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I Innovation Adaptation in Urban Light-Rail Transport i Innovation Adaptation in Urban Light-Rail Transport Innovation Adaptation in Urban Light-Rail Transport Adapting Pricing and Infrastructural Innovations using Frugal Approach in Ethiopia and Nigeria iii Innovation Adaptation in Urban Light-Rail Transport Innovation Adaptation in Urban Light-Rail Transport Adapting pricing and infrastructural innovations using frugal approach in Ethiopia and Nigeria Innovatie en aanpassing in stedelijk light-rail vervoer Aanpassing van beprijzing- en infrastructuurinnovaties met behulp van een sobere aanpak in Ethiopië en Nigeria Thesis to obtain the degree of Doctor from the Erasmus University Rotterdam by command of the rector magnificus Prof. dr. R.C.M.E. Engels and in accordance with the decision of the Doctorate Board. The public defence shall be held on Friday May 8, 2020 at 11.30 hrs by Taslim Adebowale Alade born in Kano, Nigeria Innovation Adaptation in Urban Light-Rail Transport iv Doctoral Committee: Promoter: Prof. dr. J. Edelenbos Other members: Prof. dr. H. Geerlings Prof. dr. ir. T. Tillema Prof. dr. P. Knorringa Copromoter: Dr. A. Gianoli v Innovation Adaptation in Urban Light-Rail Transport Dedication I dedicate this PhD dissertation to my late father and mother, Abdulrahman Babatunde Alade and Esther Eyinade Alade; for giving me a solid and deeply rooted foundation in education. Our parent made sure we had all we needed, especially when it comes to our education. They also encouraged us to push the limits and always aim high, no matter the challenges on the way. I love you both. Innovation Adaptation in Urban Light-Rail Transport vi Acknowledgments First, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Jesus Christ, our Lord and saviour, for His love, sponsorship of the PhD studies, grace, empowerment, protection, provision, and mercy upon my life and family. Indeed, The Lord has made everything beautiful in its time; also, He has put eternity in their hearts, except that no one can find out the work that God does from beginning to end (Ecclesiastes 3:11). I am extremely and extra-ordinarily grateful to my promoter, Prof. Dr. Jurian Edelenbos, for his genuine mentorship, constructive feedback, useful inputs, guidance, care, encouragement, open-door policy, patience and empowerment during the whole PhD research and article writing period. You will always have a special place in my heart, because you have impacted me positively to further impact the world; and you have stood your grounds to support me during my challenging times; and you have created good opportunities for me to participate in several academic and research activities. I will forever appreciate and cherish you. You are an excellent and diligent world-class leader. Thank you very much. I am also extremely and extra-ordinarily grateful to my co-promoter Dr. Alberto Gianoli for his genuine mentorship since my master’s degree period, constructive feedback, useful inputs, guidance, care, encouragement, open-door policy, patience and empowerment during the whole PhD research and article writing period. I also appreciate how you created good opportunities for me to express my abilities through participation in several academic and research activities; your openness and good-will support. Thank you very much. I sincerely appreciate other members of the Doctoral Committee; Prof. dr. P. Knorringa for your constructive feedback and useful inputs, and for providing me with the opportunity to attend the frugal innovation workshops during my PhD period. I also sincerely appreciate Prof. dr. H. Geerlings, Prof. dr. ir. T. Tillema, Prof. dr. Martin de Jong and Dr. Jan Fransen; for their constructive feedback and contributions, as part of the evaluation committee. I am deeply honored to have you all as part of the doctoral committee members. I would also like to appreciate Prof Chibuike Uche from Leiden University, the Netherlands, for his constructive inputs on article writing. From the bottom of my heart, with the deepest sense of love and gratitude, I would like to say a big thank you to my wife – Mrs Adenike Olusola Alade, for her love, patience, encouragement, support, care and partnership during my PhD period. For your belief in our PhD as a next step and leaving all your lucrative businesses in Nigeria to join me in The Netherlands, all for the sake of love and unity of our family. Indeed, this PhD wouldn’t have been possible without my beautiful, courageous and diligent wife, who stood by me through all the rollercoaster ride of vii Innovation Adaptation in Urban Light-Rail Transport the PhD journey. You are indeed a great wife, who am so lucky to have. I also appreciate our son – Emmanuel Oladimeji Alade and our daughter Deborah Aduragbemi Alade, for their love, patience, encouragement and support. I also deeply appreciate my beautiful sisters – Mrs Banke Balogun, Mrs Bola Adewunmi and Mrs Nike German and my wonderful in-laws – Mr Yahaya Balogun, Mr Emmanuel Toyin Adewunmi, Mr German Ihihian, Mr Tunde and Mrs Bisi Faboyo, and Mrs Aduke Pearse for their love, prayers and support. My sincere gratitude to the former Director General of the National Space Research and Development Agency; Dr. Seidu Onailo Mohammed; Director of Strategic Space Applications – Dr. Halilu Ahmed Shaba; Deputy Director and Head of Cadastral and Urban Space Applications Division – Dr. Matthew Olumide Adepoju; for providing me with the opportunity of time for study leave to pursue this PhD. I would like to sincerely appreciate Dr. Ogenis Brilhante, for his genuine kindness and support, in providing me with concrete opportunities, which he created for me to learn from his wealth of experience and build more work experience in the academics, through thesis supervisions and lecturing. Thank you very much. In similar light of creating concrete opportunities to learn and build more work experience, I really appreciate the support of Ore Fikka, Stelios Grafakos, Ronald Wall, Julia Skinner and Saskia Ruijsink. I am very grateful to Kees van Rooijen, Carley Pennik and Jan Fransen for creating an enabling environment to foster my PhD, amidst studying and building work experience of academic, research and project activities. I sincerely appreciate Prof. dr. Lucas Meijs of the Rotterdam School of Management, for his fatherly role to my wife and I, and his unflinching support for our career. Thank you very much. My sincere appreciation to Sharon Welsh, for professionally, diligently and meticulously editing my PhD manuscript; and providing good library support. Also, my appreciation to Nigel Brown for his consistent, humble and diligent support with required articles and books for my research from various libraries and sources. Thank you - Mariza Wulff for your professional Dutch language translation, Mahlet Yilema for the Amharic question formulation and testing, Stefana Cozan for her constructive editing inputs and Anteneh Getnet Dagnachew for your guidance during my fieldwork at Addis-Ababa. My sincere appreciation also to the IHS PhD team – Peter Scholten, Laura Aniche, Hanna Schultz, and Annette van Engen; for their effective coordination of the IHS PHD program. I also appreciate the IHS-EMO team – Cocky Adams, René van der Zwet, and Ruud Frank for their kindness and support. Innovation Adaptation in Urban Light-Rail Transport viii Thank you to the Dean of graduate school - Prof. dr. Liesbet van Zoonen for her magnificent leadership of the graduate school and provision of innovative PhD courses to support PhD’s in their academic and life pursuit. Thank you also to Fadi Hirzalla, the EUR methodology consultant, for his constructive feedback on my research methodology. Appreciation of friendship to Paul Rabe, Elena Marie Enseñado, Etim Offiong, Somesh Sharma, Zahrah Musa, Ismaila Adulsalam, Petra van der Stoel, Gerjan van Zoest and Alexander Jachnow. My appreciation of impactful fieldwork collaboration to Eng.Tony Agbakoba from Abuja light-rail transport, Eng. Henok Bogale, Mr. Tilahun Sarka, and Mr. Awoke Mulu from Ethiopian Railway Corporation (ERC), Mr. Seye Odukogbe – founder of cycle to class from the UK, Dr. Frederic Oladeinde, Mr. Olasunkanmi Okusaga, Mr. Muyiwa Omopariola from Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority (LAMATA). My appreciation of friendship, prayers and fellowship to Pastors Dele and Bukky - Olowu, Pastors Daniel and Wendy -Vos, Pastor Bolaji Lasisi, Pastors Ibrahim and Ebunoluwa - Abarshi, Pastors Sola and Titi - Olukoya, Pastors Chinedu and Oby - Ezekwesili, Pastors John and Janvier - Ouko, Pastor Sola Adeboyejo, Pastors Tope and Irene - Agbana, Pastors Solomon and Bukky -Kajogbola, Pastors Tosin keem and Keisha Karina - Larrys, Pastors Michael and Lola - Oyinlola, Mr Maurice and Mrs Margreet - Uwaoma, Pastors Bidemi and Foluke -Bosun, Mr Akinwole and Mrs Suzette -Akinwale and their children, Mr Bengyella Gwanmesia, Mr George Tanyi, Mrs Funmi Modebola-Fadimine, Mr Kees and Mrs Lydia - Kropff, Mr Vincent and Mrs Deborah - Hietbrink, Ms Lilian Gonzalez, Mr Filippo Lironi, Mr Robert-Jan and Mrs Salva Dembele -Wensing and Hildegard Ferreira, Mr Frederic Biguru, Mr Andre and Mrs Renate -van der Linden. My appreciation of friendship to my PhD colleagues – Daniel Adamu, Mej Audrey Esteban, Satya Patchineelam, Akram Muhammad, Vicky Ariyanti Wicaksono, Andy Wicaksono, Muhammad Irfani, Poeti Nazura Gulfira Akbar, Palakodeti d’Anil Kumar, Yirang Lim, Min Cai, Helen Zhu, Genea Canelles, Wagner Rufino, Siriwan R. Beebee, Anthonio Cannez-Cota, Yasser Qaffas, Masumbuko Idd, Stefano Criser, Natali Ginting, Erida Cu, Mukta Naik, Tannya
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