Journal-Health, Education and Welfare Gender Perspective In

1 Article Journal-Health, Education and Welfare December 2018 Vol.2 No.3 1-8

Gender perspective in university students. A review of your perceptions and academic trajectories

Perspectiva de género en estudiantes universitarios. Una revisión de sus percepciones y trayectorias académicas

GUERRERO-AZPEITIA, Luis Arturo†*

Universidad Politécnica Metropolitana de Hidalgo

ID 1st Author: Luis Arturo, Guerrero-Azpeitia / ORC ID: 0000-0002-8905-7243, Researcher ID Thomson: P-3905-2018, CVU CONACYT ID: 653267

Received July 28, 2018; Accepted September 30, 2018

Abstract Resumen

This article aimed to characterize the perceptions of Este artículo tuvo como objetivo caracterizar las university students with regard to the gender perspective percepciones de estudiantes universitarios respecto a la according to their academic trajectories. To achieve this perspectiva de género en función de sus trayectorias goal, the object of study was constructed from a académicas. Para lograr tal cometido, el objeto de estudio sociological perspective based on the theoretical proposal se construyó desde una perspectiva sociológica basada en of Bourdieu in order to articulate the objective conditions la propuesta teórica de Bourdieu a fin de articular las and the corresponding production of subjectivity condiciones objetivas y la correspondiente producción de (opinions, beliefs and perceptions) of university students subjetividad (opiniones, creencias y percepciones) de in two institutions of polytechnic education. estudiantes universitarios en dos instituciones de Methodologically, the research was supported in a educación politécnica. Metodológicamente, el trabajo de compared perspective that recovered quantitative investigación se sustentó en una perspectiva comparada techniques for the analysis of data such as multiple que recuperó técnicas cuantitativas para el análisis de los correspondence analysis and multiple stepping. The main datos tales como el análisis de correspondencias múltiples results show the relationship between that the students y el escalonamiento múltiple. Los principales resultados show about the gender perspective and those conditions dan cuenta de la relación que existe entre las percepciones such as the academic trajectory and the socioeconomic que los estudiantes manifiestan respecto a la perspectiva context, consequently of the main conclusions the de género y aquellas condiciones tales como la trayectoria importance of the study of the gender perspective is académica y el contexto socioeconómico, en consecuencia, highlighted by the recovery of the objective conditions of de las principales conclusiones se destaca la importancia the social agents. These contributions provide both a que reviste para el estudio de la perspectiva de género la description of the gender perspective and those elements to recuperación de las condiciones objetivas de los agentes understand perceptions as a product of the objective sociales. Estas aportaciones proveen tanto una descripción conditions. de la perspectiva de género como aquellos elementos para comprender las percepciones como producto de las Gender perspective, subjectivity, academic trajectories condiciones objetivas.

Perspectiva de género, subjetividad, trayectorias académicas

Citation: GUERRERO-AZPEITIA, Luis Arturo. Gender perspective in university students. A review of your perceptions and academic trajectories. Journal Health, Education and Welfare 2018, 2-3: 1-8

* Correspondence to Author (email: [email protected]) † Researcher contributing first author

©RINOE Journal-Bolivia www.rinoe.org/bolivia

2 Article Journal-Health, Education and Welfare December 2018 Vol.2 No.3 1-8

Introduction Subsequently, the section associated with the analysis of results is presented, where The importance of the study of the gender the main differences and similarities between perspective as a category of analysis in the students of the selected analysis units are social sciences allows us to identify the spaces identified; a fifth section corresponds to the of inequality, injustice and inequality between conclusions, where the importance of the men and women and, although they have the sociocultural context and the baccalaureate of same rights at birth and throughout their lives, origin in the perceptions of the social agents are are the characteristics derived from an given; finally, some contributions and androcentric culture that establishes roles and recommendations are issued. stereotypes that condition opportunities and differences for both sexes (Camarena, Saavedra It should be mentioned that, as the and Ducloux (2015). reader will be able to review, an articulation was sought between the theoretical perspective, On the other hand, the approaches in the the methodological bet of the comparative feminist theory in the educational field are method and the techniques of multivariate based on the classical positions such as the analysis, since all of them are of a relational liberal, the socialist and the radical, as well as nature, which ensures a treatment and the postmodern; in relation to the liberal it is construction of the data from this perspective. conceived that the priorities are socialization, In this sense, in addition to the above, the main equality of opportunities and sex stereotypes contribution lies in the study of subjectivity and sexual discrimination processes. Regarding mediated through the perceptions of university the socialist approach, its character is liberating students from objective conditions. and the dissertation associated with the role of women in economic and family terms and, with This way of approaching the object of respect to the radical approach, advocates the study allowed to rescue objective techniques as repeal of patriarchal structures as well as the a means to study subjectivity in the social study of school regulations and the monopoly agents under study, which presupposes a not of knowledge (Gil, 2008). only relational approach, but also with a statistical rigor in its concretion even when the In this context, the article presented here scope of the present study is interpretive cut. aimed to characterize the perceptions of university students in relation to the gender Theoretical-conceptual references perspective according to their academic trajectories, specifically in terms of the For Bourdieu (1979) there is an articulation baccalaureate of origin and the corresponding between the objective conditions and the training area. The research questions were, corresponding production of subjectivity what are the perceptions of university students (opinions, beliefs, emotions and perceptions) of regarding the gender perspective? What relation social agents. Consequently, the author suggests does the sociocultural context have with these that in order to study the subjective or lived perceptions? Are there differences in the sense, it is necessary to know and recognize perceptions of students from two different those objective conditions that are precursors. regions of the country, but from the same educational subsystem? However, we must avoid the temptation to consider an antagonistic perspective between To achieve the stated objective and objectivity and subjectivity, in this way not answer the research questions, the article was only the interdependence between them is organized around different sections, the first of focused, but a dialectical relationship is which corresponds to the theoretical-conceptual assumed, since the social exists in both referents, where Bourdieu's theoretical structures external as in those considered as commitment is mainly recovered, for whom the social structures, that is, history made practical sense is the concretion of the objective institution and history made body respectively sense and the lived sense; in a second section, (Gutiérrez, 1997). the methodological resources of a relational nature are established, such is the case of the comparative method and the multivariate analysis. GUERRERO-AZPEITIA, Luis Arturo. Gender perspective in ISSN-2524-2075 RINOE® All rights reverved university students. A review of your perceptions and academic trajectories. Journal Health, Education and Welfare 2018 3 Article Journal-Health, Education and Welfare December 2018 Vol.2 No.3 1-8

Other authors such as Casañeda (2009) Methodology conceive in the recovery of the subject from a biological, cognitive, social and cultural basis; In order to achieve the objective, the present where it is also assumed as a product, but at the work was based on a comparative perspective same time as a producer of a reproductive that recovered quantitative techniques for the process in which it is necessary to recover the analysis of data such as multiple cited bases that favor the understanding of their correspondence analysis. own social practice. Multiple staging for the treatment and The structure that Bourdieu proposes for analysis of perceptions, as elements subjective, the study of social practices results in the of the social agents under study. integration of the objective sense and the subjective sense as a practical sense, the first of According to Guerrero (2017) the study them regulated by what he calls the field, which of subjectivity can be approached from a in turn causes the social agents to occupy a a perspective of comparative education, but certain position, while the second is constituted taking into consideration the objective by capital in addition to the habitus and gives conditions as producers of subjectivity as rise to dispositions (Bourdieu, 1979). perceptions, opinions, beliefs, values and emotions among other concepts. According to In this context, the field can be the author, comparative studies must move understood as a network of objective from an objectivist-realistic ontology to a relationships between the positions that social subjectivist-relativist one. In this way: agents occupy and are determined both by their present and potential conditions (Bourdieu and The recognition of subjectivities Wacquant, 2005). Regarding capital, it is requires a knowledge of the social with a considered as that work accumulated in a dynamic, unstable, circumstantial character, material state, internalized or incorporated where the language, experiences, the culture of (Bourdieu, 2001). each student, the educational policy, the management model of the educational Regarding the habitus, Giménez (1997, institution, the relations of homology and of p.6) considers that it recovers the cognitive, domination, values and emotions among other axiological and practical planes to have "a explanatory variables, play a very important multidimensional character is both eidos role in understanding that reality (Guerrero, (system of logical schemes or cognitive 2017, p.61). structures), ethos (moral dispositions), hexis (register of postures and gestures) and aisthesis In addition it is recognized that the (taste, aesthetic disposition) ". compared method aims, among other aspects, to determine the differences or similarities This conception enables the study of between two or more units of analysis, being subjectivity as a product of objective precisely the researcher who determines the conditions, but in turn reconstitutes them priority of focusing any of them in terms of through objectification processes, hence the theoretical-methodological positioning. importance of adopting a relational theoretical perspective that has an articulation with a Regarding a taxonomy of comparative methodological proposal that is also relational, studies, Collier (1994) establishes three types of since the real is the relational: what exists in the comparative analysis and those are: a) referred social world are relationships. No interactions to a systematic examination of statistical cut between agents or intersubjective bonds based on analysis of covariances, b) referrals between individuals, but objective relationships susceptible of being analyzed from a theoretical that exist "independently of individual perspective particular and c) those that focus a conscience or will", as Marx stated (Bourdieu more interpretive perspective where the and Wacquant, 2005, p.150). contexts of each unit of analysis take on special relevance. In this sense, the theoretical-conceptual referents were complemented by the selection of techniques in the same relational manner that were referenced in the following section. GUERRERO-AZPEITIA, Luis Arturo. Gender perspective in ISSN-2524-2075 RINOE® All rights reverved university students. A review of your perceptions and academic trajectories. Journal Health, Education and Welfare 2018 4 Article Journal-Health, Education and Welfare December 2018 Vol.2 No.3 1-8

Being this last type of analysis the one As well as an important automotive adopted in this research and that in addition to industry and logistics services. the Bourdieusian theoretical position allowed the concretion of a relational model between the Regarding Tolcayuca, it is a mainly interpretive categories, the social context and rural municipality dedicated mainly to the selected methodological techniques. agriculture and livestock, it does not have industrial parks installed in its territory, In a first methodological moment, it was although it borders the municipality of decided to take as units of analysis the Tizayuca where an industrial park is located, as Universidad Politécnica Metropolitana de well as with the municipality of Villa de Hidalgo (UPMH) and the Polytechnic Tezontepec where the Logistics Platform of University Bicentennial (UPB), the first of them Hidalgo (PLATAH) is built, although it is located in the municipality of Tolcayuca planned to be an important logistics node, it is Hidalgo and the second one based in the City of still in its initial construction phases. Silao Guanajuato, formally initiating operations in 2008 and 2010 respectively. Subsequently, By previous it was determined to the similarities and differences of the units of compare the perceptions of university students analysis were identified, which are assigned to the educational program of representatively presented below. Engineering in Logistics and Transport, since in both institutions that career is taught; Within the similarities that both subsequently, the interpretive categories were educational spaces have, in addition to the determined, as well as indicators of the regulations that are common to them when academic trajectories with the intention of belonging to the same educational subsystem, establishing the relationship between the they were based on the fact that both perceptions of the students and their institutions provide the Educational Program socioeconomic characteristics. (EP) of Engineering in Logistics and Transport (LTE) whose curricular design started in the In a second moment, a survey consisting last months of 2008 by the academic plant of of two sections was structured and applied, the the UPMH under the methodological first of them with questions referring to the supervision of the Coordination of Polytechnic sociocultural context and the second based on Universities (CPU), later in the month of July closed questions under a Likert scale modality 2009, academic staff is incorporated into the alluding to the perceptions of university curricular design works of which in the end it students regarding performance of women and would be the UPB; being in consequence the men in different spaces (4 items), to the gender two pioneering institutions not only in the SUP preference in terms of work (4 items) and roles but at the national level that gave this EP. In to be played (3 items). The data was processed 2017 the Accreditation Council of Engineering in SPSS and a Cronbach alpha reliability Education (CACEI) accredited the LTE EP in coefficient of 0.839 was obtained for students May 2017 and December 2017 respectively in (159), UPB and 0.841 for students (242) of each educational space. UPMH.

The differences were mainly in the Finally, in the third moment, the economic, agricultural and industrial responses were processed from the development of its corresponding multidimensional analysis and according to socioeconomic environment, Silao is home to Hair, Anderson, Tathan and Black (1999) an important techno-industrial zones such as the object has objective and subjective dimensions Expo Guanajuato Bicentenario, the Guanajuato so the technique called multiple correspondence International Airport and the Guanajuato analysis, in Both techniques of interdependence Interior Port, the latter It is a logistics and between variables or categories, facilitates their business complex composed of four industrial interpretation through the perceptual maps clusters, educational services, logistics services, generated from the interrelation of said commercial services, community services, variables. support and support services, innovation city, aerospace park as well as the presence of international organizations. In this space converge national and international companies. GUERRERO-AZPEITIA, Luis Arturo. Gender perspective in ISSN-2524-2075 RINOE® All rights reverved university students. A review of your perceptions and academic trajectories. Journal Health, Education and Welfare 2018 5 Article Journal-Health, Education and Welfare December 2018 Vol.2 No.3 1-8

The methodological commitment As a complement to the UPMH, the adopted facilitated both the theoretical- students of both genders were more inclined to procedural articulation and the interpretation of agree that women perform their activities better the data from a relational perspective and not in the different areas investigated with respect from the review from each of the interpretive to men, particularly those graduated from categories. The main findings are presented CETiS, CECyT, CONALEP and Colegio de below. Bachelors (in social-humanistic, physical- mathematical, economic-administrative and Results general baccalaureate areas of knowledge).

Regarding the gender of the students, the On the other hand, there was a greater number of women surveyed in the UPB was tendency to consider that men perform better slightly higher than that of the men (53.5% and their activities entrusted to high school / 46.5% respectively), while in the UPMH there vocational and preparatory students in line / was a reverse phenomenon, the female students open and, with an area of training in chemical- surveyed were lower than their male biological. counterparts (48.8% and 51.2% respectively). In accordance with the above, a What represents a total of 52.3% of similarity could be identified in terms of the women surveyed by 47.7% of men. Below are perception that women perform their functions the results derived from the treatment of student better in the political, governmental, business perceptions. and educational sectors than men, especially for students with technological sub-systems; Better performance of activities entrusted otherwise it happened with those students who according to gender come from general baccalaureates for whom men are more efficient in the performance of Regarding the perceptions about a better their duties. performance of women in the activities entrusted in the areas of politics, education, Gender preference in labor terms in the LTE business sector and government sector, the students were prone to value in block according In relation to the preference in labor fields of to the scale of assessment (totally in agreement, both the public and private sectors, support for of agreement, disagree and totally disagree) in productive projects and in society in general, both educational institutions. students of both genders tended to value en bloc (as in the previous section) in the same scale In the case of the UPB and in general, (totally agree, agree, disagree and totally students of both genders tended to consider disagree) in both educational institutions. their perceptions more focused on the fact that both genders develop their activities efficiently For students of the UPB, there was without any distinction in terms of gender. almost always a preference for the male gender However, it is the students from an open or in terms of work, being the graduates of private online baccalaureate (with a general schools, CONALEP, CBTIS, CBTA, CTMAR baccalaureate) who showed greater proclivity to and CETiS the most inclined, specifically those consider that men tend to be more efficient in whose area of training was in economic- terms of the development of their activities in administrative, chemical-biological and the various areas investigated. physical-mathematical; whereas those graduates of a general baccalaureate proper to the On the other hand, students from sub- subsystem of high school and with emphasis in systems of higher technological education such the social-humanistic area who expressed a as CONALEP, CECyT, CBTiS, CBTA and neutral perception regarding gender preference. CTMAR (with areas of physical-mathematical and social-humanistic knowledge) were more Regarding the UPMH, the students inclined to value a better performance of presented a greater dispersion in their women. perceptions, although they are those graduates of the different types of preparatory (general, particular, open or online) and Colegio de Bachilleres and CETiS. GUERRERO-AZPEITIA, Luis Arturo. Gender perspective in ISSN-2524-2075 RINOE® All rights reverved university students. A review of your perceptions and academic trajectories. Journal Health, Education and Welfare 2018 6 Article Journal-Health, Education and Welfare December 2018 Vol.2 No.3 1-8

Mainly in the social-humanistic areas Finally, among the antagonistic and economic-administrative who considered positions (agree and disagree), the students who that men are almost always given greater graduated from CECyT, CBTiS, CBTA and preference in the workplace; this situation CTMAR were taken specifically in economic- contrasts for the students graduated from administrative and physical-mathematical areas. CETiS and in the chemical-biological area who manifested an intermediate perception, that is to From the above it was observed that say, they consider that there are no preferences there is a greater dispersion in the opinions of in terms of gender. In this sense, it is observed the UPMH students regarding a greater that there was no correspondence between the polarization in the perceptions of their perceptions of the students of both genders of counterpart in the UPB. the two educational institutions, since in the case of the UPB it was the graduates of the On the other hand, similar perceptions most technological baccalaureates who thought were not identified in those students of the that men have higher preference, in counterpart same subsystem, which suggests that the in the UPMH were the graduates of general sociocultural and economic context in each baccalaureate who shared that perception. region affects their perceptions.

Gender and society Regarding the question whether women should prioritize the formation of a family In this section we present the results of the before their professional development, students students' perceptions of gender and society who come from CECyT or open or online high thematic relationships, for which an analysis school of the UPB were more inclined to was carried out for each one of the themes. express their disagreement, while those who graduated of Colegio de Bachilleres, a general Regarding the question of whether high school with social-humanistic, chemical- families should only be formed by heterosexual biological and physical-mathematical couples, students of the UPB expressed their knowledge areas tended to have a position total agreement are those who graduated from between disagreeing and totally disagreeing, CONALEP with economic-administrative which presumably would imply that women training area or those with general should not put their profession before the baccalaureate; those who expressed total formation of a family; the opposite situation disagreement were those graduates of CBTiS, occurred with the graduates of CONALEP and CBTA, CTMAR and Colegio de Bachilleres CETiS with training areas associated with without focusing on a particular training area; economic-administrative and general the rest of the graduates manifested an baccalaureate, who were inclined to express antagonistic position, since they expressed their their agreement that women should put the agreement and others disagreed. In these cases formation of a family. they include graduates of CECyT, CETiS and Preparatory high priority with physical- In this aspect, in the perceptions of mathematical, chemical-biological and social- UPMH students it was observed that, regarding humanistic training. the prioritization of women with respect to their professional development, there was a general In counterpart, students of the UPMH dispersion among students among the expressed their total agreement those graduates assessment scales, however, some with social-humanistic training area, in addition representative proclivities were presented. The those graduates with chemical-biological students expressed their proclivity to be totally training area were more likely to be in total in agreement in the premise under study when disagreement with such a premise, that is, they they are graduated from the social-humanistic agreed to that non-heterosexual couples can area although there was no predisposition form a family. regarding the type of baccalaureate.

Among these positions (totally agree Situation that did happen with those and totally disagree) were those students who manifested their total disagreement and graduates of a general baccalaureate proper to whose baccalaureate of origin is the open or the preparatory schools and College of online high school and those with an area of Bachelors. chemical-biological knowledge. GUERRERO-AZPEITIA, Luis Arturo. Gender perspective in ISSN-2524-2075 RINOE® All rights reverved university students. A review of your perceptions and academic trajectories. Journal Health, Education and Welfare 2018 7 Article Journal-Health, Education and Welfare December 2018 Vol.2 No.3 1-8

UPMH students presented an Conclusions antagonistic position between agreeing or disagreeing especially in those students The study of the gender perspective in graduated from physical-mathematical areas university students highlights the importance of and whose subsystem of origin is the CECyT, recovering objective conditions as producers of CBTiS, CBTA and CTMAR. subjectivity in social agents. Under this premise, this article presented empirical A situation similar to the previous one evidence that suggests the need, before the was also observed in this section in the sense study of perceptions in university students, to that there is a greater dispersion in the take into consideration those objective perceptions of UPMH students and a non- conditions that provide a point of reference correspondence in the perceptions of students tending to objectify said perceptions. of the same subsystem in different regions. In this sense, the articulation between Finally, regarding the perceptions of the the theoretical commitment, the comparative students regarding the importance of the method and the multivariate analysis techniques feminist movement, in the UPB, the answers used were an articulating axis that allowed to indicate that students coming from high schools identify a dynamism in the perceptions of the such as CECyT, private high school, open or agents with respect to gender equity, that is, online and / or with training areas in chemical- they did not identify a pattern associated biological and social-humanistic they tended to between the baccalaureate of origin and the disagree with this movement; while they agreed corresponding area of knowledge that was kept that students from CETiS and high school / constant in both units of analysis; which was vocational and in the physical-mathematical precisely one of the initial research areas were more inclined to this according to assumptions. the feminist movement; finally, students from CONALEP and in the Economic-administrative However, some invariants were areas and the general baccalaureate were the observed and they were precisely a greater ones who showed the greatest tendency to be dispersion in the perceptions of those students totally in agreement with the feminist assigned to the UPMH with respect to various movement. topics of gender and society, while in the UPB a greater tendency to polarization of the Regarding the responses of UPMH students was observed perceptions. This students, there was a tendency to be in total process suggests the influence of the disagreement with the feminist movement in sociocultural context of the students. those students coming from open or online high school; while those that come from CETiS and Where in the case of the UPMH the private and public / vocational high schools or proximity to Mexico City can be an explanatory with a formative area of economic- variable, since there is a greater openness for administrative sciences were in agreement with the recognition of various topics associated this movement; finally, students from CECyT with the perspective of gender (gender equity), and in physical-mathematical areas were the recognition of equal marriage and sexual ones who expressed their disagreement. preferences and legalization of abortion, for example; situation that contrasts with a more These results show the relationship that conservative position in the Mexican lowlands exists between the perceptions that the students where the UPB is located and, which in both expressed regarding the gender perspective and cases affects the social construction of reality some factors investigated such as the by social agents. socioeconomic context and the academic trajectory, specifically the type of high school of origin and the corresponding training area.

GUERRERO-AZPEITIA, Luis Arturo. Gender perspective in ISSN-2524-2075 RINOE® All rights reverved university students. A review of your perceptions and academic trajectories. Journal Health, Education and Welfare 2018 8 Article Journal-Health, Education and Welfare December 2018 Vol.2 No.3 1-8

Contributions and recommendations Collier, D. (1994). El método comparativo: dos décadas de cambios. En Sartori, G. y Morlino, The contributions derived from the research L. La comparación en las ciencias sociales. Pp. that gave rise to this article provide elements to 51-79. España: Alianza Editorial. approach the study of subjectivity from the objective conditions that produce it; from this Gil, M. (2008). Género y educación, perspective, the study of subjectivity by itself comentario al ensayo de Acker. Proyecto and for itself lacks theoretical-methodological Social: Revista de relaciones laborales. 12(12). elements that allow its objectification. In this Pp. 103-119. Recuperado el 12 de enero de way, opinions, perceptions, values and 2018 de emotions are important, but they have a greater https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/300 significance if they are studied under the 5732.pd objective conditions that produce them. Guerrero, L. (2017). El estudio de la In this sense, the recommendation is to subjetividad. Una mirada desde la educación deepen the study of the objective conditions of comparada. In Crescendo. Educación y the social agents in question in order to explain Humanidades. 4(1) Pp. 50-71. Recuperado el 26 and understand the subjectivity of these agents, de junio del 2018 de: that is, it matters the study of subjectivity, but http://revistas.uladech.edu.pe/index.php/incresc also and dialectically the study of the objective endo-educacion/article/view/1458/1256 conditions that produce it. This positioning involves taking into account a greater number Gutiérrez, A. (1997). Investigar las prácticas y of explanatory variables to achieve an practicar la investigación. Algunos aportes understanding of the interpretive categories of desde la sociología de Bourdie. Revista Kairos, interest. Año 1, Nm. 1, 2do semestre 1997. Recuperado de http://www.revistakairos.org/investigar-las- Acknowledgement practicas-y-practicar-la-investigacion-algunos- aportes-desde-la-sociologia-de-bourdie/ I would like to thank the authorities of the Universidades Politécnicas Metropolitana de Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tathan, R. y Black, W. Hidalgo y Bicentenariofor the development of (1999). Análisis multivariante 5ª Edición. the present investigation, but above all. Madrid: Prentice Hall Iberia.

The students of both educational institutions who so kindly agreed to share their perceptions, opinions and beliefs in relation to the gender perspective.

References

Bourdieu, P. (1979). La distinción: Criterio y bases sociales del gusto. México: Taurus.

Bourdieu, P. y Wacquant, L. (2005). Una invitación a la sociología reflexiva. México D.F.: Siglo XXI editores.

Camarena, M., Saavedra, M. y Ducloux, D. (2015). Panorama del género en México: situación actual. Revista Científica Guillermo de Ockham. Vol. 13. Núm. 2. Pp. 77-87. Recuperado el 25 de enero de 2018 de http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1053/10534426500 8.pdf