The Integration of Multimodal Public Transportation in Addis Ababa Berhanu Woldetensae Hussen

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The Integration of Multimodal Public Transportation in Addis Ababa Berhanu Woldetensae Hussen Sustaining Sustainable Mobility : the Integration of Multimodal Public Transportation in Addis Ababa Berhanu Woldetensae Hussen To cite this version: Berhanu Woldetensae Hussen. Sustaining Sustainable Mobility : the Integration of Multimodal Public Transportation in Addis Ababa. History. Université de Lyon, 2016. English. NNT : 2016LYSE2042. tel-01491010 HAL Id: tel-01491010 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01491010 Submitted on 16 Mar 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. N°d’ordre NNT : 2016LYO20041 THESE de DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE LYON Opérée au sein de L’UNIVERSITÉ LUMIÈRE LYON 2 École Doctorale : ED 483 Sciences sociales Géographie, Aménagement et Urbanisme Soutenue publiquement le 27 mai 2016, par : Berhanu Woldetensae HUSSEN Sustaining Sustainable Mobility: The Integration of Multimodal Public Transportation in Addis Ababa Favoriser une mobilité durable: L’intégration du transport public multimodal à Addis Abeba Devant le jury composé de : Bruno FAIVRE D’ARCIER, Professeur émérite, Université Lumière Lyon 2, Président Pierre ZEMBRI, Professeur des universités, Université Paris Est Marne-La-Vallée Jérôme LOMBARD, Directeur de Recherches, Institut Recherche Développement Didier PLAT, Ingénieur Divisionnaire M.E. H.D.R., École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l’État, Directeur de thèse Université Lumière Lyon 2 Ecole doctorale Sciences Sociales ED 483 Laboratoire Aménagement Economie Transports Favoriser une mobilité durable : l’intégration du transport public multimodal à Addis Abeba Sustaining Sustainable Mobility: The Integration of Multimodal Public Transportation in Addis Ababa Thèse présentée et soutenue publiquement par Berhanu Woldetensae HUSSEN en vue de l’obtention d’un Doctorat de Sciences Sociales Mention Géographie, Aménagement et Urbanisme Le 27 Mai 2016 Jury : Jérôme Lombard (Rapporteur) , Directeur de Recherche, IRD Pierre Zembri (Rapporteur), Professeur, Université Paris Est Marne-la Vallée Bruno Faivre d’Arcier (Examinateur, Président du jury) , Professeur émérite, Université Lumière Lyon 2 Didier Plat (Directeur de thèse), Ingénieur Divisionnaire T.P.E., Habilité à Diriger des Recherches Favoriser une mobilité durable : l’intégration du transport public multimodal à Addis Abeba Sommaire Remerciements Sommaire Liste des abréviations CHAPITRE 1 : Introduction 1.1 Contexte 1.2 Objectifs de recherche 1.3 Questions de recherche 1.4 Méthodologie de recherche 1.5 Limites 1.6 Structure de la thèse CHAPITRE 2 : Le contexte d’Addis-Abeba 2.1 Histoire et géographie 2.2 Gouvernance 2.3 Urbanisation 2.4 Structure et répartition de la population 2.5 Economie 2.6 Finance 2.7 Développement urbain et planification urbaine 2.8 Planification du transport 2.9 Institutions de planification urbaine 2.10 Institutions de planification du transport 2.11 Offre et demande de transport 2.12 Conclusion et discussion CHAPITRE 3 : Le système de transports en commun à Addis-Abeba Impressions préliminaires 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Modes et performances des transports en commun 3.3 Terminaux et pôles d’échange 3.4 Tarifs, subventions et résultats financiers des transports en commun 3.5 Nouveaux systèmes de transports en commun : train léger et service rapide par bus 3.6 Conclusion et discussion I CHAPITRE 4 : Intégration des transports en commun : analyse documentaire 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Qu’est-ce que l’intégration ? 4.3 Formes d’intégration des transports en commun 4.4 Intégration des transports en commun avec planification et développement urbains 4.5 Etudes de cas d’intégration 4.6 Intégration du transport adapté 4.7 Enjeux et stratégies pour l’intégration 4.8 Cadre de l’intégration des transports en commun 4.9 Conclusion et recommandations CHAPITRE 5 : Enquêtes sur les déplacements des ménages : constatations empiriques et implications 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Le processus d’enquête 5.3 Description des wereda-échantillons 5.4 Résultats de l’enquête 5.5 Conclusion et discussion CHAPITRE 6 : Système de transports en commun multimodal intégré à Addis-Abeba 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Processus de mise en œuvre de l’intégration des transports en commun à Addis-Abeba 6.3 Conclusion et discussion CHAPITRE 7 : Conclusion et discussion 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Méthodologies 7.3 Développement urbain, planification urbaine et transport urbain 7.4 Les transports en commun à Addis-Abeba 7.5 Qu’est-ce que l’intégration des transports en commun ? 7.6 Conclusions empiriques 7.7 Cadre de l’intégration des transports en commun à Addis-Abeba 7.8 Recommandations pour de futures recherches Bibliographie Liste des schémas Liste des tableaux Liste des annexes Table des matières Annexes II Chapitre 1. Introduction 1.1 Contexte L'Afrique Subsaharienne est la partie la moins urbanisée du monde et va subir un processus rapide d'urbanisation dans les prochaines décennies. Le niveau d'urbanisation en Éthiopie est faible. L'Éthiopie, faisant partie de l'Afrique Subsaharienne, va connaitre un rythme accéléré de croissance urbaine et d'urbanisation. En Éthiopie, le taux d'urbanisation est passé de 11,4 % en 1984 à 13,7 % en 1994 et 15,7 % en 2004 (CSA, 2008). Il devrait atteindre 24 % en 2020 (PNUD, 2012). Actuellement, il y a 927 implantations urbaines en Éthiopie et l'urbanisation est estimée à environ 17 % (CSA, 2008). Addis-Abeba, avec une superficie de 540 km2 et une population de 3,1 millions d’habitants (Demographia World Urban Areas, 2012), connait des transformations socio-économiques et physiques à un rythme soutenu. La ville est non seulement le centre politique, commercial, économique et financier du pays, mais aussi une ville internationale servant de siège à l'Union africaine et à beaucoup d'organisations internationales. Addis-Abeba a subi une forte croissance de sa population qui a plus que doublé entre 1964 et 1984 et de nouveau entre 1984 et 2012. La population de la ville augmente actuellement à un taux d'environ 2,1 % par an et devrait atteindre 4,6 millions de personnes en 2020 selon l’Office Central de Statistiques (CSA, 2008). Bien que les villes régionales soient de plus en plus importantes en raison de la décentralisation et de la politique de développement régional du gouvernement actuel, Addis- Abeba en tant que métropole va continuer à attirer de nombreux migrants et connaitre une croissance énorme de sa population à l'avenir. Corrélativement, la demande en matière de transport va augmenter dans les années à venir en raison de la croissance de l'urbanisation, des revenus et de l'expansion physique de la ville. Une étude du transport urbain (ERA, 2005) montre que la longueur des trajets ainsi que les taux de mobilité sont en augmentation. Selon cette étude, le taux de mobilité en 2005 était de 1,07 déplacement/personne/jour produisant 3,35 millions de trajets par jour et devrait passer à 1,4 déplacement/personne/jour en 2020, produisant ainsi 7,7 millions de déplacements de personne par jour. La part des déplacements motorisés dans la mobilité totale devrait augmenter de 0,43 déplacement/personne/jour en 2005 à 0,7 en 2020. Bien qu’en légère baisse, la marche est toujours le mode de transport le plus important de la ville. Il était de 70 % en 1984 et a légèrement baissé à 60 % en 2005. Malgré une tendance haussière, le niveau de motorisation dans la ville est faible (1 véhicule pour 42 personnes) et la part des véhicules personnels comme mode de transport individuel, d’environ 8 %, est resté constant au fil des années (Woldetensae et al., 2011). Les expériences quotidiennes et plusieurs études indiquent que le système de transports en commun existant à Addis-Abeba ne répond pas à la demande existante de transport (ORAAMP, 2001, ERA, 2005, FDRE, 2008). Pourtant, les transports en commun continuent d’être un moyen important de mobilité motorisée pour la population de la ville. Comme il n'y a aucun transport en commun urbain basé sur le ferroviaire, la ville dépend exclusivement d’un système de transports en commun basé sur la route. Les transports en commun sont assurés par l'entreprise publique Anbessa et des milliers d’opérateurs privés de taxis-minibus, de midibus, de berlines et de tricycles (Bajajas ). L’Office des Transports d'Addis Abeba (2012) a évalué qu'environ 18 000 véhicules de transports en commun sont opérationnels quotidiennement dans la ville, les taxis-minibus de 12 places et les berlines représentant environ 90 % de la flotte totale. Compte-tenu d’une faible densité d'infrastructure routière (13 % de l’espace total), le grand nombre de véhicules de transport en commun de faible III capacité accentue la pression sur les axes principaux de la ville enclins aux encombrements. Les bus et les taxis représentaient 22 % de la part modale en 1984 mais 32 % 2005. Au cours de cette période, il faut noter que la part des taxis a augmenté significativement de 10 % en 1984 à 21 % en 2005, tandis que la part des bus a légèrement diminué de 12 % à 11 % au cours de la même période (Woldetensae, 1996, Woldetensae et al., 2011, ERA, 2005). Une étude (Woldetensae et al., 2011) indique que la performance globale de la société publique Anbessa a baissé et, en effet, la clientèle des bus de la ville a diminué de 50 % entre 2002 et 2010. Bien que les minibus fournissent un service de transports en commun significatif, comme l’indique leur part modale élevée, leur nombre n'est pas suffisant pour couvrir la demande considérable de transport.
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