~~~~~ per cent ______improve the physiognomy of the corresponding man upon the Do. Do. other side. No mother ever closer hugged her darlings to her Do. breast and fled from merciless savages "than hugged·these men Do. the b3.11 and fled from pursuing foemen. Ah, how these men Teasels ______======---- -80 per cent ____ ------==== Do. Wool!~f~~~=~~~======______===~ 11r~~~r~~t~~:&======to 12 cents per pound ______. Do. must have loved the ball! Wool waste and noils ______SO cents per pound ______Do. Every eye bent upon it in tenderest solicitude, awaiting the Rags and flocks ______------10 cents per J>Ound ______---- Do. word oi the referee; and I thought when the game was finally won, how that b3.ll would be enshrined as a trophy, a matchless The following articles have practically been transferred to the prize, a sacred emblem, in some temple specially erected for its free list, as a duty of 20per centisimp?sedo~ly in the event o~her worship, and that pilgrims and votaries would for years to come countries impose a duty on the same if commg from the Umted wend their way to view with b:1ted breath and wondering vision, States: - that sacred relic which had been preserved .from the enemy even at the cost of broken bones, bloody noses, and cracked craniums; Wilson Articles. Duties now levied. little matter for the wounds and scars, so the ball is safe. The bill. fair ladies with flowing ribbons, matching in color the roses of the cheeks, how they clapped their .hands and shouted! How Buckwheat ______·______15 cents peT busheL------Free. the men threw their hats in air, and jumped on the hats when Oorn ______------____ do __ ------• ------Do. -oats ______------______do------Do. they came down; how the tin trumpets thundered, and how half Do. of 20,000 people were mad with joy over the deliverance of the f!J~eat===~===== :::::::::::::::::::: -25-ce~?s-J>eriJU.s-liei=::~::::::: ::: Do. baJll Wheat flour ______------20 per cent a.d valorem-~------Do. Rye flour ____ ------______do ------Do. But the ball. the sacred ball! the object of all these atten tions, was left upon the ground. A small boy, a partisan of the defeated side, contemptuously kicked it. The opposing warriors, Besides transferring to the free list, a very heavy cut has been victors and vanquished, were surrounded by their thousands of made in the duties retained in the bill as compared with the frienCls, and fearing the b!ill would be lo t, I made bold to McKinley law. This has been accomplished by substituting ad mention the fact, and to my astonishment, was told that they valorem for specific rates. Under the ad va'lorem system, h-orses cared nothing Ior the ball; that it had been so thumped upon, worth $100 to $125 will be valued in the invoices sworn to by the and jumped upon, so kicked and punched, that it was of no importers as worth $25 and $40 ~nd at m~st $50, thereby m~king futurJ value. This ball, supposed by me to be the object of ten the duty $5,$ ,and $10, respectively, while underthe McKmley der solicitude, was nothing but an object, useful only in cllling law a horse worth $125paid a specific duty of $30. This will no attention to the .agility of the players, and serving to win the doubt be reduced under the operation of the present law to about public applause and rich prizesfor those whomost hotly seemed $10. to defend it. Thus passed and was dispelled another of lile's The following are the notable items in the agricultural sched illusions. And so 1 see to-day, in this national park, another nles where farm products are made to suffer by this cbang.e: game of foot b~ll, e'ich side in battle array, right tackle arrd left twkle, flying wedge and all, the business ball upon the Articles. Duties now levied. jwilson bill. ground, and kicked from goal to goal. [Applause.l Are we playing our part because we love the ball, or for the applause of our partisans and the prizes awarded the victm·s Horses and mules------$30 per head------20percent. to Cattle _____ ------__ ------$10 per head ------Do. at the end of the game? Calves------____ $2 per head ------Do. Mr. Chairman, I have read oi a tribe of deep·sea fishes Hogs ______------$1.50 per head------__ ------Do. called the cuttle fish, that is said to possess the ability of mov Sheep------$1 per head------Do. Lambs ------75 cents per head ____ ------Do. ing backward with amazing velocity, and that when pursued Barley ____ .______30 cents per busheL ______Do. and attacked possesses the power of emitting an inky substance, Butter______6cents per pound------Do. Cheese ____ ------__ ------· ____ do ______------Do. which discoloring the water blinds the eyes of the pursuer, and. Beans------40 cents per busheL ______Do. effect its escape in safety. And so I see to-day the eyes of the $2. people, who seek to find and punish those who ior years have 10 cents. 8 cents. betrayed their interests, blinded by this inky discussion, until EI:_:::~~: :::}~~ ~:~~ ::::~:~~ =.~: ~ ~*Ef~~l:~~~ ==.~ ~=.: 20 cents. the robber fishes can make sure escape. Potatoes __ ------25 cents per busheL ______10 cents. The Republican party has for thirty years controlled the busi Castor beans ______50 cents per busheL ______25 cents. Flaxseed------30 cents per busheL ______20 cents. ness of the nation, and so controlled the financ~al policy that a Vegetables ------25 per cent ______lOpercent. debt at the close of the war that amounted to $2,800,000,000, after Poultry, live ______3 cents per pound------2 cents. Poultry, dressed ______5 cents per pound ______paying over $4,000,000,000 in interest, principal, and premiums 3 cents. on that debt, still requires hundreds of millions more bushels of wheat and pounds of cotton to pay the little balance remaining It h us been claimed by the friends of the Wilson bill that the than to have paid the whole debt in wheat or cotton at the end agricultural interests as affected in the bill do not amount to of the war. Republicans and Democrats joined together in be much in volume. This is in keeping with all other statemGnts half of gold monometallism a few weeks since, and the people made concerning the measure. must be blinded into the belief that they suffer only .from a tariff Mr. SIBLEY. Mr. Chairman, on a farm up in Pennsylvania high or low, as may rq.ost certainly square members with their there was once raised two cats. They had a common mother; respective constituency. they drank from the same bow1; they purred before the open fire.;_ When a boy, in a justice's court, I heard two country lawyers they reclined upon the same rug, and lived as brother Thomas try a case. It seemed that they had so made their client's case cats should, in harmony and peace. One Sabbath, day when the all their own, so great their words, so loud their fury, so violent people had g-one to church, the boys, for the sake of what they their demeanor I confidently expected each moment to see called business, tied together the tails of these two cats and them come to blows. I edged away and climbed into an open hung them over the clothesline. After a time, lacerated and window, where at the beginning of a deadly fray a small boy bleeding, exhausted by their efforts, they would hang limp and could find safety in flight. The case was at last ended, plaintiff still; then the boys would shake the line and the business would and defendant divided the costs, and the lawyers divided the commence again. Detected by their part-mts in their cruelty, balance of their clients'readymoney. Withdeadlyhatredglar they stated that they hung up the cats because they wanted to ing from their noble eyes, these two lawyers left the justice's see the fur fly, and they shook the line to keep the fur flying. court and started together around back of a barn. I had read Once again in this nation the politicians have tied together the of duels., where taunting epithets and stinging insult had met tails of the business cats of the country, and we are now wit upon the so-called "field of honor/' their completest atonement. nessing the shaking oftheline, and we see the flying of the fur. No one seemed to mark the dangerous proximity of the two men It is fun for the boys, but it is death to the cats. [Laughter and nor the threatening tragedy, so soon to be enacted. Another applause.] boy and I quickly followed them, and none too soon. 1028 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. HOUSE. JANUARY 18,

The larger man, standing not two paces from his antagonist, rule reported from the Committee on Rules, because I believe quickly thrust his hand into his inside breast pocket, drew out that Democratic caucuses should be held in number sufficienc to a weapon, and pointed it with deadly arm at his antagonist's permit a full consideration of the various schedules of this bill, head. I clo3ed my eyes; no report followed. Are they in a and by suggestion offered and alterations made (with amendments death grapple? Has the smaller man placed his hand over the agreed to in a conference of an Democratic members), this meas triO" ger and saved his life? A silence as of death, broken at last ure might be so modified, so improved, that it should yield far by the ho:1rse tones of the larger man shouting, "For God's greater revenue, conform more strictly to the platform of the sake, Bill, leave half of it." I uncovered my eyes. There was party; affect adversely or destructively no leO'itimate business the little man standing, he::td thrown back, and, as I thought, interests, nor oppress in the slightest degree the labor interests; trying to swallow the weapon. No; he takes it from his mouth, and so amended and so perfected by the collective wisdom of the pas3es it regretfully to his neighbor, and exclaims as he cat.ches Democratic members, and with time afforded for amendments his breath: "Here's health to the land that can ra.ise such rye." in the Committee of the Whole, give to the country an ide!l.l [Lauo·hter.] Democratic tariff, adjusted so closelv to the necessities of Ameri An""d EO , one by one, vanish the illusions of boyhood; one by can condi~ions, that it should commend itself to the int-elligence one h :tve faded the opinions of my adolescence, and Time, that of the people, and despite political changes stand unmoved and stern old iconoclast, has broken many images owned in my child unmovable for many years to come. hood; wrecked many a treasure ship consigned to me, undermined A tariff that should represent not the partisanship of the Dem many an airy castle; day by day edges me off the land of the ocratic party, but its patriotism; not its might, but its wisdom; fanciful, dries up some flo wing fountain of hope, blights some a measure so reported from a Democratic caucus, representing perennial blooming shrub that grows in the arbors of indolence, the collective wisdom of the party and meeting platform pledges, and day by day elbows me out of the land of free fancy and free would receive the cordial and loyal suppot·t of every Democrat. budding hopes into the land of the practical, a ste ner land and Are you afraid to trust the patriotism and wisdom of a Demo yet a safer. Not so many flowing fountains, but deeper wells, cratic majority of 100? Can all the business interests of the whose waters while coming only through the drawing, are yet nation be torn down and perfectly recon!)tructed in three weeks? sweet and wholesome; not so many flowers, but more of fruitage; A minority at least of Democrats of this House conscientiously not as grand castles, but a home built upon truer and surer foun believe that the billinitspresentform involves graat hardships dations· not so much of youthful hope, but more I trust of per to the people and threatens disaster and ruin to many Ameri fected faith. can workingmen and their interests. Not so much confidence in the strength of my own right arm, Wereyouafraid iotrustthe representatives of the people, com but more trust in the strength of the Almighty arm: not so ing fresh from their constituents, bytheiradvice and suggestion, much reliance upon the powers of mine own will, but more de to assist in so modifying this measure and so correcting mani pendence upon the will of an Omnipotentfriend. Not the quick fest inequalities therein, as to send· it forth to the people as a pulses, the maddening haste, the tireless purposes to do great final solution of a vexatious problem that has for years engaged things, but more fixity of purpose, better to perform the little the efforts of statesmen, and at recurring intervals either men duties that day by day meet me in the pathway of life. Not am aced American producers or borne oppressively upon the people? bitious for wealth, but desirous to use to the best ends that which Is it our duty to consider the business interests of this nation from may be sent me, and ambitious th:tt while serving as a member a purely partisan standpoint? If such be our duty, let us at of this honorable body to faithfully serve my country, my fel- least conform to the demands of the platform of our party, and , low-men, my conscience, and my God, as it may be given me to present here a revenue-tariff bill, pure and simple, rather than know such duty. Blinded not by the glitter or gleam of ambi one that falls $75,000,000 below a revenue hriff . The protest of tion to control men, I am determined and resolved, that so far the people in 1892 was against the odious features of the Mc as in me lies, to attempt to faithfully serve the interests of those Kinley tariff. It was a protest against the combines, the trusts, through whose love and confidence I am permitted to raise my the syndicates, the mmiopolies which had grown up under the voice in your councils, and while here to faithfully represent the class features of that and kindred measures. It was a rebuke interests of those who have few advocates to stand here and aimed at the continuous taritf tinkering. plead their cause. The people are tired of tariff tricks and have not withheld Sir, I may fight a losing battle in this cause. I have fought their censure. The attempt to pass the Mills bill led to Dem losing battle~ before, but I know there are occasions where de ocratic dis:tster. The passage of the McKinley bill led to Re feat carries more of honor than victory, and that many a triumph PlJ.blican ruin. The great business clock of the country ticking accorded the victor has been at too high a cost. [Applause.] out the perfect stroke, the even tenor of the business world, I am not afraid to stand with any minority, however small, wearied political place-hunters. Its regularity did not afford that appeals to my sense of right; nor do I forget that someone sufficient opportunity for the politicians . . Free coinage was to has said that it is always the minority report that carries no be betrayed by the passage of the Sherman a-ct, therefore to dis whitewash. Afraid to be in a minority! No;· it is rather a glori tract public attention from the crime, Mr. McKinley, seizing the ous place if the cause be just. Noah and his family were in a pendulum which kept all in such perfect time, violently, wan decided minority at first, but after foety days they were a very tonlypulled it clear over to that side and let it go. On its back positive majority. The twelve poor fishermen of Galilee were in ward stroke it struck the hour of high noon for Mr. McKinley a minority, but they held God's truth in keeping. I have stood and his tariff. The vote of 1892 was a protest against Mr. Mc with minorities before and trembled not. Kinley and other politicians meddling with the business end of He is a slave who dares not be a piece of machinery which they did not understand and a pro In the right with two or three. test against the betrayal of the people in the matter of free sil I dared to stand with a minority only last August, and assert ver coinage. that the purchasing clause of Lhe Sherman act was not responsi Unmindful of the fate of theorist McKinley, the distinguished ble for the existing panic, and every day has shown the truth of sage of the Kanawha spits upon his hands, grabs the great pen the minol'ity report, until to-day not a dozen members of the dulum, and pulls it as far the other way as possible. Other good Housa wo llld risk their reputation in repeating such an errone men, but distinguished theorists, seizing the hils of his coat, ous opinion. [Applause.] assist him in the effort, and swearing that they will stand to his Mr. Chairman, this bill known as the Wilson bill, in my opin back until his crockery shop caves in, have let go alto,zether. ion, should not in its pres.e nt form receive the support of this Some large grease spots may be found when the rebound takes House, nor do I believe even if you succeed in forcing it through -place, as most surely it will. For years the financial and true the House under party lash and Administration spur, that it will business interests of the nation have been used but as the step ever receive the support of the country; or of any considerable ping stones for politicians. Weal or woe of the masses have portion of the people of this country. The forc3ign exporter, been made secondary to individual aspirations; class has been the domestic importer, the free-trade theorist, the men with set against class; section against section. War issues buried, ' fixed incomes who never cease in their efforts to buy wages and some other Morgan may be good enough until after election, the products of wages cheap; the creditor who seeks to make and so the workingmen and business interests have had to serve his mortgage measure two days' labor in the field and fact.ory the purpose of the politicians. , which could be p3.id with one to-day, may one and all approve Upon the can vas of the age is a grand picture, framed and this measure, but they are but a small minority, and can nut painted by the master artists of the world. For more than one stay the tide of indignation among American producers which hundred ye

masterpiece? Destroy it? Run the brushes of blue paint over [do it under the pretext of destroying monopoly~ comb~na it to express desnair! Paint it over with red as symbolizing our tions? Have the fa.rmers ever had a wool trust? Have they hatred! In a spirit of funkeyismshall we .send to England or the ever leagued together to curtail production or distribute sup nations of the Old World for a picture, or the model of a picture, plies of any of their products? They will stand their share of to hang in our nation ~ s g allery to represent its progress? Ah, reduction if it is for the maintenance of revenue for the Govern no! Where the insects have defiled it; where the dauber has ment, but what excuse shall you make for putt ng wool on the defaced it; where the political sign-writer h 'ls m:trred its har- free list? If you deem present duty too high, cut it one-half an~ mony and injured its outlines, we will draw the brush of oblit- collect a revenue therefrom of millions of dollars. If by taking eration over those parts alone, and in their place, in warmer orr the duty on wool you do so to give the poor man good and ·colors, with defter fingers, and grander conceptions of the good~ cheap clothing why do you not consider that the· poor m:m also the beautiful, and true, represent the spirit and genius of needs cheap meat? Why do you not protect the quality of the America and her institutions. [Applause.] poor man's coat by discouraging the imporhtion of shoddy, on · And so, Mr. Chairman, let us take the odius features of our which you reduce the duty one-half? Why not, by putting a present tariff-those features which had more to do with politics high duty on th:1t fra~d, protect the poor mm's h~alth and the than with patriotism; those under which wrong grew as from a farmer's flock ag.tinst. the competition of the 2~,000,000 sheep fruitful soil; those which oppress the consumer and conserve the that never drank at brook, ate the grass of the fields, or existed interests of combinations-and drawing the brush of obliteration in fo rm except of rags? · through them, let us correct and perfect until we shall have a Under the operatiohs of Wilson bill No.1 and Wilson bill No. masterpiece. Bring in a bill correcting the duties upon fifty 4864 what shall it pro:it the poor working girl to b9 told that articles, and thus tearing down the faulty portion of the work she can now buy a cloak for $5 that cost her $7 before, when she and reconstructing it as rapidly as possible, the foundations of has not got 7 cents between her back and nakedness, or between the edifice shall not be shaken and the dwellers therein shrul not her mouth and starvation, and yo~ have deprived her of all op be driven out into the winter~s storm or summers heat-no. not portunity of employment? Shall we force a condition under even so much as disturbed in their usual avocations. And so, which we shall proclaim to the great industrial classes: brick by brick, stone by stone, shall be completed the grand tern- Your sons shall be our serfs by day, ple of Industry, founded and builded finished and furnished, not Your daughters our slaves by night? in the slavish labors of the people; and the cup drunk in its honor No, air! I am aware that in so saying I should do every mem- be not a cup of tears, but founded and finished by the labors of ber of that committee an injustice, each one of whom I hold to prosperous freemen, the cup drunk shall be the cup of joy and be animated by the s:1me sense of duty as myself, and who as praise. resolutely honor their convictions in their vqice, vote, and acts. To take one great interest and transfer it suddenly to the free list is to This measure should not pass, because it is utterly inconsist- hold it tributary to all the rest, while depriving ito! any share in the com- e~t with the Democratic platform adopted at Chicago, incon- mon protection. Whatever reduction is made should be made so gradually · t t "th · ts lf · · te t ith b · · · 1 d · as not to wreck, to disturb, or alarm any of our great industries, and thus SIS en WI I e • lllCODSIS n W USiness prmCip es, an In- return toward a peace taritr ought to be made by even progress and on a compatible with American institutions, and the necessities of sc:tle of justice to all. · American producers and wage-earners. The party demanded Mr. Chairman, this utterance from a no less distinguished au- in its platform a tariff for revenue, and you meet that demand thority than the gentleman from West Virginia [Mr. WILSONl, by givine- us a tariff bill, falling from seventy-five to one hun on the floor of this House when a previous tariff bill was under dred millions short of a revenue tariff. Is your platform to be discussion, expresses my conceptions of both policy and justice. utterly ignored in regard to the tariff, as you ignored it in re Sir, I honor any gentleman who. with increasing years and in- ga1·d to other demands? The platform of the p:trty and the peo- . creasing wisdom, dares to change his mind; and I do not quote ple of this nation demanded the free and equal coin 1ge of both his opinion to either reflect upon his motives or his present sin- gold and silver, and you met that demand, fulfilled that pledge, cerity, but that having no new lights thrown upon my pathway, by givingthenationgold monometallism, sothatto-daywe stand with no new revelations of justice, I stand to-day unconvinced as the only nation on the entire globe strictly on a gold b3.Sis. of the errors in his statement made before the responsibility of You tell us that the p:iSsage of this measure will restore pros- framing a tariff WiS thrust upon his shoulders. perity, and I can not forget the distinguished. theorist, whose Democracy is pledged to revenue tariff, but was never pledged name this bill bears, is also the author of House bill No.1 for to free trade, and in a crisis of the nation, when revenue is so . the rep- al of the purchasing clause of the Sherman act and sorely needed, you propose in this measure an unparaileled sac- which he then, in common with other distinguished theorists, rifi.ce of re"Venue in order to meet the demands of theoretical pronounced as the source of all evils that tormented the people. free traders. With wool, coal~ iron, and lumber and nearly nine You told us that if we would swallowthe dose you had·prepared hundred other articles on the free list, you have gone, contrary for us, that prosperity and peace should be our portion. I can to your platform pledges and the wishes of the people, into the not forget that we were assured that labor should no more Ian vanity fair of free trade, accomplishing no useful purpose and guish, industries would again thrive, and we were admonished relinquishing with no corresponding benefits $75.000.0\.10 of rev- that, '·'He gives twice who gives quickly." 'Relying upon such enue, at a time when the nation is confronted with a steadily in- assurances this Congress did give quickly. The pretended creasing ~deficit of over $6,000,000 per month foe the last six friends of silver jumped over each other in their haste to swal months of la.st year, and promises this first month of the new to low the panacea that theorists had provided. Has your promise amount to about $10,000,000. Where do you propose to raise this been fulfilled:> Yes, fulfilled even as the pi•omise of the Dead new revenue of $100,000,000 to $150,000,000-for raise it you Sea fruit! Glorious promises to the eye and eft.r, but death'a must-to meet your expenditures? You have no royal road to ashes to the tast3. revenue, but every dollar oi this deficit must come from the tu- Your promises show wheat from 6 to 9 cents p9r bushel lower, pa.-.er's pocket, with conditions imposed under the operations of cotton 1 cent per pound lower, all products of the soil lees val this bill and the previous Wilson bill which make the dollar uable to their producers. You show us a million more men in ever scarcer and more ne.~trly impossible to obtain; enforced idleness, begging the crumbs of charity; you show us We must have either direct taxation or indirect. Tell me closed factories, foreclosed mortgages; you show us a depreci what b3nefit the taxpayer receives from this measure, which ated value in every stock quoted upon the stock exchattge· you merely relieves one pocket at the expense of the other? . Were can point to railroads all over this land with steadily decreasing the Democratic party confronted to-day with a vast surplus and ea:rnings, and forced by your theories to send further recruits to it was found that a great reduction could be made in customs the great army of the unemployed; you c.1.n travel to-day upon rates, this measure would be more harmonious to the occasion; one-third of the railway mileage of America, and ride all the but with a vanished. surplus, with an astounding deficit staring timeuponabankruptlia.einthehandsofreceivers; youcanpoint, us in the face, what possible pretext have we for adding further if you glory in the record, to stores filled with goods, and empty to the accruing deficit of $75,000,000 yearly? Let us as a Gov- of customers; you can find warehouses filled with goods, but trade ernment act as wisl3ly as we would in our individual capacities. stagna.nt; you promised to give us a revival of business, and you If a business man found that his expenses were largely in excess kept your pledge only with the sheriff. of his income, he would be thouErht a lunatic who would volun- No man so ignorant to-day as not to know that the purchasing tarily surrender a large portion of his income and mortgage the of 4,500 000 ounces of silver e ·-wh month was not the cause of the heritage of his children. A wise business man would first cut panic, but rather that these purchases lessened the force of the off all extravagant and unnecessary expenditure,'protect and if panic and st'=l.yed the evil day by at least two years. Why not possible increase his income, and give the grand bounce to him deal with the tariff as you did with the Sherman law? Pledged who should suggest mortgages until these first plain business to its repe~l, you deemed it suffiCient to repeal one section. He principles had baen put in operation. peal one clause of the McKinley bill and you will come as near The very articles which would afford revenue to the Govern- maintaining your pledge to the nation and work not one-mil ment and some blessings tO the producing and industrial classes lionth part the evil that you worked in passing the Wilson bill oi.re ~derthe terms of this bill admitted free of duty? Do you No.1. Inasmuch as a diagnosticator o~ the people's ills Y.OU 1030 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. JANUARY 18, were in error before, might it not be well to use less of whips this I know not, but I do know that from- that moment to this, and goads and more of caution amd prudence in dealing with this despite the pleas of American miners, producers, and shippers, measure, affecting as it does every industrial enterprise of the despite the fact that coal is now selling at the mines for from 60 whole nation? _ to 80 cents per ton, and wages lower than ever known, the de No party can win success, nor deserve it, appealing to the termination not to secure revenue from this surrender of our country on an issue such as presented in this bill. High taxes own markets by making a revenue duty of say 30 or 40 cents a are a recognized evil; they can hat·ass and annoy, but ne-ver ut ton, has never weakened. . · terly destroy. Prosperity is not measured by taxation, great or Mr. PENCE. I do not wish to ask any improper question, but small, but upon the safe and remunerative employment of both is the gentleman from Pennsylvania willinO' to name the promi labor and capital. Taxes are oppression when the funds to meet nent Democratic statesmen who were a part o1 that syndicate? them are utterly lacking. The remission of all taxation of every I know that he has the same names in mind that I b.ave, and description could in no degree insure prosperity. Controvert perhaps the knowledge is public. I would like the gentleman this proposition if you can. to name them, if he will· and if he will not why, I am satisfied. The evils under which the people groan to-day are not those Mr. SIBLEY. Well,.! only know them by current rumor. growing out of high t axation by the tariff or otherwise, but the Mr. PENCE. That is the way I know them. evils which grow out of a vicious financial system, a financial Mr. SIBLEY. I have not the honor of knowing the gentle garden, wherein instead.of flowers and fruits, of shrubs, trees, men, and I do not wish to m'lke any personal allusions in this and vines giving succor and strength and joy, are fungous debate. II I seem to reflect on any Democrat in any of the re grO\vths, sting-ing nettles, and weeds poisonous both to touch marks that I make to-night, I shall do it without malice toward and taste, and shaded over by a deadly upas tree, until the very my associates in this House, on either side of the Chamber, soil is sour and can not be9.r but evil products; a poisoned foun for all of whom I have the war.mest and kindest personal feel tain, and instead of removing the poison at its source you vainly ings. II I differ from them it is perhaps only bec:1use of simple attempt to pueify the stream. ignorance, and because I have not that free fancy and that play Standing on this floor the 18th of August last, I entreat ed , ful imagination that will let me view things through the same pleaded with the people of the East, for justice to the people of end of the spyglass that they do. [Laughter-] the West and South. As thosewholovetheir country and their Fl'ee trade absolutely in the lll.c'l.tter of coJ.l has been the de fellow men, we begged that the g reat wrong, the monstrous in mand of the Nova Scotia syndica.te, and well t.he command has justice should not be done them. Thiswasnopleasantta::~k; few been obeyed. With over 100,000,000 .acres of American coal, men know what that plea. cost me to make; but impelled by a with tens of thousands of miners, p :1rt of them idle, and the b::U sense of duty, regardless of consequences. and moved only by ance earnin·g scarcely enough to hold body and soul in fellow the strictest sense of justice, I pleaded with the people of the ship; with no compensating advantages, we propose to surrender East against what I conceived-and which eaoh day has proven the major portion of our coal traffic to the end that English an injury to all classes of men, E ast and West, North and South; steamers may coal with English fuel, and that anglo-maniacs and again standing here, impelled as before, not unconscious of may toast their shins before English fires. the cost, my voice is raised in behalf of my conception of justice. It is urged that this is done to break up coalcombinations, but Speaking not as a partisan, but speaking I trust as a patriot, let it is better calculated to form one whose actions and operations me implore you of the South and West to judge far more justly will be amenable alone to English lliw. The miners- and ship than you have been judged. pers of coal are to-day realizing no fortunes in the business, and Mr. Chairman, I have traveled much through the new South, if combinations have been formed fixing the prices at distribut and have marveled at her gigantic strides in industrial progress. ing points, it is only because some sworn officials are violating Agriculture,almostruined by an evil financial system, languishes, their plain duty and the 0:1ths of office taken by them. but the marvelous mineral wealth of the mountains of West Vir Coal forms the major portion of the traffic of the railroads of ginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama will eventually give West Virginia, and about 40 per cent of the traffic of the rail them places second to no States of the North. Tennessee and roads of Pennsylvania. The closing of <>ur mines means not Alabama are favored as no other States in th!s Union. The iron only the loss of employment to the miners, but loss of employ ore of richest quality, and the coal of highest grade to smelt it, ment and curtgilment of wages to the employes of the transpor lie side by side as in no other known portion of the globe. The tation companies· reduced earnings, more cuts, more strikes, effects of a revenue tariff upon the coal, iron, and lumber of Ala more misery, more of sheol let loose on earth in order to ac bama will make hee soon one of the richest States in the Union. commodate ourselves to the financial and industrial conditions Free trade puts back her developments for half a century. of Europe. - What more natural than that the iron· should be smelted and Mr. Chairman, I wish to call attention to the following tables, manufactured where produced, in immediate contact with the which indicate how slightly prosperity is to be measured by tax fuel required? That the cotton should be spun, woven, and dis ation upon imports: tributed near the fields which produce it? What folly4o ship it Dllties paicl per capita. to New England, or Old England., as a raw, and return it as a Average duties paid per capita, 1802 to 1809, Thomas Jef- manufactured product, taxing the consumer for a double trans ferson ______: ______$3.04 por t :1tion charge. The cotton mills of the Southern States will Net imports per capita, 1802 to 1809, Thomas Jefferson___ 9.15 yet spin the cotton for their own people and those of the Pacific Average duty collected per capita, 1886 to 1893, Cleveland Slope, Mexico, and the South American States. - and Harrison------3. 42 • There has never been outside the circle of theorists any de Net imports per capita, 1886 to 1893, Cleveland and Har- mand for free trade. Democracy ha3long demanded a revenue rison------12.09 tariff, and can you pretend this-bijlmeets any such demand, fall Average duty collected per capita, 1866 to 1813, Johnson ing, as it does, seventy-five million below a revenue tariff? andGrant ______4.85 Stmding here as a Democrat I am pledged to revenue t~riff, Net imports -per capita, 1866 1873, Johnson and Grant__ 11.38 and-by such a tariff I will stand. Standing here as an American to citizen, I proclaim that I will never1 by voice or vote, lend my These tables show that the average collected from each in support to any measure which violates pledges or sinks patriot dividual through custom -duties is but 38 cents more for the last ism into the slimy pools of partisanship. seven ye:1rs than under Mr. J efferson's Administration, although We owe allegiance to the State; but deeper, truer, more the imports had incr eased $2.94 per capita; and that even with To'the sympathies that God has set within the bosom's store. high rates of duty, there have been increased importations with Our party claims OlU' fealty; I grant it so, but then, - out any corresponding increase per capita in taxation for the Before man made us partisang great Nature made us men. periods named. A comparison of the table of 1866-'73with1886- Perhaps it is meet and prop8r to pass this bill as a twin sister '93, shows that in the last seven years, as compared with the to Wilson bill No.1; a companion piece as it were. Wilson bill former, there has been a dec~ea se in average duties paid per No.1 gave us the English system of finance, under which pro capita of $1.43, showing an increase of imports per capita of 71 duction groans and absorption gloats. Wilson bill No. 4864 gives cents. us an English industrial system,deepening the groans of poverty l\Ir. McKEIGHAN. I would like to ask the gentleman a in its hovel and perfecting the pleasure of Pluto in his palace. question. Mr. Chairman, soon after the Democratic victory in 1892, it Mr. SIBLEY. Go ahead. leaked out that a combination of Democratic wealth, which is Mr. McKEIGHAN. Will you please say whether, as the man said to reach from Boston to New York,had by lease, option, and ufactures of Pennsylvania and South Carolina have gons up, the purchase secured the entire coal fields of Nova Scotia, and that . values of farm lands have not gone down? with the duty removed from coal our ·present importations of Mr. SIBLEY. I am not qualified to speak accurately for the over $4,000,000 worth of coal could be swelled until this combi South, but I believe it would be within bounds to say that is nation, by short-water routes, would control the markets of New true. I know .it is true in Pennsylvania. I regret to differ with England and the entire Atlantic seaboard ports. 0! the truth of a distinguished colleague from the State of Pennsylvania, who 1894. CONGRESSIONAL ·RECORD-HOUSE.

tells me about the prosperity of the Pennsylvania. farmer: I Sir, the first part of this world-wide conspiracy has b ~en per know that farms in Pennsylvania have diminished in value fected. Its traclr is strewn with paupers, prisons, and graves. steadily, but do you think that is due to the tariff? The second act of the drama is prepared; the prompters are all in Mr. McKEIGHAN. Yes. position, and behind the curtain listening for the tap of the bell _Mr. SIBLEY. Then-I think you have taken a symptom and stands the gentleman from Ohio, with his bill a~ready offered, propose to treat the symptoms while the disease is still in the giving the Secretary of the Treasury unlimited authority for patient's system and will kill him unless you first cure the dis the issuance of bonds. You create a deficit of one hundred mil ease. [Applause and laughter.] lions or more annually by this bill, and then come in with your Mr. McKEIGHAN. I have not said it is all er seated_and grow out of the great and villainqus con Sinoola.m so quickly done for, traction schemes of the money-changers, which commenced in I wonder what I was begun for? 1866, and the conspiracy against silver, which first showed forth The believers in an income tax, and the students on that sub its cloven feet and forked tongue irr 187a, and by our acts, our ject have for years advocated a graduated income tax, commenc voice, and out' votes has been triumphantly accomplished in the ing well below the wage scale, and by a gradual increasa in the dark year just closed, to be followed by more and darker years, rate proportionate to the income, levy taxeo in ratio to the until the people refuse to be longer blinded by the fogs of false amount of expense the man has been to the Government in the issues and the dust of the dead past. To cloak the designs of accumulation of such income; holding strictly that it should be plotters, war issues were used down to 1880, and since that day the property, and not the poverty of the nation, that should the clouds of tariff dust have served to blind the eyes of the bear the burden of ts..xation. Sir, it has been stated that in the very elect. four cities of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, a,nd ChicaO'o What farmer complained of his taxes, director indirect, when there are over twelve thousand men whose incomes are upw~d he received 25 cent, for his cotton or $2.40 per bushel for his of $250,000; certainly double that number in the nation whose wheat? He made money every year, and had a common share incomes are one-half that figure. These two classes, the first in the nation's prosperity. What manufacturers failed, where at 10 per cent, and the second at 5 per cent, would afford a reve- - were strikes and boycotts, where were armed forces neces nue to the Government of $450,000,000 annually. sary to protect capital from labor? . In what factory, on wha.t With this we would pay all pensions liberally and justly, meet railway line, were master and man savagely engaged in the all proper deficits in the revenue of to-day, and after setting effort of mutual destruction? What workingmen were forcibly apart a portion sufficient for the paying off of our en tire national stopping the wheels of traffic to secure their rights, knowing debt in ten years, still have funds wherewith to engage the in full well that such destruction of capital meant further impair dustry of every idle man of the nation in the development of our ment of wages at some future day? waterways and transportation facilities. I( you please to say You were paying higher prices and more taxes .to the Gov the hx is too high, cut it in half, and see the stupendous prog- - ernment twenty years ago and yet the farms were not plastered resswe should make as a nation. If you tell me that this is more with mortgages, nor had the soup-house become a part of every than the amount of annual increase in the national wealth, per mtmicipalrtyto prevent the full e:ffectsoffamine,gauntandgrim. mit me to urge that the incomes for the past few years have . Let no man be blind to the truth of existing evils and their been largely the absorptions of wealth from the pockets of the causes, nor let those who suffer to-day in city or on farm, like masses into the pockets of the few, and bas no relation to the the blind Samson, pull down the pillars that support present in general productivity of the country. dustries, for so shall we destroy, not taunting enemies alone, Is it said this system of taxation is unjust? Then you con but beneath the ruins of the temple o.( industry shall lie our demn the Word of God, for the warrant and authority for ex crushed and mangled forms. Oh, thou as yet unshorn and un actly such a system is found in the Scriptures. blinded Samson, longer tarry not among the Philistines, nor Is it inquisitorial? Yes, and so are all ts.xes. The assessor longer recline thy head in the lap of the deceitful Delilahs. Come visits my barn, counts my horses and cattle, looks up the records forth and witn thy mighty arm oppose thine ancient enemies, of my lands, compels me to file a sworn schedule, concealing and fight the battles of the living God! nau~b.t, under the present system of State taxation. Is it in Mr. Chairman, standing in my place here, the 18th day of last quisitorial? Not more than the bookkeepers, storekeepers, and August, I charged th~ money gamblers with having created a agents you put in the distillery. . Not so much as your Govern panic t<> force the destruction of one-half the metallic money of ment customs inspector on the dock in New York, who tumbles the earth and compelling this Government, in a time of peace, the family dirty linen in a heap, and se n.roh e~ if need be, every to saddle Uncle Samuel's farm with a mortgage of $250,000,000. portion of the traveler's apparel and person. 1032 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. JANUARY 18,

But it creates perjurers. Are we to be told that men of wealth that leading Democratic members of this House from Eastern would stoop to perjury before consenting to bear their share of Sta.tes have boldly proclaimed tl\tt if the ineome-tax feature, government? No, sir. That man ~vas never made a perjurer by was made a portion of this bill that they would vote against this law. He was born a perjurer, and has developed his nat and defeat the whole bill. ural instincts. I am not ready to belong to those who somis Are they Demoet•ats? I know not. This seems to be a go-as trust the honesty of their neighbors, and who would slander half you-ple ::~. se, e.teh m m furnishing his own definition of Democracy a million men by saying they would violate the laws of God and and duty. The Ethrieks or despair, the moans of anguish, the man by committing perjury. If your charge be true then all unutterable wails of woe, rising as from the gates of Inferno, the the more necessity for the law, that we may find them out and abode of lost souls, protesting against the "odious," income tax, transfer them from the marts of the money-changers to the cells are so loud, so clamorous! that we could well imagine that ''all of the felon. A man who will perjure his soul will steal, will hell had broken loose," and yet this din comes from less, much commit all the crimes in the calender, and prison doors yawn less, than 1 per cent of the population of this country, who from for thep1 and society can spare them and society prove the gainer. their abundance would be asked to pay taxes proportionated to • In what other way, Mr. Chairman, can we ever compel vast ac their prosperity. Can Eastern members of Congress, in compli cumulated and accumulating wealth to bear any portion wh ::~. t ance with the demands of less than 1 per cent of the people, by soever of the burdens of government? How will you in any threats of defeat to your bill, force you to abandon the income other way reach the gamblers of the stock and produce ex tax, and be called guod Democrats? chang-es of Wall street and other cities-these worse than drones And if members of Congress here, responsive to the demands in the human hive; yea, veritably and truly vampires that are of over 99 per cent of the people, insist that you shall nut strike surely sucking out the nation's lif~blood? out this feature of the bill; and if the wishes of over 99 per cent I know not the truth of the rumor; it may be true or false but of the people are to be defied and set at naught, and you insist it has been stated that one man during the past year, by be:1r on listenin!; to less than 1 per cent and we say that unless you raids upon a declining m3.rket, has cleared over ten millions of heed the demands of the m.1sses we will not support your bill, money, and pays no taxes whatever. Others are credited with are we to be read out of the party? Which is the Democratic enormous gains through the circulation of rumors and false re end of this question? Ls it the end which is backed by 8U per ports touching the stability and solvency of commercial enter cent of the wealth and 1 per cent of the population, or the end prises; and yet such the control of these men over the great which has but 20 per cent of the wealth and over 99 per cent of American press that the metropolitan editm;ials against the in the population? come tax and the hardships it would entail has led up in my Mr. Chairman, my conceptions o! Democra-cy impel me to be district to the organization of relief committees to care for the lieve th:..t pure Democracy is represented by the wishes and sorrows of the poor man who, having an income of a million, be welfare of the great masses, and the 1 per cent represents only wails his fate in being asked to contribute a portion thereof to the sordid selfishness of a moneyed aristocracy. Are the howl the Government which licenses his traffic and permits its success. ings of sycophantic politicians and the adverse criticism of a Mr. Chairman, I am deeply touched by the agonies of themet subsidized press, controJed by this moneyed aristocracy, per ropolitan press in relation to the income-hx proposition. They force to fix our status as Democrats? No; ~he waves of fire, had hardly become rested from their efforts to assist the country sweeping from the gates of hell, represented by the press of ontoasolid gold-standard systemuntilagain theyarecalled upon modern Babylon, founded near the gates thereof, shall never to send out boildr-plate editorials. They have nearly worn out reach the feet of those who stand on the mountain tops of Dem- their c, r, a, n, k, and s boxes .of type in their campaign, and no ocratic truth. · new names have been invented to use up the other and unworn So, farewell, income tax for this year. Your friends are not type. lacking, but your enemies have the fortress and all the ammu Mr. Cha;rman, over twentv years ago I was asked, in examina nition; but in some juster and fairer day, we shall see thee again tion as a juror in a Chicago court, if I believed what I read in under .more equal conditions of power. the papers. I innocently answered, "Yes." Imagine my con Careless seems the great avenger; history's pages but record One death grapple in the darkness 'twixt old systems and the Word. fusion at seeing court, bar, and jurors break into a laugh, and Truth forever on the scatrold; Wrong forever on the throne, my disgust at hea-ring a fellow say, "Well, I bet that boy would Yet t.hat scatrold sways the future, and behind the dim unknown not burn in the big fire." LLaughter.] Stande~h God within the shadow, keeping watch above his own. One lawyer suggested that so innocent a youth as myself should Mr. Chairman, are we as Democrats to sit down upon all the be accept3ble either in that court or the court of Heaven, and so demands made by the party for reform? Many years ago my I wa.s accepted in the earthly court of Chicago justice to try district was represented in Congress by a Whig, Gen. Reed, of Chicago aldermen on a charge of bribery, in respect to the be Erie, who at that time wa.s the largest veE.sel-owner on the chain lief of lawyers that green men are needed as jurors, and they of great lakes. The district was then a very large one. running had found the pearl of highest price in a verdant specimen not well back into the center and mountainous portion of the State,and long from bucolic pursuits, who believed all he saw in the news embraced the county of Clarion, now so ably represented bymy papers. colleague, Mr. KRIBBS. The district was a close one. Gen. Reed Mr. Chairman, since that day I have wandered from the paths wished to be returned to Cong-ress, and the Democrats named as of innocence, often in company with men who make and own his opponent Judge Thompson. who for many years afterwards newspapers. They are the most genial souls outside their pro was judge of the Pennsylvania supreme court, and one of fession, and the farthest wandering and most utterly lost souls whose sons has also sat upon the supreme bench, and the other inside it, that ever assisted in my demoralization. son has been honored by the Democracy of the State as their Mr. Chairman, years ago, as I would read the thrilling story representative for the same position. of "Another life saved from shipwreck," and the next day the The contest between Gen. Reed and Judge Thompson waxed "Narrow escape from ruin," and find with unfailing regularity at fast and furious. They held joint debates, and it was giant the conclusion of each tale that the salvation came solely through against giant. Near the close of the campaign they brought the use of '' Warmer's safe diaphragm distender and pocketbook up together in the wilds of the Clarion forests. The lumber contrac ~ or," it is needless for me to assert that I believed them men and furnace men gathered from far and near. As Clarion all. Had I been in Congress at that time I should have intro went. so went the election. Gen. Reed led off in the d :: bate, duced a bill to erect a statue to the mighty discoverer of that and drawing to a close he told them how he loved CJ.-l.rion remedy. When taking up my breakf~t journal I read in bold County and her people, and that in her honor he had recently headlines, " Shot three times through the body and still lives," built the grandest brig, the fastest craft t at ever sailed the and found that the man had lived after taking three doses of lakes, and named her Clarion; and that as the craft sailed from "Piercing purgative pellets," such my innocence I still believed Buffalo to Erie, and Cleveland to Detroit, and Saginaw to Macki it. One day an iconoclastic printer told me that these tales might naw, to Oconomowoc and Manitowoc, Oshkosh tlaug-hter]: Mil be true or might not, but he "printed the damned stuff for the waukee and Chicago, in every port she touched the Clarion, money there was in it." folding her white wings told of the county that honored him I was shocked and have stayed shocked. I do not believe all through their suffrages with a seat in Congress. Untutored in these thrilling tales I now see, and if again being examined for nautical affairs, the people listened at first with rapt attention, the jury box, and asked by the lawyers if I believed all I saw in and at the close, in appreciation of the honor done them, the the papers, I should, the Lord forgiving me, be compelled to enthusiasm was uncontrollable. [Laughter.] answer that I drew the line at believing the dashed boiler-pbte Affairs looked blue for Judge Thompson, who, after a few mo stuff, that was "printed for what there was in it.!' So let the ments required to get the audience out of their seventh heaven press condemn or oppose an income tax, an~ wing the sh u·pest of rapture, stepped to the front of the rude platform, leaned over arrows of wit and shafts of ridicule, I shall not so e .1 sily dodge, it, motioned the audience to come up close, and said: "Citizens for I have been through one campaig-n before. [Laughter.] of Clarion, what Gen. Reed has told you is true. He has built Mr. Chairman, c_m a member proclaim himself a Democrat a brig and she is a grand one. But how did be try to show the and vote against this measure? I know not, but this I do know, people of the Great Lakes his contempt for Clarion? Where did 1894. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 1033~

he paint the proud name of Clarion? (Turning to Gen. Reed.) policy panderers have well nigh lost their powers of deception. "Stand up here, sir, and tell these honest people where you tald Issues buried with the generation past away can no longer blind the painter to paint the na~p Clarion. ·w here on that vessel them. They have long suffered from their maladies, but they: have you put the name Clar10n? You never thought the truth now comprehend the disease, and propose from this time on to _would ~each back here, sir. You know that I shall tell these treat the case with t~e simple old-fashioned but effectual reme~ people the truth, and I challenge you to denyone word of it, sir. diesagainstextravagancein government. They propose to place You painted the proud name of Clarion under her stern, sir prudence against partyism; patriotism against claims of clas-5 es; under her st.ern, gentlemen!" [Great laughter.] and .they propose to claim some of the privileges of government. Hor ror froze the people, until indignation found vent in groans Gentlemen, we warn you in all soberness and all sincerity t b..at and curses. Gen. Reed sat stunned and speechless. No ex we are to-day m1rching in a path in which are pitfalls, drifting cuses would be -accepted, and the vote of proud Clarion given to into rapids dangerously near economic and social cataracts and Judge Thompson made him Congressman, and wiped out the whirlpools. Car~less thinkers may laugh at he who raises a deadly insult to a proud and h aughty people. (Vtughter.] note of warning or alarm, but he who has read history, who has Mr. Chairman: when we witness some Democrats joining with marked the different gradations leading to acute crises, laughs some Republicans to place this country on a gold standard, not, but prays, and acts in daily life his nightly prayer. [Ap~ striking down the money of thepeoplethatourplatformpledged plause.] to protect; when we witness a mortgage of $50,000,000 placei Again, I am opposed to this measure because that in its ad upon the people, with hundreds of millions more of bonds to valorem feature it sets the door open, wide open, to deceit, to follow: when thepartyrefuses an income tax; I cannot but think fraud, to downright dishonesty. Under a specific rate, be it that the word "reform," inscribed upon our party's banner in either high or low, it requires no man with a university educa 1 ~ 92 has by some men been cut out and sewed on the seats of tion to fi gure out and know exactly what competition he has to their trousers, and they are daily sitting on " reform," wearing it meet. H o does not have to guess at valuations. Any customs eternally behind them instead of in front. [Great laughter.] officer can count a crate of china, weigh a pound of watch springs, Mr. Chairman, I am opposed to this measure because, without measure a piece of velvet; but what man can approximately serving any useful purpose, it deprive3 American enterprise and guess their cost? It not only opens the door to fraud, but bids it American labor of employment without corresponding benefits come in, tarry, and be welcome. · to the masses of the people. Without serving any useful pur Let ine illustrate. A manufacturer in Europe, finding the ad pose it places the farmers along the Canadian frontier in active valorem duty to be on his product 30 per cent, does what? Why, competition with the farmers of those provinces in the markets starts his two nephews or sons to New York to engage as a sep now supplied by American farmers. If we must meet the active arate and supposedly new firm of importing merchants. The competition of a border nation which erects prohibitive duties father at home sells his goods to the boys comprising the new against us, let us at least, if proposing to throw open our doors, firm at 40 cents on the dollar's cost of manufacture; he loses secure some little revenu~ from such surrender. from the operation of his factory $1,000,000 per annum. The It is a bybrid-a cross between protection and rank free ~rad e boys in New York make $2,000,000. How wilf you correct this, and like most hybrids possess.:s all the vices of both parents which will occur as soon as your tariff is in sure operation? and the virtues of neither-a straddle "between the devil and There is no way of proving collusion. The European manufac the deep blue sea." The only business interest th 'tt seems to turer c.:tn sell his goods at what price he sees fit; the boys in have been taken under the protecting wings of this tariff bill New York have an inalienable right to buy where they can do is the manufacture of liquid damnation, extending the time al so cheapest. But what show does the honest importer have lotted to the manufacturer thereof in which to pay his taxes against this competition? It must close the doors of every hon from three years to eight years. Mr. Chairman, the farmers, the est American competitor, no matter how often he may reduce workingmen, the manufacturers in the section which I repre wages, or no matter how much his business skill and bet. It sent would be truly grateful to any powers which would post calls for an army of experts. home and abroad. for special agents, pone the collection of their taxes eighteen months. But has for spies, and is both corrupting and demoralizing in its tendency, this infant industry, this orphan on the shores of time, at last confusing in its operations, and serves no useful purpo3e what found q, parent and an adoption into the Democratic household ever, and is an evolution of the theorists and not the practical of faith? Well, if none others rejoice, surely there is rejoicing man. in the distilleries, and that is something in these days of gen Mr. Chairman, permit me to quote that man whose dust repos eral gloom. ing in her borders would alone make the soilofVirginiasacred. Mr. Chairman, in replying to a member of this House as to my That man who dared to st::1 nd alone among the mighty of his objections to this measure, I stated that I was opposed to this day and plead the rights of our common humanity; treading the bill because it fell$75,000,000 below a revenue tariff. His reply rights of the first born son, the privileges of t he ranks and classes, was, "Oh, no! Under this tariff our revenue will not be much as rubbish beneath his feet, he boldl.v procla,imed that it was smaller, for we shall import two or three times as much, and thus each man's duty to bear his portion of the burdens of govern· stimulating imports, have that much more from which to collect ment, and his privilege to share equally in its benefits and par revenue." My reply was, ''Do you propose to tip over the whole ticipate in its conduct. Amid the jibes and jeers of the aristoc can of milk to get one teaspoonful of cream?" racy, the tories, and the powers of the Federalists, he lived to Ourimportationsnowareabout $827,000,000 annually, of which see his principles triumphant. Have we forgotten his tea~hings about $40v,OOO,OOO are manufactured products. Now, then, $400,- and call ourselves Democrats? Let me read from a few of his 000,000 represents the labor of l,OOO,Q.JOm en for one year at $!00 letters; they are as relevant to-day as when written. each, and that represents the labor now employed abroad under I tremble for my country when I remember that God is just. the present tariff that finds its markets on our shores. Now, Would he tremble less to-d!i.y? Let me quote from a letter then, do you propose that we shall deprive two or three million written by him in 1816. All anglophobists can put cotton in more American workingmen of the opportunity to earn $400 their ears while I read from Jefferson: each per year? No, sir; your remedy is worse than the disease. To be independfjnt for the comforts or life we must fabricate them our· Mr. Chairman, the balance of trade is already against this na selves. We must now place the manufacturer by the side of the agricultur tion. We are now, in obedience to the gold-power conspirators, ist. The former question is suppreEsed, or rather assumes a new form. upon a solid gold basis in common with other monarchical gov Shall we make our comforts, or go without them at the will of a. foreign 1:a~ tion? e rn m~ nts; in fact a little firmer on a gold basis than any other nations of the globe. [Loud applause.j Let me explain. If we [Applause.] , seek to draw gold from England she immediately prevents it, He, therefore, who is now against domestic manufacture must be for re through the Bank of England raising her rates of discount. If ducing us either to dependence on that foreign nation, or be clothed in skins, anct to live like wild beasts in dens and caverns. I am not one or these. Ex· , from France, she exercises that discretion; which was once perience ha.s taught me that manufacturers are now as necessary to our in . ours, to pay in either silver or gold, and tenders silver. In dependence as to our com!ort; and if those who quote me of a ditferent opin Russia the Czar issues his ukase, and in the German states the ion wiH keep pace with me in purChasing nothing foreign when an equiva lent or domestic fabric can be obtained, without regard to the di1Ierence in Emperor his edict. We alone of all the nations of the earth price, it will not be our fault if we do not soon have a supply equal to our de pledge oursel vc.s to redeem each dollar of silver, each silver cer mand, and wrest that weapon of distress from the hand which has wielded it tificate, each Treasury note, greenback, and bond in gold. Now, [Laughter.] then, with a gold re"serve of about 20 cent;; on a dollar, where is If it is proposed to go beyond our own supply the question of '85 will then the money coming from to pay annually a few h undred millions recur. will our surplus labor be then more beneficially employed in the cul more in gold to the owners of foreign workshops? Ah, it is too ture of the earth or in the fabrications of art? We have time vetror consid eration before that question will press upon us. and the maxini to be applied apparent to every refl ecting man, that bond issue after bond will depend upon the circumstances which shall then exist, !or in so com issue must be placed upon a people already deprived of the plicated a science as political economy, no one axiom can be laid down as power to convert the products of their labor into more than an wise and expedient- for all times and circumstances and their contraries; abject pittance . [Applause.] Inattention to this is what has called for this explanation wWch reflection would have rendered unnecessary with the candid, while nothing will do it The people are in no mood for trilling. Party prejudice and with those who use the former opinion as a st&.lking horse to cover their 1034 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. J.ANU.ARY 18,

disloyal propensities, to keep us in eternal vassalage to a foreign and un I am reminded of an incident occurring some years .ago up in friendly foe. Pennsylvania. An old de:won was very self-willed, and on two Mr. Chairman, written as this was in the days of his retire or three occasions had broken up and made endless trouble to ment, in his latter years, it shows how this marvelous man could the churches; but after some yeara they got ·started again, and · - own up to a change of opinion and courageously defend it: He another row soon broke out. At last the church clerk got up never permitte.d his zeal for party to make him play the cow and said, "Brethren Jtnd sisters, I wish Deacon Jones was in ard, but his patdotism was always foremost among his many hell." The new pastor and the members were horrified, and virtues. [Applause.] Let me quote a brief extract from a later the pastor saidt "Why, Brother Smith, such a remark is un letter of M.r. Jefferson: kind and unchristian. Why do you use such expressions about I sincerely believe with you that banking establishments are more dan a brother? '' " Well, pastor, I c.ilculate if Deacon Jones was in gerous than standing armies, and that the principle of spending money to 71 be JY.l.id by posterity under the name of funding is but swindling futurity on hell about six months h e would bust it up. And so I can not a lar Je scale. refrain from the wish that. some of the Democratic brethren T'nis latter extract is most respectfully refer:red to those pro were in hell about six months not that I have anything against posing an issue of interest-bearing gold bonds. If the state the brethren, but I hate hell so bad that I think that time would ment were mine, some of the Democratic papers would call me be ample to work its destruction. [Laughter.] a crank and read me out of the party. [Laughter.] Mr. Chairman, I may not be a Democrdt,if Democracy is to be P ermit me one more quotation from that matchless man, that interpreted as a mere sentiment, a name only with which to con peerless patriot, a year later than the above~ The honorable jure, a shibboleth with which to test one tribe of the same race Secretary of Agriculture in behalf of the bankers, ad vises the from another. If it stand not for living faith, for vital principle, farmers to read Adllm. Smith's The Wealth of Nations. for daily action, then am I not a Democrat. If it means that the [Laugh~r.] If I might differ with such distinguished and so"\"ereign will of the masses is and must be the rule of action of horny-handed sons of toil, whose callouses are most apparent on public servants, then am I a Democrat. If the word and act, if their cheeks and tongues [laughter], I would advise freemen to every principle laid down, and every precept taught by Thorn~ reaAndrew Jackson, or they must homes to-night are not that God shall send his angel Charity be expurgated from the calendar of Democratic saints. Their a-wing unto the world, but that the angel of Justice may for once, precepts are demoralizing to the party as at present before the with unbandaged eyes, sweep o'er the earth, crushing the false, public eye. [Loud applause.] punishing the guilty, and liberating the fair maiden, Truth, Mt·. Ch3.irman, the Democratic party celeb1·ated the feast of from the destroying jaws of the dragon. No, no; the prayers St. Andrew Jackson this month, and I scanned in vain the papers beating their wings at the gates of Heaven are nor. addressed to for some portion of the country where some speaker on such an a God of charity, but to a God of eternal justice. [Applause.] occ::sion should thunder out the fearless truths, the undying Mr. Chairman, I am against this bill because it means a con principles of Jefferson and Ja.ckso-n, the founder and the con tinuous sinking in the wage scale and a limitation of wage em servator of pure Democracy. The tongues were tied. The ployment. Unemployed labor in continuous competition with echo of the trumpet blasts were n_ot heard, and the voice of the employed labor will reduce the work paid·to labor to such scanty, "cuckoo" was the only sound audible to myears. [Greatlaugh me::tger sums as have not yet been known upon this continent. ter.] Gentlemen tell us the rate of wagesis maintained through the Mr. Ghah·-man, some day, in God's appointed hour, there shall operations of the trade unions and labor organizations. No gen spring up other Jacksons, other Je.ffersons, other men who shall tleman more fully recognizes that fact than myself; but do not know the public weal and dare to do the public will. Thomas gentlemen who speak so eloquently and touchingly of the unions Jefferson and Andrew Jackson were not quick to heed the oracles know that it is the presence of a vast army or unemployed, of the money-chmgers as they jingled their coins in the Temple pinched by the pangs of their own necessities, that have defeated of Mammon; their ears were not trained to catch the rustle of organized labor in every unsuccessful contest they have waged silken curtains, or the voices that from behind them spake; but in defense of their right of existence? And can gentlemen jus both could, putting their ear8 close to the ground, hear, as heard tify their position when they tell us that revenues are to be met by few others, the tramping of the cowhide boots of those who under decreased duties by means of vaster importations, and in marched in labor's ranks"t and had eyes quick to discern and ears the same breath tell us that their anxieties are in behalf of tro.des sharp to listen, and hands and hearts prompt to obey the peo unions, and that the American workingman is to be benefited ple's will. [Loud applause.] They had no individual policies to because the products of his own industry are to be made abroad? execute, but realized, as all good Democrats of all ages must, I think it our duty to recommit this bill for further considera that in a republic the public will was the rule of conduct wisest tion and improvement, and that in its present form Ir at least, and safest to follow~ will n-ot be justified in giving it my vote. - A Democracy such as they concGived, willed to found and con In speaking to a Democratic member of this House last week, serve shall be '' as a. bride adorned for her husband," and rejoice who chided me for not supporting the rule brought tn by the "as a strong man to run a race." A Democracy founded upon Committee on Rules, I asked him how the bill affected the pe() nn.d abiding- in their principles shall be " As fair as the moon, ple in his district? His reply w~s: "It ruins every industry in as bright as the sun, and as terrible as an army with b nners." my district." "Well, sir, then what do you propose to do?" When I consider the course of some who are called Democrats "I propose t-o offer amendments, taking care of the coal, iron, 1894. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 1035. wool,and lumber interests of my district." "Andifyouramend- stack. You can spin threads of fancy, one and all of you, but ments are voted down, and free co:U, iron, and lumber are kept which of you can spin threads of wool? You can weave legal in the bill, do you then propose to vote for the bill?" "Oh, yes! meshes, but which of you can weave vesture for the naked? You- It is pretty tough, but I must stand by my party!" can cQnstruct leg.U formulas, but what one of you can construct Mr. Chairman, may my right hand wither and my tongue a factory? You can interpret legal decisions, but who of you · cleave to the roof of my mouth before I ever vote for any meas- can devise a dynamo? Considering who formed it, this bill is a ure which ruins the industries of iny district, or the industries fairly good product; as good perhaps as any committee, com- of any member's district, without affording some gre:lt benefits posed of one college professor anQ. fifteen lawyers, could have to the balance of the nation of sufficient worth to compensate for constructed. Were legal proceedings threatening my property, the wrong inflicted. It is true that in time of war private prop- I would trust my case to any one of you. Were my life or lib erty and vested rights m:ty be invaded, confiscated, and put to erty imperiled before a legal tribunal, I would hazard all upon public use for the safety of themi.tion in the hour of her peril, but your knowledge of law, your zeal, your abilities, your fiery elo to invade the vested rights of labor in this nation, to wantonly quence, your Jovinian thunders, and your melting pathos. destrov, to measurably confiscate opportunities, to place unem- All these gifts so richly possessed by you, when backed by the ployed· men in competition with their employed brethren, must fat fee which !should have to pay, would inspire in me the con result in further aggravations of the evils of the present hour. fidence that my cause, right or wrong! should slip through all To further widen the breach now-existing between capital and legal labyrinths. But with no disrespect to any man of you, per labor is dD.ngerous, and it becomes the duty of every member to mit me to say that I would not, when it came down to a question patriotically prevent it. of everyday business affairs, trust one of you to run the mule end Sir, I would once for all take the vexed question of the hriff of my stock farm forty-eight hours. out of the domain of p::>litics, through the establishment of a I would commit to any one of you my fortune, my life, my nonpa,rtis n tariff commission clothed with the powers to so honor, and rest securely in the knowledge that in the trust there modify duties when they were used to build up trusts, syndi- would be lacking neither wisdom, courage, or honesty, nor found _cates, and combinations formed to oppress the consumer and betrayal or double dealing. But I wou d not confide the rep3.irs extort the fruits of his toil, and through a conservative concep- of my watch to a shoemaker, the care of my teeth to a black tion of the national necessities and an elastic modification of smith, or the management of a factory to a lawyer. I should in rigid rules, be at all times equipped to protect American inter- each case predict disaster. And so I do to-day predict that this ests, dignify American labor by so controlling immigrationasto measure, which so many good men balieve an improvement, un protect the American toilers as well as the American manufac- less vastly modified, threatens disaster and ruin, decreased op turer, that one p::~.rt of the gre:ttsocialandindustrialforces shall portunities for a livelihood, and fastens upon American enter act harmoniousiy with the other, till the voices rising from our prise and Americ"anlabor heavy chains which will drag them to citizens shall be ~uned to singihg and not to cursing. One more the European scale of wages and living. commission, a commission of arbitration, clothed with amplitude Mr. Chairm:m, I remember re:lding the comments of the great- of powers to adjust and settle all labor disputes. est ruler of his age, Frederick the Great, who, after a long inter- Sir, the g-reat nations of the earth have learned that war is view with Volt9ire, turned to his courtiers, and said, "Were I costly and mutually destructive, and when differences arise in desirous of punishing my provinces, I would give them profes the great family of nations they settle their disputes not by a sors to rule over them." Theorists in politics have been de war, but more equitably and happily through the medium of scribedas"eternallyclutchingatshadows,and never seeing the arbitration. Why shall not this democratic Republic wisely set substance." [Laughter.] Philosophy never penetrated further an example to the nations of the earth by the erection of ana- than the region of pl~babilities, and is said to always hold grave tional tribunal, fairly and justly constituted, which shall settle doubts in reserve. Theory is loudest in its boasts, but Practice industrial battles that, even to the winner of the fray, entail has won all of earth's noblest victories. Theory has measured such vast disaster? high mountains, but never has climed one. Theory has ridden Mr. Chairman, Chesterfield once wrote, "Every man seeks behind the locomotive, but it has never built one. In his realm for truth· God alone knows who has found it." If my views are and proper sphere we love the theorist. He is generally a breezy, wrono-, it is because of ignorance, pure and simple. I do not~ ex- pleasant person, whose failings most lean to virtue's side. nect to change the decree that has been formed and only awaits The free-trade theorist is generally a grand! good man, with your votes to be final. I believe in this measure you only treat a kindly heart and a keen intellect, but almost invariably pos the symptoms and do not touch the disease, and with the best in- sessed of a vivid imagination. Give him the measurements of tentions in your hearts towards _the patient, time will show you the most irregular shaped tract of land, and he can tell you to have but aggravated the symptoms. the square foot how many acres the plot contains; he can even It was propbesied twenty years ago that the demonetization tell you just how many turnip seeds would be required for its of silver and a contraction of thA world's money of final redemp- planting, and how much it would cost to ship the product; but tion would entail a vastsh1·inkage of values and bring in its train give him the farm itself, and except for the assistance of some endless woes and miseries to the victims of the crime, and that hired man or the advice of some hardheaded, horny-handed the singular fact should he that those suffering from the evils of farmer neighbor, he would starve to death in six months. Theo the conspiracy would attribute them to any and all causes but ries are sublime, but they generally have more reference to things the one true cause. · to be aspired to, and a perfection which shall find its ultimate These words, which twenty years ago were prophecy, are to- being in the sweetand blissful hereafter, rather than in the stern day facts· and blindly as predicted then, the nation groans and conditions of the present hour. ''Love ye your enemies, and do gropes for light and finds it not. My judgment is that, discard- good and lend, hoping for nothing again." Majestic utterance, ing political partisanship, the people must solve these grea.t sublime theory, but who shall obtain unto the fullness of the questions from a higher plane and not by the nation's partisans, divine precept. but through the efforts of her patriotR the solution of all these "Unt.o him that smiteth thee on the one cheek offer also the reforms shall be accomplished. Somewhere, sometime, someone other; and him that taketh away thy cloke, forbid not to ta.ke wrote: - thy coat also." · Matchless theory; the age of its consummation The time has come when men with hearts as well as brains devoutly to be hoped; but in this stern practical age-this wicked Must rise :md take the misdirected reins of government, age -were we to adopt it in our practice, through the icy blasts Too long left in the hands or tricksters and of thieves. of winter we would see the members of this House all walking in He who beholds the mighty vebirle of state Dragged through the mire to some ignoble fate, their shirt sleeves, and a few individuals with coats and clokes And make not such bold protest as he can, piled upon their backs higher than haycocks. Carry out this Is no American. theory to·morrow, and inside of two days ten men would have~ This measure bears the imprint of genius, the genius ofBlack- -the coats in the city of Washington. stone, and Coke, and Littleton, and Kent, and Greenleaf; the Theoretical geographers have written of an open polar sea, knowledge of the schools of philosophy, and the genius of the through which, by a short passage, communication between the college-bred metaphysician; thegeniusofthetheorist, the genius nations of the world might be had. ·There may be a Northwest that soars so high in the blue ether, that from its altitude all val- passage between the oceans, but no mariner has found it, and leys seem to be exalted, e-rery hill laid low, and earth a perfect the Ice King locks in his death grasp the forms of multitudes sphere. This bill bears the imprint of the genius shown by that who have sought that passage. There may be a Northwest pas man who can tell us with all confidence the geography of the plan- sage; I know not; but I know that the prudent merchant sends ets, and yet can set no star in motion or stay one in all its course- his cargo by a more cerbin and safer route.. the genius of the logician, the academician, the rhetorician; Theorists are at the helm. The sa.me House pilot in Aug-ust but it lacks the genius that comes from the absorption of hard, last steered the Democratic ship against a ledge of sunken ail practical, everyday common sense and business experience. ver, stove a mighty hole in her bows, careened her over, well Theorists can write of glowing forges, but which lawyer of you nigh sunk her, lost a mighty big portion of her crew, and put knows whether the fuel goes in at top or bottom of the furnace the balance upon short allowances. The bold House pilot, whose 1036 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. J ANU.A.RY 18,

name this bill bears, has grasped the wheel again, and with dar to smile with them in their joys, to lighten if possible a portion ing in his eye, iletermination in his heart, and theories in his of their sorrows; to know that it shall never be said that voice, he1d, has put her on a course which leads against an iron-ore vote, or act of mine ever placed sharp stones in the pathway for led cre at one point, a co3l vein at another, and 900 other minor the bare, bruised, and bleeding feet of one of God·s little ones rocks in his direct courae. If we beg to protest, and ad vise a shall be a better heritage for my childran than the favors of course that is less dangerous in its way and leads to calmer wa princes and the baubles of wealth. Sir, when I read the inspired ters and brings her to a safer harbor, are we perforce not Dem volume; when my frailties, my human weaknesses. rise up be ocrats? fore me; when doubts arise and Sinai thunders, then, looking This pilot makes me think of one I heard of, who, years before from within outward, I know that I love my fellow-man, and Jicensed pilots were in vogue, wanted a job of bringing a ship knowing this, dare even to turn my face upward, knowing fulf into Bo3ton Harbor. The captain asked him if he knew the h .ir well that even the Son of Man, whose mediation shall be my bor well. "Know it, captain, why I know every darned rock in confidence, still walks on earth an hungered, still is sick in the channel." He was put in charge of the vessel; soon she c!l.me earth's lazar house, still hides his nakednes3 from hum~n eses, up with a bump against a rock, slid off, and started again. The and still on earth has not where to lay his head. And as I min captain ran up from below and said," You blanked Lind lubber, ister unto the lea.st of these, his brethren, eve.n so I minister I thought you said you knew every rock in the channel?" "I unto the King of Kings. [Loud and long-continued applause.] do, capbin, flO I do. That there was one of them." And the Mr. DE FOREST. Mr. Chairman, the Committee on Ways vessel just then brought up on another sunken rock, and, with and Means has presented to Congress and to the country, in the out drawing breath, the pilot said, "And, by gosh. here:s an- pending bill, its plan for the reformation of the-tariff. Cer.tain ~ other" The distinguished theorist whose name this bill be!l.rs of its det_q.ils I do not entirely approve of and should be glad to tells us that, looking into the future, all seems bright, and that see amended. is ju t what a man would say looking into hell. No committee ever: approached a more difficult task. None Mr. Chairman, if the authors of this bill are headed towards ever labored more diligently, more intelligently, or from purer, an abyss, shall we follow them as plindly and unthinkingly as or more patriotic motives, and yet it would be ascribing to them sheep follow their leader? On my father's farm, when I was a more than human wisdom to expect tha.t their work in every boy, there stood a big b!l.nk barn, and at the back of the b:trn there minute particular would fill up the measure of exact justice and was a pool which in the summer was a hog-wallow. I remem square with ideal criterions. ber well, one summer day, we drove up the flockof sheepforthe To those members of the Senate and House who in their Qwn annual shearing. Full of life, with fire in his eye, hesitating at States and districts are brought into direct and personal contact times to consult his followers and stamp his foot, was a big old with loc!l.l interests there affected it is not unreasonable to sup buck The front doors were open. The flockdid not want to go pose that some defects in the bill may be disclosed which are in the barn, but by "shooing and hollering," they finally made worthy the attention of Congress a·nd call for rectification. a oreak, the buck leading. Now, at the b~bCk of the b3.rn was a I desire, however, on the present occasion to discuss the gen door, cut in half, from which in ~inter we pushed out the straw eral scope and leading features of a reform which unwise legis , for the manure pit, and in summer threw out the feed to the lation in the past has rendered necessary, which our most emi hogs. Unfortunately on this day the upper half of this door was nent statesmen of all shades of belief have concurred in recom left open, and the old buek,seeing daylight through the b!l.rn, mending, which all parties have repeatedly and solemnly made a rush, cleared the obstruction, and landed plump in the promised, but which now for the first time in response to the mud of the hog-wallow, fifteen feet below. rLaughter.] unmistakable verdict of the people twice emphatically rendered, Nearly everv one of the sheep followed. No use to say, ''Come, at the hands of a Congress expressly elected for that purpose Nan! Come, Nan!" We could sing it sweet, or call it loud. [Grdat h:1s been reduced to definite shape, and is about to be accom lauO'hter.j No difference. With eyes set and muscles tense plished. aw;y they went over the door. A few hes.iht!34 at the leap; One of the most striking evidences of the wisdom of the pro others tried to jump, but fell back; and, rushmg m, we were able posed bill is found in the complaint coming simultaneously from to head off a few from making the plunge and following the gre!l.t opposite quarters, that its provisions are too conservative. majority into the hog-wallow. The free trader and the prohibitory protectionist join in this Well, if ever you saw a mixed-up mutton mark~t, you saw it cry with !:mrprising unan1mity and enthusiasm but from utterly right there. (Great laughter.] We uncovered them at first, and variant motives. The purely theoretical reformer who regards dug them out at last. The old buck, the leader of the flock, the all incidental discrimination in the exercise of the taxing power Eatriarch of the tribe. was found at the bottom of the he:1p. as governmental robbery and who perceives that quality in the LLaughter.] The only. way we recognized him was by the orie proposed law objects to it upon that ground. horn still left on his head. [Laughter.] One leg W3.8 b i'oken, Our Republican friends, upon the other hand, who profess to his fleece was scattered around in the feet of the other sheep. believe, and who, for the sake of argument ana as a matter of [Laughter.] We patched him up, and he came around after a parliamentary courtesy, we will assume do believe, that reduc fashion, but his back was weak, his glory had departed; so we tion in Federal taxation means business paralysis and financial named ·him Ichabod, and traded him off that fall for a second- Tuin to the country, are woefully disturbed for fear the present hand grindstone. (Great laughter.] . plan will not prove sufficiently disastrous to suit their political Mr. Chairman, the author of this bill has shown us. as an ob purposes. · ject-lesson, portions of the cloth from which the working girl's The minority of the committee can hardly repress their sobs - coat is made; our friend from Kansas has shown us an imported and stop the flow of the fruitful rivers in their eyes as they pour ulst9r; our friend from Nebraska has shown us an assortment forth the following lugubrious strains. Hear their cry. Speak of carriage axles; our friend from Ohio a ready-made suit of ing of the majority report, they say: ''hand-me -downs," each, like Marc Antony, stirring up our fr~nz_y But the committee, instead of proceeding in its great work of abollshing with Cresar's pierced robe. [L'tughter.J Mr. Chairman, if 1t protection and preserving the people from the load of taxation which they have always averred was the result of protection, has presented a bm•.vhich was possible I would like to exhibit an object-lesson to this House; is only anothertari!t-tinkering bill, the like of which has distributed the con but I can not. He has paid the debt of nature and his own folly ditions of business so many times the last thirty years. years a

committee. with an utter disregard of our weJl-laid schemes, our yond all question, has been aggravated and_precipitated by sotemn and oft-repeated predictions, our scathing and bitter and vicious laws enacted by the Republican party. L:A.pplause.] pious denunciations, have brought in a measure that is not dis- One of those laws was the siver-purchasing.clause of the Sher terous at all." _ man act, p -ssed by a Republican Congress and approved by a "Surely," say they, "this is too bad, this is unkind, this is Republican President, but lately repealed under Democratic taking an unfair advant-:tge of us. What shall we do? What auspices, bemmse it was, as bytheentirecommerchland business will become of our scare:> What will become of our issue? " world p ronounced, and by its own authors conceded to be, the Farewell the tranquil mind, farewell content, chief cause of that financial stringency whose direct conse..: Our occupation's gone. quences were averted by the repeal, but whose lingering and It must be admitted that this-sorrowful complaint of our Re indieect inB.uence still contributes to the present depression. publican friends is well founded. The bill is conservative, and Other such laws are seen in the scheme of increasing tariff it is very far from disastrous. taxation which the Republic:rn party has forced upon the coun The duties, laid primarily for revenue purposes, it does adjust try since the war and which has brought our entire industri.~l with reference to esbblished industries and existing conditions. system into ruinous conflict with the inflexible laws of trade. But so far from being a departure from the doctrines and plat Th3.t scheme, more than anything else upon our statute books, form pledges of the Democratic party it is entirely in harmony is responsible for our present troubles, and yet when it is pro with them. posed to remedy the evil and relieve the distress by removing It is and always has been a cardinal principle in the Democratic its cause, respectable and tearned gentlemen gravely argue that faith that while taxation can only be exercised for revenue pur the very effort for such removal, not yet crystallized into a law, :rbses and only to the extent demanded by the necessary expenses po3sessing as yet no operative force, by some sort of lege-rde of the Government economically administered, yet that such main has produced a crisis, the history of whose failures and • revenue shOllld be derived largely from a tariff on imports, so laid strikes and shut downs and reduction of wages and bloodv riots and adjusted as to incidentally benefit so far as possible ourown re.:o.ches back far beyond the time when the present Congress labor interests. And it has further been a settled principle of the and Administration were elected. Democratic party, expressed in its platforms, indorsed in tb.e It has, I understand, been publicly asserted by a very dis letters and messages of its candidates, and reiterated from the tinguished gentleman. that the 4,000 and more hatters who are rostrum and through the press, that in the prosecution of the out of employment in the city of Danbury in my district have work of tariff reform necessitated by the injudicious, not to say lost their occupation b.v re.ason of the pending bill. The 4,000 dishonest, policy of the party last in power regard should be had and more operc1tives whose names are thus used will tell you a for those who have by that policy been lured into tariff-fostered very different story. Out of employment they certainly a !'e and investments and occupations. have been since the 25th of Novembar last. Men ~ore intelli To the direct conspirator who has deliberately contrived cor gent, more skillful, mvre industrious, more law-abiding, more ruptly to procure class legislation in exchange for political con reasonable in their dealings with their employers, could never tributions, and thus enrich himself at the expense of his taxpaying be found in any trade or any community; but the history of countrymen, no consideration is due [applause], but it must not their wrongs, when truthfully related, casts no reB.ection what be forgotten that high tariffs were the necessary outgrowth·of ever upon t:l.riff reform, but, on t.he contrary, exposes in startling the civil war~ that the extraordin3.ry indebtedness incurred by distinctness the false -pretenses the hypocritical professions, the the Government in that struggle has, to some extent, required broken promises of the McKinley programm-3. their continuance; that the subsequent needle ~ s and indefens: For a period of many years prior to the passage of the McKin ble increase in duties has been brought about by a combination ley bill the hatting industry in Danbury had b ~en profitably between a comparatively few designing politicians and privi conducted. Orders had been vlentiful; competition, though leged manufa-cturers, and that around, connected, and interwo sharp, had not been destructive; capital realized fair returns, and ven with these establishments unnaturally f03tered by such labor was fairly remunerated; and it was all accompli hed at old war-necessitated and such other corruptly procured rates of tariff rates and under the provisions of a compact between the tariff taxation there have grown up and become in valved a vast Fur Hat M mufacturers' Association and the hatters' trade unions · number of interests ~o which no blame for this condition of af in th,lt vicinity. By that compact the equilibrium between the fairs can justly be imputed. (Applause.] hands who performed the work and the persons who drew the Men have innocently invested their money in enterprises which dividends was decently preserved. . they had no p ~ rtininaugurating, butwhich long-continue!l tar Labor stood on something like an equality. It had not b3come iff protection has rendered plausible and inviting. Men have accustomed, as is too often the case, to the collar and the la8h of innocently left distant homes and abandoned formee occupations our modern system of slavery, but by the strength of its organi and forfeited other opportunities and have st:1ked their zation asserted its dignity, compelled recognition, and s ~ cured prospects for a livelihood entirely upon employment in such an approxim:1tely just share of its own product. Under that enterprises. Men have innocently purchased lands and erected dispensation the city had developed a phenomenal growth; and buildings, and constructed railways and embarked in trade, and though it was said no millionair2S resided there, the streets ~ere enlisted in a great variety of similar underbkings on the lined by cottages standing in "the names of factory operatives. streng-th of the assumed permanence and growth and continued This state of affairs, however, did not prove satisfactory to the prosperity of such protected enterprises; and the Democratic manufacturars. They appealed to their men to assist them in party does not propose, in deference either to the notions of well procuring an increase of the tariff duty on manufactured hats. meaning but impractical theorists, or to the sinister desires of '.f'he men were solicited and induced to sign petitions an:i sand calamity fattened politicians, at a single stroke to cut,away all committees of their members to Washington praying for such an the props, however unwise their inception may have been upon increase. This they were told was all for the beneiit_of labor. which, nevertheless, this industrial status ha.s been created and By this means the industry would be stimulated, wm·k would be upon which, to some extent, its present existence depends. abundant, wages would rise, and an era of unprecedented pros The bill i~ conservative. The average reduction in all duties perity would at once dawn upon them. The increase was se is but a trifle below the rates of the tariff of 1883, which even cured. It was incorporated in the McKinley bill and became a then were considered ample by the protected industries them law. selves-rates under which it is claimed these industries were But inste1.d of the magnificent results so profusely p~omised, founded and profitably conducted-rates which even upon the almost from the hour the McKinley bill went into operation protection theory ought, after this lapse of time, to be safely ca there began an effort upon the part of the manufacturers to cur pable of still greater diminution than any here proposed. tail the privilege3 and compensation of their employes. The And yet against this measure, that by its very moderation and business, they said, wa.s going away from Danbury, and in order caution excites the criticism of zealous reformers and the grief to retain it there a change of method and cheapar labor was ab of the minority of the committee, there arises that same old solutely indispensable. It was not now the pauper labor of other chorus of antiquated objections, which from their age and ob lands. It was no rising cloud of tariff reform that was made the vious feebleness would seem to be entitled to th.:tt patient and plea for this propo::;ed change. I have before me the manifesto silent sufferance which are accorded to the tiresome repetitions or explanatory circular issued by the members of the Fur Hat and unreasonable peevishness of secondary childhood. Manufacturers' Association, of Danbury, Conn., dated November In. my judgment, the most untenable and even impudent of all 20, 1893, giving their veraion of the situation, and there is not opposing arguments is that drawn from the present distressed a reference in it from the beginning to the end to the Wilson condition of the country-a condition which the gentlemen who bill, or the McKinley bill, or to the subject of the tariff at all. advance this claim very well know is not confined to our terri It is the pauper labor of other sections of our own country tory, but is &h::tred by all the nations of the earth, a condition the competition in other parts of the United States, stimulated which can not be altogether imputed to any legislation and has presumably by the invigorating influences of theMcKinley bill its chief origin in social and economic causes which lie far be and it is the higher rate of wages maintained in Danbury by neath the reach of governmental interference-but which, be- force of the labor union, which now are mad~ the pretext for the

. 1038 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. J.ANU4.RY 18,

endeavor to break up that union and reduce the operatives there And thus, si:r: it appears beyond all shadow of question, and to the state of dependence which they occupy in other commu out of the lips of the manufacturers themselves, that the suspen nities; which is the excu e offered by the manufacturers of Dan sion of hatting operations in D.:tnbury is in no respect due to · bury for closing their shops. prospective hriff changes, but is merely the culmination of ef~ H t'l re is the notice of discharge posted in those nineteen fac forts by the employers' association to break. up t he trades union tories November 20, 1893: upon the pretext that domestic competition renders a reduction NOTICE. of prices necessary, a competition which, if it does indeed exist Owing to the extreme dullness of trade and our inability to compete with good '> made in independent shops, together with the failure of our e:trorts to as alleged, and does produce the alleged results, if it has any obtain suffi.cient liberties from the trade unions, negotiations tor which have connection whatever with tariff le:.rislation, is the result of that been pending ror several months, we have decided to discharge all our em same high protection secured by the McKinley act, and which ployes on the 25th day of November, 1893. When the conditions of trade will warrant it, and we can make satisfac these lo.cked~out workmen were assured would be so conducive tory arrangements with a sulllcient number of operatives in each depart to their welfare. ment, we expect to resume work as an independent shop. · Mr. RYAN. Will the gentleman allow me to ask him a. ques~ For a full understanding o-r our necessities we desire that you will care tion there? fnlly read the explanatory circular which bas been prepared for you. We assure you that nothing but absolute necessity has made us take this course, Mr. DE FOREST. Certainly. . _ and that we have no other than kindly feelings towards those who have been Mr. RYAN. I would like to ask my 'friend from Connecticut inou, employ. D ANJJURY, CoNN., NovemlJer 20, 1893. whether the wages of the hatters had been reduced since the passage of the McKinley bill, and prior to 1893, in Danbury? You observe that all this is under the McKinley tar~ff, which it was claimed would be such a boon to the industry. You observe Mr. DE FOREST. The payment, I think, is generally by the piece; but the men, so far as I have talked with them, -tell me that no allusion is made to any contemplated change in the tariff that the wages had been reduced; in other words, that they as jt~ stifying their course, but the causes assigned are the ex have not been able to earn so much. treme dullness of trade under theMcKinleybill, which was then Mr. RYAN. I have in my h and a scale of wages paid by the and had for three years been in force, and their inability to large firm in Yonkers to which the gentleman has alluded in his compete with goods in independent shops, together with the speech and I see that prior to the passage of the McKinley bill, failure of their efforts to obtain sufficient liberties from the for which the Yonkers hatters petitioned, expecting by the law trade union&. to increase their wages, they were receiving 45 cents a dozen; I read further from this explanatory circular issued by these that it had been reduced, by three reductions, until in the be manufacturers: ginning of 1892, or during the year 1892, they received but 27 In order that our employes may understand why we have deemeditneces-' sary to post a notice ot discharge in our shops, we make the following ex cents a dozen for the same work precisely, as the result of the planation: operationof thatbill, nomachinerybeingintroducedin the mean It has oeen apparent to many that the soft and a portion of the sti:lf hat time. industry has bean drift~ away from Danbury. To devise some plans by which Danbury could mamtain its hold on the trade and successfully com Mr. DE FOREST. I understand that that has been the case. pete with other districts where independent shops existed, has been a sub So far as I have conversed with the operatives, they say-that their ject that has received very careful consideration. There has been no doubt earnings were less after the passage of the McKinley bill. The in our minds that unk!ss better opportunities were afforded, that the pro significant fact from what I have been reading, however, js this: duction of goods wonld still further decrease here ;~ nd increase elsewhere, especia.ll_y those of'medium and low grades, which constitute much the that it has been dist inctly stated publicly, stated upon high au larger portion of those made in Danbury. thority, by men who ought to know better, that this was an in To devise some plan by which goods can be made here to compete with those in other districts and admit of a margin of profits to the manufac stance of the suffering of labor consequent upon the pending turer a and foster the growth of Danbury, led to a joint conference meeting measure; although it is demonstrated beyond all possible ques of makers, finishers, and manufacturers, July 31, 1893. tion, from an explanatory circular which the manufacturers At that conference, it is stated, resolutions were adopted calling themselves issued, that it was nothing of the kind; but it was for the appointment of committees by the several organizations because, as they say, they can not compete with other points in to consider the question, said resolutions being headed by. the our country because of the restrictions placed upon them by the following preamble: tra{ie organization in Danbury. Whereas it has been stated by the conference committee of the Fur Hat Mr. PATTERSON. Is it not furthermore true that the ca Manufacturers Association that the conditions surrounding the manufacture pacity of these various manufacturing enterprises now exceeds of hat.s here are of such a nature as to place the manufacturers at a decided the American demand? disad n tntage, as compared with competing points, notably those, in New York. New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania; and Mr. DE FOREST. I believe it does. Whereas it is for the interest of both manufactm'ers and trade unions, as Mr: PATTERSON. Now, suppose these manufacturers had good citizens, to foster the growth of Danbury; and free raw material and could manufacture upon equal footing with Whereas for the nast seven years harmonious relations have existed be manufacturers in any other country, would they not have a wider tween the trade unions and the manufacturers: Therefore, etc. field to sell their products? Committees were appointed; and to the committees the circu Mr. DE FOREST. I have no doubt they would; and that is lar goes on to say: a matter which I discuss further on in my remarks, but which I Tho following statements were made: may not be able to reach in the time allotted to me. Th soft-hatting industry has nearly left us and stiff hatting is rapidly losing ground, while in former times sott hatting was the principal industry In the face of these indisputable facts it-is boldly, impudently, of the place. and, I must say, dishonestly, published to the world for political Iti:; safe to estimate that two-thirds of the heads in the country are cov effect-that these Danbury troubles are chargeable upon the ered by soft hats, while this industry has become almost extinct here. Wherearethesehats made? Not in Danbury. Why not in Danbury? It is Wilson bill. because the wages paid are higher than paid elsewhere. While the location And this, sir, is but an illustration of what is going on through of Da.nbury is somewhat against its ability to compete, that is too small a aut the country. factor to be seriously <'Onsidered. None of us will admit that the workmen or manufacturers of Danbury are not as capable as those elsewhere. * * * The unnatural, inflated, forced, and unstable business condi Web we the factories and the men, but the conditions surrounding the em tions which extreme protection has produced, and the arbitrary ployment of men owing to the r estrictions of trade unions here are such and tyrannical treatment of labor which it has engendered, are that it is impossible to successfully compete with other districts. In Dan bury a product of 200dozen of soft hats per day will probably be as much as with unparalleled effrontery held up and proclaimed as an ex we a-verage. - cuse for the perpetuation of this same ruinous policy. New Jersey, New York, and Massachusetts hatting districts have been It is, of course, conceded that the pendency of any bill for a gen overrun with orders, and Danbury receivej a small overflow. One firm in Yonkers advertises a product of one thousand dozen a day. * * * Stitr eral revislion of tatiff laws must tend in some degree to check hattiug is d1;i1ting the same way. The increase or product in Xew J ersey industrial operations. This would be so whether reduction or and Massachusetts has become of t he most alarming proportions. These increase of duties was contemplated. While the question was districts, by the use of the most improved machinery and the cheapest labor, undetermined and until men knew what ba.'lis to work upon no are t a.kin~ our trade from us, and matters have been getting worse and worse until it has become absolutelY necessary for the best interests of our more than was absolutely indispensable would in any event be selves and of Danbury that something should be done. This was before the done. Hence the propriety of all reasonable expedition in the period of financial disturbance and distrust and must not be confounded with it. passage of this measure; but itis no argument against its passage, and the responsibility for such inconvenience as thus attenas And the circular goes on to say-and let it be remembered tariff revision rests, not uponthe reformer, but upon that party that this is in the language of the manufacturers: and those men whose unscrupulous prostitution of the taxing What we should aim to do is to remove the unnecessary restrictions sur· rounding all labor that is not skilled, improve our methods for adjusting power to the purposes of private greed and political ambition :prices, furnish employment to the large mass of young peopl~ that are com have rendered reform necessary. mg up, inc1ease onr growth by the addition of more of our comfortable It could not be expected that the suffering patient whose vi homes, and all work together for the intbrests of this community. We have to-day a city of some OO.OOil inhabitants, and the principal industry from tals have been filled with poison by the ignorant empiric or the hich the people get their employment is that of the manufacture of hats. designing murderer could be restored to health, even by the The industry can and will grow if all unnecessary restrictions are removed. most skillful treatment. in a moment of time and without a throe Remarks have been made concerning the responsibility that exists for the of anguish. ' present condition of business. Our reply is to be applied entirely to the condition of business prior to the presen~ financial distrust. Sometimes in ~lJ.Ch . cases the quack and _the malefactor have 1894. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. "1039 sought to shift the blame for the attendant sufferfug from their ment and a measure o! justice to consumers, but one conducive to the gen· own shoulders to those of the honorable practitioner who effects eral. indus~rial prosperity, and which, though it may be temporarily incon ;:g~~~ro:?l be ultimately beneficial to the special interests affected by such the cure. Wi th no greater propriety to-day our Republican opponents ~orates o! defensive duties except for the establishment of new industries, which more than equalize the conditions 0! labor and capital with those o! are at tempting to charge upon tariff reform the business delays !oreign competitors, ean be justified. Excessive duties or those above such and embarraesments.wbich their own political folly or iniquity standal'd of equalization are positively injurious to the interests which has rendered unavoidable. But we are told that the proposed they are supposed to benefit. 'l'hey encourage the investment of capital in manufacturing enterprise by rash and unskillful speculators, to be followed bill, by freeing the great staple materials of our manufactures by disaster to the adventurers and their employes, and a plethora of com from taxation, and its corresponding reduction of duties on man modities which deranges the operations or skilled and prudent enterprise. ufactured articles, is calculated to ruin American industry. The Numerous examples of such disasters and derangement occurred during and shortly after the excessive protective period of the late war, when taritT assertion is made with a volume of sound, with a violence of ges dutie were enhanced by the rates of foreign exchange and premiums upon ture, with a distortion of countenance, and a pertinacity of re ~d - iteration which painfullJ;" suggests its utter want of any rational Excessive duties generally, or exceptionably high duties in particular cases, discredit our whole national economic system and furnish plausible foundation. [Laughter.[ arguments for its complete subversion. They serve to increase uncertainty And, sir, has it any rational foundation? I am speaking of the on the part of industrial enterprise, whether it shall enlarge or contract its general character of the bill. As I have already observed, in operation, and take from commerce as well as production the sense o! sta bility required for extended lmdertakings. It· would seem that the rates of some of its minor details it is no doubt susceptible of improve duties under the existing tarill', fixed for the most part during the war un ment; but in its main features, in its average reductions, and der the evident necessity at that time of stimulating to its utmost extent all especially in its cheapening to all consumers of those great staple dom~s~ic production, mi~J;lt be adapted through reductions to the pr esent cond1tious or peace reqlllrlilg no such extraordinary stimulus. And in the articles that enter into all our productions and consumption mechanical and manufacturing industries, especially those which 'have been coal, lumber , wool, salt, and iron ore-how is ittoruinAmerican long established, it would seem that the improvements in machinery and industry? The theory of protection is that it is needed and de processes made within the last twenty years and in the high scale o! pro ductiveness which has become a characteristic of their establishments would signed only for infant industries, and that with each succeeding vermit our manu!actm·ers to compete with their foreign rivals under a sub year, as they grow and develop and strengthen, they can .subsist stantial reduction o! existing duties. and tl ourish with less and still less of this governmental assist-- Entertaining the e views, the commission has sought to present a. scheme of tarifl ctuties in which substantial reduction shoUld be the distinguishing ance. · feature. The average reduction in rates, including that from the enlarge Now it is a matter of history that the Republican party itself, ment of the free list and the abolition o! the duties on charges and commis from ten to twenty years ago, in its platform promises, in the sions at which the commission has aimed is not less on the average than 20 per cent, and it is the opinion of the commission that the reductiun will messages of its Presidents and reports of its Secretaries of the reach 25 per cent. The reduction, slight in some cases, in others not at Treasury, in its Congressional action, and in the expressed opin tempted, is in many cases from 40 per cent to 50 per cent. ions of its most eminent statesmen, advocated tariff reductions This was the deliberate judgment and this the language of of the same character and quite as substantial as these here the Tariff Commission of 1882; and yet, sir, the Republican party proposed. to-day through its orators and press, and monopoly-fed favor The Republican national platform of 1868, said: ites is filling the land with its dismal howls and rabid impre It is due to the labor o! the nation that taxation should. be equalized and reduced as rapidly as the national !aith will permit. cations, because it is proposed by Con!ITess now to do. thouO'h Tariff duties were called "taxation" then. The phrase" pro in a more judicious manner, what they themselves, elev~n tection" had not then become so familiar and dear to the Republi years ago, upon a thorough examination of the subject, and can heart; and it was American labor which this reduction of after full hearings of all parties in interest distinctlv and emphatically recommended. ~ tariff taxation was declared to be due to. It had not then been discovered, apparently, that American labor is benefited by that In line with the viewa of this Tariff Commission were the taxation, and that the foreigner nays it. This stroke of genius, recommendations of their Presidents. or rather gift of inspiration, was4 reserved for the minor proph· President Grant~ in his annual message of December, 1874, ets of a later genera tion. used this language: The Republican national platform of 1884: said: Articles which enter into our manufactures and are not produced at home it seems to me, should be entered free. Those articles of manufacture The Republican party pledges itsel! to correct the inequalities of the taritT which we produce a constituent part o!, but do not produce the whole, that and to reduce the surplus. part which we do not produce should be entered free also. I will instance It will be granted, I suppose, that this meant a reduction of tine wools, dyes, etc. _These articles must be imported to form a part of the manu!actm·e _of the ~~her grades o! ~oole~ goods. Chemicals used as dyes, the surplus by a reduction of the tariff , and not by those meth· compounded m med1Cmes, and used m varwus ways in manufactures come ods adopted by these minor prophets in the billion-dollar Con under this class. The introduction, free of .duty, of such wools as we do not gress. produce would stimulate the mann!acture o! goods requiring the use of those we do produce, and therefore would be a benefit to home production. In 1882, when the tariff duties were not as high as they are There are many articles entering into "home manufactures" whlch we do to-day, so imperative did the Republican party regard the de no~ produce oursel\es. the ta.riJI upon which increacses the cost or producin..,. mand for tariff reform that, by an act of Congress passed Mav the manufactured article. All the corrections in this regard are in the d.ireC tio~ of bringing labor and capital in harmony with each other and of sup 15 of that vear, a tariff commission of nine members was a.P:. plymg one of the elements of prosperity so much needed. pointed by a R-epublican President to- - take into consideration and to thoroughly investigate all the various ques ~gain, in his annual message of 1875, speaking of those articles tions relating to the agricultural, commercial, mercantile, manufacturing, which he recemmended placing upon the free list he said: mining, and industrial interests of the United States, so fat• as the same I would ~ention those articles which enter into manufactm·es of all sorts. may be necessary to the establishment of a judicious tanJI, or a revision or All duty pa1d upon such articles goes directly to the cost of the articles when the existing tarilf upon a scale of justice to all interests . manufactured a.ud must be paid for by the consumers. Those duties not only come from the consumers at home, but act as a prot-ection to foreign I read the language of the act itself. manu!acturers of the same completed articles in om· own and distant mar The commission discharged its duty. From July until Octo kets. ber in that year it held sessions in all the principal business centers of the Union-fully heard and considered the statements Evidently President Grant, who was supposed to be a man of and claims of every Amer ican indust ry, and then made its re som~ discernment himself and who was surrounded b_y able Re· port. It was a commission, let it be remembered, composed publican counselors. had never heard the glad tidings of the largely of Republicans, appointed by a Republican President, new gospel of protection proclaimed by Messrs. McKinley, Reed pursuant to a vote of a Republican Congress, and yet it recom ,& Co., and found in the report of the minority of this Committee mended tarill reductions which, taking into account the inter on Ways and Means, which declares that the foreigner and not vening lapse of time, were much more radical than those pro the consumer ps.ys the tax, and that American industry is bene posed by the present bill. This report, in thelightof the newer fited by enhancing the necessary cost of its products. revelation which has now dawned upon the minds of the proph Chester A. Arthur, in 1880, when acceptinO' his nomination as ets of the later Republican dispensation, ought to be condemned Hepublican candidate for Vice·P~esid e nt, wr~te: and burned as rank heresy and treason against American indus- Such c~nges should be m a.~ e in the present t ar .iff system of taxation as shall r elieve every burdened mdustry, and enable our artisans and manufac try. . turers to compete successfully with those of other lands. .!tis intEresting to compare the calm and judicious conclusions of that commission, reached without bias or passion, by purely He, too, it seems, regarded the t ariff as a tax-a tax that bur business methods, at a time when no political significance was denedi!J.dustt:y. He thought that such changes should be made as attached to their work: with the fulminations of tne minority of would remove that burden. What did he mean by "such changes?" the present Committee on Ways and Means. Does anyone suppose that he contemplat-ed -does anyone sup Let me briefly read from the report of the commission, page 5: pose that his imagination had ever ooen invaded by the mon Early in its deliberations the commission became convinced that a sub strous absurdity now gravely propounded and made the sole stantial reduction o! tari!r duties is demanded, not by a mere indiscriminate basis of their argument, by our modern Republican statet

·of 1882, after he had become President, in which he used the fol Senator ALLISON, March 24, 1870: lowing language: The tariff of 1846, although confessedly and professedly a taritr for revenue A total abolition of excise taxes would almost inevitably prove a serious was, so far as regards all the great interests of the country, as perfect a taruf if not an im.urmountable obstacle to a thorough revision or the tar:ifr and to as any that we have ever had. · any con::;iderable reduction in import duties. The present taritr system is, But I maybe asked how this reduction shall be made. I think it should be in many respects, unjust. It ma.kes unequal distributions, both of its bur made upon all the leading articles. or nearly all, and for that purpose, when dun and its benefits. • * * I recommend an enlargement of the free list I can get an opportunity in the House, if no gentleman does before me I so as to include within it the numerous articles which yield inconsiderable shall move th~t t~e pending bill be recommitted to 1.he Committee on Ways revenue, a simplifi cation of the complex and inconsL~tent schedule of duties and Me~s. With mstructions to report ~ reduction upon e,xisting rates of upon certain manufactures, particularly those of cotton. iron, and steel, and duty eqmvalent to 20 per cent upon existmg rates or one-fifth reduction. a substanti:J.l reduction of the duties npon those articles, and upon sugar, m olasses, silk, wool, and woolen goods. Senator MORRILL of Vermont, 1870: Itic; a mistake of the friends of a sound tariff to insist upon the extreme The Hon. Hugh McCulloch, Secretary of the Treasury under rates imposed during the war. Presidents Lincoln and Ar t}l ur, in his annual report of 1884, made the following recommendation: Ron. HENRY CABOT LODGE, M. C., of Massachusetts, Septem- ber, 1884: First, that the existing duties upon raw materials which are to be used in 1 m anufacture should be removed. This can be done in the interests of our Grave public questions confront us. .ll'here is a large, perilous, and grow foreign trade. Second, that the duties upon the articles used or consumed ing surplus in the revenues. It must be removed., not by needless and ex by t hose who are the least able to bear the burden of taxation should be re travagant expenditures,_not by. abolishing the proper taxation of whisky duced. This also can be effected without prejudice to our export trade. and tobacco, but by freemg eutn·ely those great necessaries of life which enter into the daily consumption of every household, and by wiSe and dis Hon. Charles J. Folger, Republican Secretary of the Treas criminate reductions. ury, in his annual report of 18~3 says: Ron. John D. Long, M. C., of Massachusetts, September, 1884: !lIn the recommendations Q! the President and those of this Department :md the action or Congress, and in the expression of public opinion, there There are only two ways to reduce the ta.ri1I. One bv raising the taritr to has been substantial accord as to how the needed reduction of the revenue a prohibitory height, which nobody advocates; the o'ther, the free list, is should be brought about. It has been generally conceded that the interna.l the honest revenue reformer's hope. reve nu~ taxes, except those upon spirits, fermented liquors. and upon the circulation of banks might well be abolished. My last report said that taxes Senator Oliver P. Morton: llpon spirits and tobacco, being upon things not needful, should be retained Now I wish t-o say to the Senate that I am strongly convinced that we r ather than those upon the common necessaries of life, which, as a propo should go further and reduce the taritr in material respects upon many sition, is not to be controverted. But it was conceded by all that a substan other articles. . tinl reduction should be made upon nearly all imported articles subjected '!'he cotmtry expects a large reduction, the country knows that it can be to duties. m ad ~. the coun~ry has been promised t~s reducti_on and the dominant part v here IS responsible to the country for this r eductiOn and will be held respon To the same effect were the expressed sentiments of those sible if it is not made. Republican leaders who stood highest in the councils of that Henry Wilson: party. I th}nk th,a.t A;merican la}?or will be best protected by taxing all the nec Hon. James A. Garfield, April1, 1870: essaries of life llghtly; placmg the raw materials which enter into our man Duties should be so high that our manufacturers can fairly compete with ufactures on the free iist; raising revenue to support the Government upon the foreign product, but not so high as to enable them to drive out the for ar~icles t~at COJ?.e in competition with our manufactures and upon the lux eign article, enjoy a monopoly of the trade, and regulate the prices as they unes of life, which are consumed by the more wealthy classes of society. please. This is my doctrine of protection. If Congress·pursues this line of policy steadily we shall, year by year, approach more nearly to the basis or Senator Henry L. Dawes: free trade, because we shall be more nearly able to compete with other na The duty must be levied on the raw material or on the manufactured ar tions on equal terms. I am for a protection which leads to ultimate free ticle. If you levy it on the r aw material you d.iscriminate against American trade. labor and if you levy it on the manufactured article you discriminate in favor of American labor. You must have either a protective tariff or a tariff Hon. JOHN SHERMAN, 1872: which discriminates against American labor. It must be remembered that the present duties taken together are far in excess of what they were before the war and that they have been three times William D. Kelly, M. C., Pennsylvania (wool), July 28, 1886: largely increased since the passage of the Morriil tarilf act of 1861. Such Let the raw material come in. Let us make blankets that will drive out excessive protection not only ceases to diversify production. but forces la· English blankets. Let us make our own "English frieze" and • P eterboro bor into protected employments. If the present rates of duty were high frosted beavers." Let us be able to rival England and France and other enough during and since the war, when home industry was burdened with representative nations in making these cloths. heavy internal taxes-with stamp duties, income taxes, and high rates on raw materials-then surely they are now too high when all these taxes are Senator EUGENE HALE, of Maine: removed. The duty upon salt is now 18 cent-; per 100 pounds in bulk and 2<1: cents in Gen. John A. Logan, April18, 1870: sacks. The best Turks Island salt c:1n be purchased at the place where it is produced for from 9 to 10 cents per bushel. Any gentleman here can com Now, when the gentleman, who seems to be the protector in an especial pute for himself the percentage of duty resting upon this article. I believe manner of the great labor interests of this country, speaks or this protec there is no one qneE. tion about which the reflection of millions of people tion being the protection of the labor of this country, I ask him: Does not day by day is so decided as it is in declaring that there should be no tax every farmer and mechanic in this broad land make use of iron in all kinds upon this article of salt. I believe that this article should go upon the free of labor? list ; that the monopoly which has obtained heretofore for the Onondago Salt And when a gentleman stands upon this floor and tells me that this high, Works-as great and complete as :my monopoly ever granted by the Tudors this extraordinarily high taritr is for the protection of the laboring men, I -in England's most despotic times-ought to cease. tell him that I do not understand how he can possibly substantiate such a theory. James A. Garfield, May 18, 1872: Senator ALLISON, March 24, 1870: And I know, moreover, that for nearly two years the wholesale price of American salt in Toronto, Canada, was a dollar lower per barrel than the I will say with regard to the duty on wool and woolens, th11ot I regard it same salt was sellin~ for on the New York side of the lake. Tha.t is, we not as an intentional fraud, but as operating as though it were a fraud upon produced it, shipped It across, paying whatever portage, freights, and trans the great body of the people of the United States. I allude to the woolen portation were required, and then sold it to om· Canadian neighbr rs at a tariff, a law the elfect of which has been to materially injure the sheep hus dollar per b:J.rrel less than it W:J.S sold to people on our shores. Certainly, bandry of this country. In a single county in the State or Iowa. between 1867 gentlemen will not want a duty continued th:J.t en!Lbles that thing to be done. and 1869, the number of sheep was reduced from 22.000 to about 18,000 in two years, and what is true of this county is true to a greater or less extent of I have indulged, sir, in these citations at the risk of tedious other counties in Iowa, and during this time the price of wool has been con ness, because it seems to me, in view of the fact that these were stantly depreciated. the declarations, opinions, pledges, and proposed a-etion of the Senator ALLISON, March 24, 1879: Republican party itself with reference to a tariff far less exces The agricultural interest, it will be seen, is much the largest interest in sive than the present one, recommending and contemplatingre its aggregate product as well as in the number of persons employed. I be ductions of the same general character, and, all circumstances lieve no one will claim that this large interest is directly protected. It is considered . quite as large as those of the pending bill. after true that under customs laws there is a:-;mall duty upon wheat, barley, oats, and other agricultUl'al products, but it does not afford any protection to the scores of years of experience in all kinds of tariff rates-after all great wheat a.nd grain producing regions of the country. the commercial crises, business depressions, and social vicissi What is true of wheat is equally true of other grains. Therefore the tudes that have marked our history, after most thorough inves farmer has practically no protectiol! at all and whatever benefit he derives is !ron what the home market furnishes for home products. Unfortunately tigation and deliberation, and with substantial freedom from for the farmer, the market price of wheat is :fixed by the price which the partisan bias-they demonstrate beyond all possible question to surplus will bring abroad or the price of wheat in London or Liverpool. At any impartial mind the absurdity of the attitude, the hollowness that market where the surylus is sold, and which fixes the value of the whole crop, he comes in competition wlth the whole grain produced in the Crimea, and insincerity of the professions and pretenses of that party to in Hungary, and in the region of the Baltic from fields cultivated by what day. is known, in comparison with our own, as pauper labor. . Will any ge~tlemen upon the Republican sideof this floor to But I am told we must so legislate as to furnish a home market for all our agricultural products and this can only be done by high tariff. Any one day contend that their own party in the days of Grant and Gar examining the snbject will see that our agricultural products increase more field, Arthur and Logan, and Wilson and McCulloch and Folger, rapidly than our population, so that if we do not export these products in was the enemy of American industry? Will any gentleman con- - their natural condition, we must do so by converting them into manufac : tured articles and export these articles. But this can not be done under a tend that the statesmen of that day were so i~norant of the prin high tariff, for all nations will buy manufactured products where they are ciples of political economy and of the business and social condi the cheapest and the nation selling the cheapest will control the market. tion of their own countrymen that they deliberately recom This rule excludes our highly taxed manufactures made from highly taxed materials from the markets of the world, although we have natural advan- mended and adopted a tariff policy which was sure to involve .the tages possessed by no other nation. . land in misery and ruin? It will hardly be so contended, and yet

I ...... 1894. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 1041

one or the other of these conclusions necessarily is involved in worth in the market, whatever he is obliged to pay, and no more. the claims and pretentious of the self-constituted apostles and If his profits are small he still p1>ys whatever the labor is worth prophets of protection to day. in t he market, whatever he is obliged to pay, and no less. There is an irreconcilable inconsistency. Either the party as That market value of labor depends upon the law of supply a party, and its most eminent statesmen individually, were then and dem 1.nd. Whatever tends to increase the demand in pro propagating doctrines and pur.:ming a policy that would ~rans portion to the supply t ends to increase w tges-whatever tends fer the burdens of t~ ation from the shoulders of the foreigner to diminish the demand in proportion to the supply tends tore to our own, strike down American industry, degrade American duce wages. In no other way and to no other extent can tariff labor, close up Americ:1nfactories, and bring 3t::~.rv ation and de legislation or.any other legislation have any bearing upon the spair to every fireside, or else the declarations of these modern compensation of the wage-earner. apostles are merely sound and fury, r ant and fustian. These propositions seems trite; but, sir, the necessity for re If i t was true inl883that tariff hxation, then lower than at the peating them arises from the fact that though they are elemen present time, could be r educed from 20 pel.' cent t.o 2.5 per cent, tary and axiomatic, yet the high protectionist studiously avoids "not only as a·due recognition of public sentiment and as a meas and conceals them, and the deluded populace is apt to overlook ure of justice to consumers, butasconducive to the general indus them in the diacussion of this issue. trial prosperity, and though temporarily inconvenient, yet ulti It therefore devolves upon the advocates of high protection to mately beneficial to the special interests affected by such reduc show t !lat the rates of duty which he contends for do increase tion," as stated in the report of the Republican tariff com the demand for labor. This might not be enough to establish mission at that time, then it is much more true to-day. his claim. It might be as we have before seen~ that even then li it was true then that placing the raw materials of our manu the advanhge is more than counterbalanced by the laborers in factures on the free list, as ~commended by Presidents Grant creased cost of living, but unless that proposition is established and Arthur~ and Secretary McCulloch, and Senator Henry Wil there is absolutely nothin~ whatever in his case. son, and other eminent Republicans who were not supposed to Now. the argument is this: In certain departments of industry, be conspiring for the destruction of American industry, would it is said, the labor in this country costs so much more than in lighten the burden of taxation ou every consumer and at the other countries that the manufacturers in those other countries same time reduce the necessary expenditures, broaden the can produce the goods and transport them to this country and markets, and in every way improve the opportunities and en sell them here /unless prevented from so doing by tariff duties) courage the legitimate operations of the American man1 .lfacturer, below the priee for which they can be produced here; that there then it is equally true to-day. If it was true. as declared by Sena fore, in those departments of industry, in order to enable the tor ALLISON in 1870, that "the duty on wools and woolens oper mmuf.wturer here to go into thb business at all, a duty should ated as though it were a fraud upon the gre::tt body of the people be imposed upon the foreign-made article, the amount of which of the United States," then it is emphatically more true of the shall be equal to the difference in the labor cost of the article far higher tariff to-day. If the tariff was a tax then it is a tax between this and the foreign countries: that if this is done then now. If the consumer paid it then be pays it now. If it was a that kind of mctnufactul'ing becomes feasible here, and being burden upon labor then it is a burden now. m3.de feasible it will be undertaken, and being undertaken labor And, sir, if these things Wt\re and are true, then the partisan must beemp ~ oyed thatotherwise would not have beenemploved, outcry raised by Republican newspapers and orators and priv and that the demand for labor being thus increased th ~ re is a ileged monopolies throughout the country, the assertions and tendency t.o increase its wages. That is the t.heory; that is all deuunciations of the minority of the Committee on Ways and that is theoretically claimed. Means, the eloquent appeals which we hear from the other side Now, then, it wlll be observed that the whole structure rests ' of this Chamber, the attempt to convert the present sufferings primarily upon the hypothesis that the necessary labor cost of of the poor, begotten under a high-tariff policy, into an argu the manufactured article is greater in this country than in the ment against their relief, is simply a stupendous sham, a polit foreign country. In reality, in a vast majority of C:lses, this is ical subterfuge, which could be contrived only by a party that an utterly false hypothesis. The style of argument employed has outlived its usefulness and is utterly bereft of any merito to bolster up this assumption is as unsound and as disingenuous rious issue. [Applause.] as that itself. Gentlemen gravely point to statistics of wages And now for a moment let us consider what it is these gentle paid in other countries-so much a day or so much an hour in men say. Their whole contention in every instance reduces it England or France or Germany or Italy or Russia-as though, self to an appeal to labor. Nothing is said about the capitalist. forsooth , that circumstance alone, without reference to the skill Nothing is s.tid about the millionaire employers, who own their or diligence or honesty of the laborer, without-reference to the castles and ride in their chariots, and out of their overflowing hours in a day, without reference to the kind of machinery or treasuries with seeming magnanimity expend in public purposes other facilities or the methods or system employed, could throw or charitable objects a sm::tll tithe of the contributions levied by any light whatever upon the question of the cost of the labor re them upon society. No mention is made of these, but it is al quired to accomplish a stated result. ways the laborer. they aee talking ab1ut. Him they profess to Very careful these learned and astute statisticians are never love with a love that p3Sseth all understanding. For his wel to tell us the labor cost of the protected article. the .labor cost fare alone it would seem that they pass we1.ry days and sleep of the yard of cloth or of carpet, or of any other definite product. less nightsandeatthe bread of c::trefulness and water their couch Very careful they are, and for the reason that if they did tell with their tears. us and told us truly there is hardly a case that could be cited Assuming their sincerity we join issue with them there. The unless possibly some isolated instances of purely manual labor whole controversy narrows itself to this. I certainly indorse the hardly a case that could be cited in which, so far as the cost of proposition, and the party to which I belong has always battled for labor goes, the finished product can not be put upon the market it, and st.i.ll b:1ttles for it, that the interests of labor, the welfare here as cheaply as in anv land under the sun. of those who toil with hands and brain in the fields of produc The largest hardware manufacturer in Connecticut, and per tion and distribution-whose patient industry, whose silent and haps in New England, expressly says that the labor entering into unrecognized conaecration guard and uphold the pillars of our the products of his establishment cos ts as little as in any coun material peace and prosperity, should be the controlling consid try of the earth. The most extensive and experienced and ob eration in the settlement of this and every other social problem. serving manufacturer of carpets in my district who had visited The proposition of the bight protectionists is that extreme the factories in Europe and made a study of the sub:ect told me tariff duties benefit the wage-e:.trners of this country. In what personally, and I have heard him publicly state, that it cost him manner c:m it be claimed that they do it? - less for labor to make a yard of carpet than it would cost to pro .That they have a direct and immediate tendency to injure the duca the same result across the ocean. wage-earner in common with all other consumers no one will at James G. Blaine was certainly not hostile to the principle of tsmpt to controvert. That the wage-earner pays an enhanced protection, and yet we all remember his words when he waB Sec price for his shelter, his clothing, his furniture, his fuel, his im retary of State in 1881: plements, and every tariff-taxed article which he purchases by The hours of labor in the Lancashire mills are fifty-six, in the Massachu reason of the duty resting upon it no one can deny. And what setts sixty per week. The hours of labor in the mi.lls in the other New Eng land States, where tha wages are generally less than in Massachusetts, are protectionist bas ever demonstrated upon this floor or elsewhere usually si.Y.ty-six to sixty-nine per week. that the tribute thus levied upon labor is not more than an off3et Undoubtedly the inequalities in the wages of the English and American for any enhancement of its wages which under the most favor operatives are more than equalized by the greater efficiency of the latter able conditions protection can claim to effect? and their longer hours or labor. There is but one way in which protection can by any possibil And, sir, how idle it seems, to be talking about the supply of ity benefit labor, and that is by increasing the demand Ior_labor. labor in this country and the supply in the Old World, as though .The employer's

of this Democratic tariff bill by gentlemen who favor the meas The foregoing extracts are from the speeches of Northern men ure has been particularly expressive in two features. First, in this discussion. They are significant as showing the trend of there has been a general oommittal of the Democratic party to the Democratic policy. They arJ not subject to the charge of the policy of free trade; second, there has been a support of this Southern section·-tlism or to the prejudice of the Southern coun policy by re-dressing the arguments of the free-trade theorists try against the North as a relic oE long-ago antagonism. They and philosophers of generations ago, without the slighest re are not quite as fierce for free trade as the utterances of our gard to the facts and evidence of to-day. Southern friends. but they are Democratic all the same. For FREE TRADE. · instance, the enthusiasm of the South for free trade expresses itself thusly in the remarks of the gentleman from Missouri [Mr. Never before in this generation has the policy of free trade CLARK]: for the United States been so brazenly as:serted and so unquali I am in favor of letting woolens come in free. [Applause.] And what is fiedlv advocated as in the speeches of Democratic members in a good deal more, I am in favor of letting everything else come in free. LAP· this debate. It has be ~ ore been charged by Republicans and pro plause.] That is my creed. [Applause.) tectionists that the Democratic policy was one of free trade, but Mr. Chairman, I have thus at some length referred to ex until now the charge has been refuted by eur friends on the pressions of gentlemen on the Democratic side as showing the other side. To-day it is openly admitted and boasted. To-day general policy of the Democratic party at this time to be an it is asserted, advocated, and glorified. The assertion of the.na nounced for free trade. And I have done so particularly be tiona.l Democratic platform of 1892 that protection was uncon cause the subject of the Democratic policy on the tariff has been stitutional and a fraud was in the manufacturing States of the and is otconsiderable dispute and concern in the State of Con Union, especially in my own State of Connecticut, waived and necticut. It is my honor to represent a Republican and a pro s:tppressed in the c:unpaign which followed. tection district in that State. The other three districts of the 'Yo-day the assertion is exemplified and lauded. To-day that dec State are represented by Democrats, my distinguished col lal·, tion is promulgated as the policy of the Democratic party by leagues, but I should misstate a fact were I to concede that these ' its d10senRepresentativesin Congress, and among itsmorethan three districts in Connecticut were in favor of a free-trade pol two l'undred members there have not, thusfar, been half a dozen icy. gen tl em en to mildly voice or "\'"Ote an exception to the policy. It has been the oft-repeated assertion in my State that the The c£tairman of the Committee on Ways and Means [Mr. WIL Democratic Administration would net prove itself hostile to pro SON oJ West Virginia], in his rep8rt submitting the measure tection. Democrats have been chosen to office in Connecticut, under discussion, apologizes for the retention of any protection even to Congeess, on local platforms and in_ local campaigns, in in the Democratic bill in these words: favor of protection. I submit to the people of that State and to

It no m Jre professes to be purged of all protection than to be free of ~11 the people of the country that no longer can Connecticut De · error in its complex and manifold detailB. mocracy be in accord with n1tional Democracy and uphold the peotective policy. [Applause on the Republican side.] No The oame gentleman, in his elaborat.espeechin presenting the longer can Connecticut representatives be protectionists and Democratic bill to the consideration of the House, declares as Democrats. follows: Time was when a Republican Senate or a Republican Presi However tenderly the Democrats may act now in re>ersing Republican dent, happily for the interests of Connecticut, imposed a barrier processes. I for one want to see this battle go on in this country u'ntil the time shall come when no taxpayer shall pay a single dollar that shall not go to Democratic free trade. That condition of things has changed; straighu, undiminished into the taxpayer's treasury. If that be revolution and if Connecticut believes in protection, as I know she does, ary, make the most of it. she must enforce it by Republican votes of herownandno longer depend upon the Republican votes of other Shtes to save her These are forcible declarations from Democracy's leader for industries and preserve the prosperity of her labor. Even my the free-trade policy and direct taxation, for the ultimate and good friend and colleague [Mr. SPERRY] recognized this fact the complete destruction of protection in this country and the final otherday when the amendment to retain the existing duties on removal of tariff duties on importations which compete with our tobacco, imported for wt·appers, was pending. The retention of home productions. The distinguished member from Illinois those duties meant a great deal to the farmers in the Connecti [Gen. BLACK], in the eloquent peroration'to his speechdelivered cut valleys. The duties were protection to them against Suma in the House a few days ago, challenges contradiction in these tra, and the benefit of t~t protection they had experienced words: undertheMcKinleytariff. Andyetmycolleague fMr. SPERRY], I do not see why we should shrink back from the name of free traders. in speaking infavorof the retention ofexistingdu.ties on tobacco for wrappers, made this truthful admission: The people of this Union who have watched the course of the Being on the Democratic side, I would not be expected, of course, to vote Democratic majority thus far in this Congress must surely echo, !or anything that was at all protective in its nature. "Why." The Wilson bill-the speeches in its advocacy all hold [L':1ug h ter. J Democracy in name and in act to the policy of free trade. The My colleague thereupon proceeded to argue for the retention JOHNSON] enthusiastic gentleman from Ohio [Mr. thus defines, of the duties from a revenue basis, but the Democratic m::~.jority in his recent speech in the House, the Democratic policy, and knew the protective side of the matter and gave only three votes di charges from the ranks of the Democratic party those who for the protection of the Connecticut tobacco-farmer. can not accept it. THEORY WITHOUT FACTS. I know that there are many Democrats here who are not in sympathy with the Democratic platform, and are at heart protectionists. The part of polit· Mr. Chairman, I said that the second noticeable feature in the ical wisdom for them is to go over to the Republican party, where, in the discussion in favor of the Wilson bill was the argument for free struggle now beginning over economic issues, they really belong. But while trade on antiquated theories, without regard to the facts of to they remain with the Democracy they must share its fate; and whether they may deem it politically wise or foolish for the Democracy to have begun day. In the commercial intercourse between the States of the this fight against protection, they must certainly see that the only safety Union and their unrestricted trade with each other the theory now is in going forward. of free trade is beautifully illustrated. . The gentleman from Ohio is correct in the counsel to protec But the States of this Union are gathered under one govern tionists to go over to the Republican party. It is just as neces ment, with common obligations and with common ties of one sary and patriotic to-day for the Democrat who believes in home civilization, one family and one harmony of interests. The area industry and the welfare of American labor to go over to the of the whole is magnificently large, and the resources of the ag Republican party as it was wise and loyal for the Union man to gregate are limitle:ss in variety and quantity. We are a people join the party of Abraham Lincoln in 1 61. [Applause.] The unto ourselves, and there is within us and in·ourresourcessuffi energetic gentleman from New York [}lr. W ARNERj resents cient for our prosperity and welfare if all other nations were a possible insinuation that there is any protection in the Demo extinct. [Applause.] We have developed a diversity of pursuit, cratic policy by supporting the Wilson bill, in the following re a standard of civilization, a comfort of living, and a reward of markable utterance in his speech: industry which together are possessed by the masses of no other nation on the globe. [Applause.] I do not understand that in voting for it we are assenting to a com promise with protection. We are rather carrying the outworks in order The theory which is practically beneficent in our association that. getting possession of them, we may train the guns we shall have cap with each other is impracticable in its application to our com tured upon every corner of the citadel that is still left standing. [Ap mercial association with foreign nations. With trade freedom plause.] It is with such an expectation, sir, that I expect to vote for this among ourselves we are big enough to derive the cost benefits bill. It is in the confidence that with each position carried the next one will be taken more easily, that I am glad to join in the ad-vancing march, ?f home competition. and not too big to be cursed by the impover even though the music to which we step is not as inspiring as that which I IShment of cheap labor. We surely have prospered under the should like to hear played. As it stands the bill is as much better a bill than the Mills bill as that was than the Morrison bill which preceded it; and commercial freedom among ourselves, and the free-trade philos is not as far ahead of them as will be in ad vance or this one the next pro opher argues, therefore, we may prosper in extending the broth posal of a settlement of this question. erhood of free trade toall climesandallnationalities. The argu- 1044 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD-HOUSE. JANUARY 18,

menton the theory is made complete and rounded out in the certain quantity through an ad valorem duty, and in exchange grandiloquent sentences of the gentleman from New York [Mr. giving it just what it had in free-trade En~land and with which COCKRAN], who asserts that the mission of this Republic is to it was un -~. ble to compete with Germany-free wool. elevate our brethren all over the world as members of one hu- I can not refrain from presenting one more series of facts in man family. [Laughter.] - support of a protective tariff, and I t .tke this illustration from The protection policy decla"res that it is the legisla.tive duty an industry which has been built up and has prospered in that of Congress to take care of the United States, preserve and en- part of Connecticut which I have the honor to represent. In hanue what prosperity has already been achieved, and leave to 186l,and before nine-tenths of the spool cotton used in the United charihbleandecclesiastical associations the business of engaging W£J S manufactured abroad-now nine-tenths of the spool cotton in foreign mission work for the elevation of mankind. [Ap· used here is made in American mills-a protective duty im plause.] Our protective policy is not a theory, but an evidence ported the industry and stopped the importation of its product, of things seen, and not a philosophy of things unseen. We do and now the m:tnufacture ofspoolcottonin the United Sta.tes gives not argue on a theory, but present a fact. So when the distin- employment to 15,000 people at wages more than double the rate guished chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means on his paid for the s1me work in Great Britain. Before the establish theory argues that the wearers of woolen cloth in this country ment of the industry in this country the price of spool cotton in pay $30 t::Lx, under a protective tariff, on $100 worth of clothing the United States was 47t cents net per dozen spools. Now the purchased in the year, we reply that the average man bnyshim- price of a better grade of thread is 3:3 cents netperdozenspools. self two suits and an f our wage these two comparisons as a means of indicating that the embarrassment of earners is so intimate that legislation hostile to one mdustry and a fraction of our industries would not necessarily imply the destruction of depre ~ sing to the workers in one trade is the common concern national prosperity. and the general detriment of all others. [Applause.]_ . And yet this woolen industry which a great Democratic news "United we st1nd, divided we fall," has truth and Bigmficance paper in Boston belittles in its zest for free trade is most se beyond the confines of a State. It may have reve"rence as the riously affected by the Wilson bill. The industry is now par motto of State sovereignty in Tennessee, but it has failed once alyzed by the anticipation of the measure, and the offer of h·ee by a large portion of the Democratic :party to.be applicab~e. to wool is not sufficient to revive even a little bit the depressbn. the integrity and to the welfare of nat10nal Umon. It is frulmg Why should 1t, when during a period of ten years, less than 9 now by the same ~emocratic party t? be .applic3:ble to the ma:in per cent of the clothing wools used by American mills have tenance of prosperity for all our varied mdustrws. ProtectiOn been imported. The American cloth of to-day is largely made holds thatdisasterto one industry is a detriment to the common from the WO:)l of American growth. whole. Free trade will sacrifice one, aye many, interests, pro I . beg leave, Mr. Ch3.irman, to print the statistics oi wool vided its theory wins. Listen to the Boston Herald, in its sacri manufacture in the United States and in New England, as bken fice of a great industry in New England to the idol of free trade: from the census of 1890, to confute the Heralds snub to this It may, and probably will, take time for a number of_ the WO?len manurac great industry and to protest against its being offered to death turers to adjust themselves to what will be almost an mdustrlal revolutiOn. on the altar of free trade. The statistics are as follows, and But the entire woolen industry of the United States of every name and description does not represent a larger investment than is eac.!t year spent show the condition of the industry in 1890 and its wonderful in the extension of our railroad system, and all of the operatives in all of growth in ten years:

Labor and wages. Wool used. Number ot es- Capital in- Miscellane- Cost of all Value of States and Territories. Hands ous ex- materials. product. tablish- vested. em- Wages paid. penses. Pounds. Cost. ments. ployed.

United States: 1890 ------·--·············-···- •••• 2,489 $296, 494, 481 219,132 $76, 660, 742 $19, 529, 238 372,797,413 $98, 540, 484 $202, 815, 842 $337,768,524 1880 ···········-·······-·-············--- 2,689 159. 091, 869 161,557 47,389,087 ------...... 296, 192, 229 97,681,604 164,371' 551 261, 252, 913 1870 • ···---•• ------· •• ·-·· ·-··-· •••••• 3,456 132, 452, 087 118,545 40,366,235 ------219, 970, 183 ...... 134,154,615 217,548,926 1860 ----· --•• ---·. --••• --•• : . ---. ·-·-··-- 2,106 39,556,037 58,003 12, 589,8{9 83,296, 198 ...... ------43,562,617 76,146,569 41,577 ------70,862,829 1850 ·-·-··-··-··-·-··········----·····-·· 1,643 28,663,385 ...... ------·------·--·---- 26,171,104 44,235, 647 New England States: 1890 -· ---- •• -···· -- -·-···-····--····· ·--- ... I 149,166,236 92,566 34,372,581 10,192,198 204,266,172 55,031,899 95,430,276 155,336,935 1880 --···-····-···----···-····-······-··· 667 80,678,972 75,400 23,308,751 -- ...... ---- 168, 111,797 55,000.0:12 84,181,033 137, 9"27, 668 Mainfl: 1890 --·· -· •••• - ··------·-•••• ------82 9,484,925 5,453 1,991,676 599,002 13,7P.2, 749 3,90:5,736 5,704,508 8,814, 256 1880 ----.- • - . --.. - •• ------• -•••• ---- 97 4,011!,89..8 3,265 1,091, 329 ...... 9,074,011 3,17t,391 4,444,990 6,962,003 New Hampshire: 1890 ------·------·--··-·------89 H, 721,786 9,400 3, 341,695 875,671 22,152,190 5, 747,363 8,784,638 14,445,172 1880 ------· ···-----.-.----· •••• --- 85 8,374,855 7,352 2,237, 736 ---- ...... ---- 16,929,169 5, 407,774 7, 854,955 13,220,850 Vermont: 18•!() ------·-·------39 4, 059,264 2,303 u 4, 516,739 1,224, 972 2, 081 ,026 3,829,641 1880-----· .. ------·- 50 2,812,161 2,467 ...... 645,175 I-- ··--.....··----·- 4,004,524 1,3i6, 945 2,372,428 3,813,011 Massachusetts: 18SO ____ .... ----..••••.... ----···----•.. : 293 71,066,526 43,038 99,569,455 25,430,803 44,767, 072 72,681,408 1880.------•• ------·-··. ··-· 271 38,231,375 38,128 ~~:~::~ ----~·-~~~~~~- 86,018,482 26,409,739 41,677,919 67,4.51,805 Rhode Island: 1890 ------: .----·---·------··-- 85 26,039, 361 19,39..5 7,049 109 2,011,148 40,762,303 12,674,72! 21,562,313 3!, 722,493 1880 ------•• ··------62 13,022, 116 12,164 3,711, 6Si 27,141,974 9,924, 837 13,094,650 21' 69..A, 20i Connecticut: ----·------1890 .. ------···--. ------•.• --·- 98 23,794,374 13,047 4,940,783 1,501,950 23,482,736 6,048,301 12,530,719 20,843,965 1880------··· ------102 14,221,637 12,024 3,986,965 ---- ...... 24,943,637 8,708, 316 14,742,091 24,855,729

Mr. Chairman, in New England the interests of the agricul PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS. tural communities are closely linked with the manufacturing Under clause 3 of Rule XXII, bills and resolutions of the fol sections. The farmer finds the market for his products at the lowing titles were introduced, and severally referred as follows: outpost o his farm-in t~e manuf_acturing village. A:s .manu By Mr. MAGUIRE: A bill (H. R. 5294) to regulate the mode facturing prospers so th:1ves a~Ewu~t ure, ~ut ~hat thrift has of removal of lett-er-carriers-to the Committee on the Post been insured by a protective t:irifi which mamtamsnot only the Office and Post-Roads. manufacture but preserves the agriculture from foreign, espe By Mr. HERMANN: A bill (H. R. 5295) for the protection of cially from C a n ~ dian, competition. The Witson bill deals a salmon, trout, and other fish in the streams and tide waters of double blow at New England agriculture. It threatens destruc the Territory of Alaska-to the Committee on Merchant Mn.rine tion. it assures less purchasing power to the market of the farm and FisheriP.s. er's products. It likewise reduces the protection to these prod- By Mr.CUMMINGS: A bill (H. R. 5307) to authorize a retired ucts from foreign competition. · list for enlisted men and appointed petty officers of the United Surely does a shadow hang over the home market and over St"l tes Navy-to the Committee on Naval Affairs. the home industry of this land! The shadow is in the keeping By Mr. PICKLER: A bill(H. R. 5308) to fix the pay, allowances, of the Democratic party. II it permits it to fall and blight the pensions, retirement, and rank of the veterinarians of the Uni land the protection sentiment of a hitherto prosperous people ted States Army-to the Committee on Military Affairs. will lay heavy hand upon Democracy and will hold it to account By Mr. HERMANN: A bill (H. R. 5309) for the protection fo for the disJster and the distress which must be endured be!ore salmon, trout, a1d other fish in the streams and tide waters of the yotes are counted. [Applause on the Republican side.] Alask::~r-to the Committee on Merchant, Marine, and Fisheries. Mr. TALBERT of South Carolina. Mr. Chairman, I move By Mr. EVERETT: A conc ·~ rrent resolution authorizing the that the committee now rise. printing of 5,000 extra copies of Bulletin No.3 of the Department The mo-tion was agreed to. of Agriculture-to the Committee on Printing. The committee accordingly rose: and the Speaker p1·o tempol'e By"Mr. DUNPHY: A resolution relating to medals of honor, [Mr. BROOKSHIRE] having resumed the chair, Mr. BAILEY, etc.-to the Committee on Military Affairs. from the Committee of the Whole, reported that they had had under consider-cttion a bill (H. R.4S64) to reduce taxation, to provide revenue for the Government, and for other purposes, PRIVATE BILLS, ETC. and had come to no resolution thereon. Under clause 1 of Rule XXII, private bills of the following Mr. HAINES. Mr. Speaker, I move that the House do now titles were presented and referred as follows: adjourn. By Mr. ALEXANDER: A bill (H. R. 5296) for the- relief of The motion was agreed to; and the House accordingly (at 11 John G. Young-to the Committee on Claim~. o'clock p. m.) adjourned. By Mr. BAKER of New Halllpshire: A bill (H. R. 5297) for 1046 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE. JANUARY 18, the relief of Jeronemus S. Underhill, of the city of New York By Mr. CHICKERING: Petition of R. P . Grant and 22 other to the Committee on Claims. citizens of Clayton, N. Y., against the passage of the Wilson By Mr. BRETZ: A bill (H. R. 5298)granting a pension to Wil tariff bill-to the Committee on Ways and Means. liam Mathers, late of the Marengo Light Guards-to the Com By Mr. COGSWELL: Three petitions of citizens of Marble mittee on Invalid Pensions. head, Mass., for the relief of Mrs. Hannah Lyons-to the Com By Mr. BRECKINRIDGEof Arkansas: A bill (H.R. 5299)for mittee on Pensjons. . the relief of Jacob W. Parker-to the Committee on Private Land By Mr. CRISP (by request): Resolution of American Feder Claims. ation of Labor, favoring the Governmentownerahip and control By Mr. BROOKSHIRE: A bill (H. R. 5300) to pension Lemuel of the telegraph system of the United States-to the Committee M. Walker-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. By Mr. HERMANN: A bill (H. R. 5301) to pension David H. By Mr. CURTIS of Kansas: Petiti?n of citizens of Douglass, Sexton for services in 01·egon Indian wars.:_ to the Committee on Butler County, Kans, protestmg agamstthe passage of the Wil Pensions. son bill-to the Committee on Ways and Means. By M r. McCREARY of Kentucky (by request): A bill (H. R. B.y Mr. DINGLEY: Petition of depositors in the Freedman's 5302) for relief of Thomas C. Fisher-to the Committee on War Savmgs Bank and Trust Company, for distribution of dividends Claims. on said deposits-to the Committee on BankingandCurrency. Also, a bill (H. R. 5303) for the relief of Maria T. Daveiss, ex By Mr. GEISSENHAINER: Petition of C. Heugher & Son, ecutrix of William Daveiss, deceased-tothe Committee on War manuf~cturers of vegetable ivory buttons, New Brunswick, N. Claims. J., agamst the passage of the Wilson tariff bill-to the Commit By Mr. TARSNEY: A bill (H. R. 5304- )for the relief of Aaron tee on Ways and Means. L. H. Crenshaw-to the Committee on Claims. ~y Mr. GROSVENOR: Petition of Isaac Stiers, of Logan, By Mr. WHITING: A bill (H. R. 5305) granting muster and pay Ohi?, and 1.8 others, merchants, farll?ers, and business men, pro and allowance of captain of cavalry to Michael Sheehy from June testmg agamst the passage of the Wilson bill-to the Committee 13, 1864, to March 25, 1866-to the Committee on Claims. on Ways and Means. By Mr. FLYNN: A bill (H. R. 5306) to correct the military record of G. W. Want-to the Committee on Military Affairs. By Mr. GROUT: Protest of Erastus Tyler, of Vernon, Vt., and 18 other farmers, against the passage of the Wilson tariff bill-to the Committee on Ways and Means . . BY Mr. HAG;ER: P~tition of c~tizens of Iowa and honorably PETITIONS. ETC. discharged Umon soldiers and sa.J.lors of tbe late war, for a just Under clause 1 of Rule XXII, the following petitions and pa and equitable service-pension law-to the Committee on Invalid pers were laid on the Clerk's desk and referred as follows: Pensions. . By Mr. ALDRICH: Petition of F. W. Targent and 19 others, By Mr. HARE: Petition of John T. Monnett and 24 others of citizens in tho iron and steel foundry business at Chicago, pro Grand Peairie Township, Marion County, Ohio, against the p~s testing against the passage of the Wilson tariff bill-to the Com sage of the Wilson tariff bill-to the Committee on Ways and mittee on Ways and Meru1s. Means. Also, petition of Francis F . Browne and 35 others, education By Mr. HEINER of Pennsylvania: Petition of farmers and alists and university meri, asking for the removal of the duty on wool-growers of Indiana County, Pa., protesting against the pas books printed in the English language-to the Committee on sage of the Wilson tariff bill-to the Committee on Ways and Ways and Means. Means. Also, petition of Ellen Judson, widow of Charles Judson, late By Mr. HENDERSON of Iowa: Petition of 13 Union ex-sol of Company G, Eightieth New York Volunteers! for special leg diers, of Bremer County, Iowa, praying for a ,service-pension islation in her behalf-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. law-to the Committe~ on Invalid Pensions. By Mr. ARNOLD: Resolutions of Farmers and Laborers' By Mr. HICKS: Petition of citizens of .Johnstown, P a., for ad Union, of Bollinger County, Mo., protesting against a new issue mission of art goods free of duty-to the Committee on Ways of Government bonds-to the Committee on Banking and Cur and Means. · rency. By Mr. JOHNSON of Ohio: Evidence in support of House bill By Mr. AVERY: Communication from Franklin Edison and to place on the pension roll the name of Mrs. Mary A. Williams John C. Mott, asking for the repeal of special law authorizing to the Committee on Pensions. the distillation of alcohol for vinegar-making without the pay Also, evidence in support of House bill 3008 for the relief of ment of taxes-to the Committee on Ways and Means. Gustav A. Balzer-to the Committe3 on War Claims. Also, letter from the Duluth Chamber of Commerce, and res By Mr. MAGNER: Petition of citizens of the city of Brook olution of the Duluth Stock Exchange, protesting against putting, lyn engaged in the flint-glass industry, protestinD' against the iron ore on the free list-to the Committee on Ways and Means. passage of the Wilson bill-to the Committee on Ways and By Mr. BAKER of New Hampshire: Petition of 60 employes Means. of the-Page Belting Company, of Concord, N.H., remonstrating By lvir. MARTIN of Indiana: Remonstrance of John Delaney against the Wilson bill-to the Committee on Ways and Means. and 22 other citizens of Converse, Ind., against the reduction of Also, petition of 47 of the employes of the Contoocook Mills, the tariff duty on foreign-made green and fl int glass bottles--'to of Hillsborough Bridge, N.H., protesting against the passaO'e the Committee on Ways and Means. of the Wilson bill-to the Committ~e on Ways and Means. "' Also, remonstrance of the Dillow Glass Company, Levi Scott By Mr. BLAIR: Memorial of the Central Labor Union, of and 107 other citizens of Fairmont, Ind., against the reductio~ Concord, N. H., protesting against the evils of telegraphic mo of the tariff duty upon green and fl int-glass bottles proposed in nopoly, and declaring in favor of the control of the telegraph by the Wilson bill-to the Committee on Ways and Means. the Government, and requesting their Representatives to labor By Mr. MILLIKEN: Petition of H . 0. Farrar and others, re to securethesuccessof this petition-to the Committee on Inter monstrants, against the Wilson tariff bill-to the Committee on state and Foreign Commerce. Ways and Means. By Mr. BROOKSHIRE: Petition of J. G. Garrigus and 32 Also, petition of R. G. Henderson and others, remonstrants others, citizens of Parke County, Ind., in favor of the Wilson ag-ainst the Wilson tariff bill-to the Committee on Ways and tariff bill, and declaring protection a" fJ·aud and a robbery " Means. to the Committee on Ways and Means. Also, petition of J. H. Walker and others, remonstrants, By Mr. BUNDY: Petition of P.R. Emmitt and 22 other citi against the Wilson tariff bill-to the Committee on Ways and zens of Mount Vernon Furnace, Lawrence County, Ohio, protest Means. ing against the passage of the so-called Wilson bill-to the Com Also, petition of Charles C. Chandler and others, remon mittee on Ways and Means. strants, against the Wilson tariff bill-to the Committee on Also, petition of James T. Hailey and 61 others, citizens of Ways and Means. Coal Grove, Lawrence County~ Ohio, protesting against the pas Also, -petition of J . F. Brallier and others, remonstrants, sage of the so-called Wilson tariff bill-to the Committee on against the Wilson tariff bill- to the Committee on Ways and Ways and Means. Means. By Mr. BYNUM: Petition of Milton H. Daniels and 81 other Also, remonstrance of John H . Steward and others auainstthe citizens of Indianapolis, Ind., in favor of the passage of an act to Wilson hriff bill-to the Cummittee on Ways and Me~s. . amend the act of February 14, 1885, relative to the enlisted men Also, remonstrance of Ed win M. White and others against the of the United States Army and Navy-to theCommitteeon Mil Wilson briff bill-to the Committee on Wavs and Means. itary Affairs. By Mr. MORSE: Petition of the Coal Cl~b of Boston and vi By Mr. CANNON of Illinois: Papers to accompany House bill cinity, praying for additional safeguards for Boston Harbor-to '5254--to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. 1894. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 1047

ByMr.NORTHWAY: Remonstrance of Wool Growers' Asso HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. ciation of Portage County, Ohio, against the passage of the Wil son tariff bill-to the Committee on Ways and Means. FRIDAY, {anua'ry 19, 1894. Also, remonstrance of John D. Daily and 85 others, of Franklin The House met at 11 o'clock a. m. Prayer by the Chaplain, Township, Summit County, Ohio, against the passage of the Rev. E. B. BAGBY. Wilson t.ITiff bill-to the Committee on Ways and Means. The Journal of yesterday's proceedings was read and approved. Also, remonstrance of F. W. Rockmer and~18others, of Akron, Summit County, Ohio, against the_ passage of the Wilson tariff W. M. JAMES VS. THE UNITED STATES. bill-to the Committee on Ways and Means. The SPEAKER laid before the House a communication from Also, remonstrance of William Smith and 120 others, of Green, the Court of Claims, transmitting findings of fact in the case of Summit County, Ohio, against the passage of the Wilson tariff W. M. James, deceased. against the United States; which was bill- to the Committee on Ways and Means. • referred to the Committee on War Claims, and ordered to be Also, remonstrance of John P. Williams and 60 others, of Loyd, printed. Portage County, Ohio, against the passage of the Wilson tariff BRIGHTWOOD RAILWAY COMPANY. bill-to the Committee on Ways and Means. The SPEAKER laid before the House a report of the opera Also, remonstrance of E. 0. Fitch and 18 others, of Vernon, tions of the Brightwood Railway Company for the year ending Trumbull County: Ohio, against the p!:tssage of the Wilson tariff December 31, 1l:S93, submitted by the District Commissioners; bill-to the Committee on Ways and Means. which was referred to the Committee on the District of Colum Also, remonstrance of E. E. Ba.rnes and 120 others, of Cort bia, and ordered to be printed. land, Trumbull County, Ohio. against the passage of the Wilson tariff bill-to the Committee on Ways and Means. AGREEMENT WITH THE YANKTON TRIBE OF SIOUX INDIANS. Also, remonstrance of Frank Hitchcock and 145 others, of The SPEAKER laid before the House a letter from the Sec Hubbard, Trumbull County, Ohio, against the passage of the retary of the Interior, trasmitting an agreement with the Yank Wilson tariff bill-to the Committee on Ways and Means. ton tribe of Sioux Indians of December 31, 1892; which was re Also, remonstrance of S .' F. Beycraft and 437 others, of Niles, fe rred to the Committee on Indian Affairs, and ordered to be Trumbull County, Ohio, againstthepassageof the Wilson bill printed. to the Committee on Wavs and Means. MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE. By Mr. O'NEIL: Protest of employes of A. Wolf and others, of New York, against the passage of the Wilson tariff bill-to A message h·om the Sen~te, by Mr. PLATT, one of its clerks, the Committee on Wavs and Me:ms. announced that_ the Senate had passed the bill (8.15) for the Also: protest of empioyes of J. S. Mooers and others, of Maine, erection of an equestrian statute of Maj. Gen. John Stark in the against the passage of the Wilson tariff bill-to the Committee city of Manchester, N. H.; in which the concurrence of the on Ways and Means. House was requested. Also, protest of employes of B. H. Ba.ff, of New Jersey, against · The message also announced that the Senate had passed, with the pass1ge of the Wilson tariff bill-to the Committee on Ways amendments, bills of the following titles; in which the concur and Means. . rence of the House was requested: Also, protest of employes of Freeland, Loomis & Co., and A bill (H. R.4292) to amend section 3709 of the Revised Stat many other ready-made clothing manufacturers of Boston and utes relating to contracts for supplies in the Departments at vicinity, against the passage of the Wilson tariff bill-to the Com Washington. mittee on Ways and Means. A bill (H. R. 4610)to improve the methods of accounting in the By Mr. OUTHWAITE: Petition of Typographical Union of Post-Office Department, and for .other purposes. Columbus, Ohio, urging the passage of a bill providing for the A. CCOUNTS OF THE POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT. establishment of GoverllJllent telegraph lines.=-to the Commit The SPEAKER laid before the House a bill (H.R. 4610} to im tee on the Post-Office and Post-Roads. prove the method of accounting in the Post-Office Department, Also, petition of citizens of Columbus, Ohio, urging the pas and for other purposes, with Senate amendment. sage of a bill providing fortheestablishmentof Governmenttel The Senate amendment was read. egraph lines-to the Committee on the Post-Office and Post Mr. DOCKERY. Mr. Speaker, this amendment only makes Roads. ·more definite and certain the purpose of the bilL I !!lOVe that By Mr. PIGOTT (by request): R-emonstrance of Christ Wert it ba concurred in. meyee and others, of Meriden, Conn., against a reduction of Mr. DINGLEY. That should be done, Mr. Speaker. tariff on cut glass-to the Committee on Ways and Means. The Senate amendment was concurred in. By Mr. ROBINSON of Pennsylvania: Petition of farmers of On motion of Mr. DOCKERY, a motion to reconsider the vote Elam. Delaware County, Pa., protesting against the passage of by which the Senate amendment was concurred in was laid on the Wilson bill-to the Committee on Ways and Means. the table. By Mr. SPERRY: Petition of farmers, growers of cigar leaf The SPEAKER. The Clerk will call the committees for re tob.lCco, of Hartford, Conn., against the Wilson bill-to the ports. Committee on Ways and Means. CONTESTED-ELECTION CASE-WHATELY AGAINST COBB. By Mr. STEPHENSON: Memorial of James Ma~Naughton and 90 others, citizens of Iron Mountain, regardless of party re Mr. T-AYLOR of Tennessee. Mr. Speaker, I am directed bv lations, representing that great suffering already prevails as a the Committee on Elections to submit to the House a report ill result of uncertain tariff legislation, and protesting against the the contested-election case of Whately against Cobb of Ala proposed action of Congress in placing-iron ore oh the free list bama, and ask that it be placed on the Calendar, and.that the to the Committee on Ways and Means. report be-printed. By Mr. STEVENS: Petition of i25 citizens of NorthAndover, The SPEAKER. That order will be made, and the case will Mass., protesting against the passage of the Wilson bill-to the be placed on the House Calendar. · Committee on Ways and Means. · CONTESTED-ELECTION CASE-O'NEILL AGAINST JOY. By Mr. TflO~iAS: Peti.tion of Orris Uhlman & Co., Schauk & Jacobs, Elisha A. Robinson & Co., and 6 others, of Chicago, Mr. PATTERSON. Mr. Speaker, I am requested bv the asking for an appropriation for the improvement of Saugatuck Committee on Elections to file the report of the Committee on Harbor Michigan-to the Committee on Rivers and Harbors. Elections in the contested-election case of O'Neill against Joy. Also, petition of G. La.sher & Son, Willhm Ostalay, J. L. I ask that it be -placed upon the Calendar and printed. Cehla & Co., and 84 others, citizens and business men of Chi The SPEAKER. That order will be made. cago, Ill., asking for an appropriation for the improvement of Leave was granted to Mr. DANIELS to file the views of the mi the harbor of Saugatuck, Mich.-to the Committee on Rivers nority; which were ordered to be printed with the report of the and Harbors. committee. By Mr, UPDEGRAFF: Petition of John R. Waller and others, SECTIONS 5579 AND 5591 OF THE REVISED STATUTES. farmers and business men of Rockford, Iowa, against the Wilson , . . . tariff bill because it makes wool free-to the Committee on Ways Mr. WOLVERTON, from t~e Cornmrttee on the Judiet~ry, and Means. - r~ported ~ack !avorably the b1ll ( H.~· 5219) to amend sect:ons By Mr. WILSON of Washington: Petition of citizens of La 5o,9a~d 5::>~1, Title LXXIII, of theR.eVlsedStatutes of the -gruted Connor, Skagit County, Wash., for an additional appropriation States, wh1~h .'~as referred to the Hous!3Calendar, and, wrth the fm· the Swinomish Slough improvement, in the State of Wash- accompanymg report, ordered to be prmted. ington-to the Committee on Rivers and Harbors. PENSIONS TO NONRESIDENTS. By .Mr. WISE: Papers-to accompany House bill 5292-to the Mr. MARTIN of Indiana, from the Committee on Invalid Pen- Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. sions, submitted a supplementary report on the bill(S. U38) tQ