Church History Church History and and Religious Culture 101 (2021) 234–262 Religious Culture brill.com/chrc Inflating the Prestige of Demons Johan Wier’s Role-Playing Hans de Waardt Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
[email protected] Abstract In the sixteenth century, witchcraft was generally thought to be a grave danger. Specific people, a majority of them women, were believed to threaten the world as servants of the Devil. In his De praestigiis daemonum, published in 1563, the Dutch / German physician Johan Wier argued that human beings were unable to perform witchcraft and that the women who were accused were innocent but often deluded by demons into believing that they were guilty. In his plea for tolerance Wier was inspired by his brother Matthias and the spiritualist prophet David Joris. In order to convince his read- ers he used their prejudices, that he himself rejected, about the power of demons and the intellectual capacities of women. Keywords JohanWier –De praestigiis daemonum – MatthiasWier – witchcraft – demonic power – tolerance In sixteenth-century Europe witchcraft was considered a major problem. Many learned theologians and magistrates believed that witches had concluded a pact with the devil to wreak havoc with his assistance.1 It should, however, be emphasised that this view was not adopted unimpaired.2 The spiritualist 1 The major analysis of this subject is without doubt the magisterial study of Stuart Clark, Thinking with Demons: The Idea of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe (Oxford, 1997). 2 On this see Walter Stephens, Demon Lovers: Witchcraft, Sex, and the Crisis of Belief (Chicago, 2003).