Broke, But Not Out of Luck: Exploring Bankruptcy Records for Genealogy Research Jessica Hopkins
The U.S. has seen many economic “ups include items owned by an individual and downs.” Rich and poor alike have or company as well as a listing of seen their finances crash, and have whom they borrowed from. This class been left with no option but will take a look at what bankruptcy bankruptcy. Bankruptcy records contain records are available, what type of a wealth of details that can be found in information can be found, and inform few, if any other place. These can on how to research the records.
Session 10 www.archives.gov/calendar/genealogy-fair 1 Jessica Hopkins is an archivist for the National Archives at Kansas City. In this role, currently, she is helping oversee, manage, and provide access to bankruptcy records from courts throughout the United States.
Jessica is working towards a Master’s in Public History at Arizona State University. Her B.A. is in History and Jessica Hopkins Secondary Education from William Jewell College. Archivist National Archives at Kansas City
Session 10 www.archives.gov/calendar/genealogy-fair 2 Broke, But Not Out of Luck: Exploring Bankruptcy Records Jessica Hopkins, Archivist National Archives at Kansas City
Session 10 3 Case 4457, In the Matter of Laugh-O-Gram Films https://catalog.archives.gov/id/6997521
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Stftte of Session 10 5 Objectives • Briefly describe Federal bankruptcy history • Know what records are available • Understand how to research the records Session 10 6 Economic Ups and Downs • As many as 47 recessions in the United States since 1790. • Causes include: – War – Natural Disasters – Financial Bubbles – Foreign Policy – Domestic Policy Depression: Breadlines: long line of people waiting to be fed: New York City, ca. 02/1932, National Archives Identifier 196499 Session 10 7 Government Authority Congress has authority under Article I, Section 8, Clause 4 of the Constitution to legislate “uniform laws on the subject of Bankruptcies.” By 1900, four separate bankruptcy laws passed: Bankruptcy Act of 1800 Bankruptcy Act of 1867 Bankruptcy Act of 1841 Bankruptcy Act of 1898 Session 10 8 Bankruptcy Act of 1800 CAUSE APPLICATION OF ACT: • Panic of 1797 caused • Limited to merchants by land speculation • Involuntary Bankruptcies only bubble • Deflation from Bank • System abused by corruption and of England favoritism • Quasi-War with France EFFECT: • Repealed in 1803 • Resulted in state operated bankruptcy system in absence of Federal law • 38 years without Federal bankruptcy law Session 10 9 Bankruptcy Act of 1841 CAUSE: EFFECTS: • Panic of 1837 caused by • Creditors viewed law massive bank failures as providing few • Collapse of cotton market payments, and discharging many debtors • Repealed in 1843 APPLICATION OF THE ACT: • Voluntary bankruptcy permitted • Debtor could file for bankruptcy and receive discharge of debt • Any individual could be debtor Session 10 10 Bankruptcy Act of 1867 CAUSES: • Recession of 1865-1867 followed economic devastation of Civil War • International financial instability APPLICATION OF ACT: • Involuntary Bankruptcy for any individual • Courts appointed registers in bankruptcy EFFECTS: • Suffered from same problems as previous acts. • Repealed in 1878. Session 10 11 Bankruptcy Act of 1898 CAUSES: APPLICATION OF THE LAW • Panic of 1893 caused • Individuals entitled to benefits of by failure of Reading voluntary bankruptcy Railroad • Anyone owing $1,000 or more could • Withdrawal of be adjudged an involuntary bankrupt European investments EFFECT: Lasted until 1978 Session 10 12 General Contents of Case Files Cases can include: Libels Defendant’s answers Schedule of debts Motions Stipulations Lists of Names and Addresses of creditors Transcripts of testimony Depositions Inventories of real and personal property Exhibits and evidence Reports Final decrees and discharges Court Orders Claims Briefs Petitions Arguments Opinions *Documents available per each case will vary. Session 10 13 Bankruptcy Vocabulary • Schedules: Detailed lists filed by the debtor along with the petition showing the debtor's assets, liabilities, and other financial information. • Trustee: The representative of the bankruptcy estate who exercises statutory powers, principally for the benefit of the unsecured creditors, under the general supervision of the court/The trustee's responsibilities include reviewing the debtor's petition and schedules and bringing actions against creditors or the debtor to recover property of the bankruptcy estate. http://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/bankruptcy-basics-glossary Session 10 14 EXAMPLES OF BANKRUPTCY CASE FILES Session 10 15 Unsecured Creditors Session 10 16 Application for Rejection of Burdensome Property Session 10 17 Petition 1· "'ow.,.R co; ~ul..:e.::l . Jo.d~ or.:i .r~;.e-pec-:f'ully rc;pre:,HJ::'ltJ ant. s-::ms to 0orues now :illian "', .~od;;r ana rospectfl.:lly represents an &l:ln au_t . ""-:et:.er wit!: o::1~r Fl'l'el; pe:rso.:!l: efrech lJelo-:n 'iLl tc box oonte.ining Bilver ..:~OUI!.ted eatldle !iiid hair bri~le , and al~o one buck- ill ,.,_ _ . ~oey ; Lhat u ia; -To~erty e.oO'I'> ro:erred. t~ 1e exempt akin suit , t~)etner ~ith a7.~cr ~urely pe:rson~l ci~octe ~e:on~ing tc ~eid a.:~ £~1: un~e::- o=~cut~o.:: .illicn: .;ocl~r ; tt•. Tt NJ.1d -cror.er;;y above raferre~ to is exempt froo levy orei~=" lt..oL by ;roc~on o·' 11 whicll t:•ti;;ioneT res?ectf'J.lly rr~ya Jop-:--t to f~.tJ tilli enter ~~r~ t: ~~~ aub~o~i~e1 tefore ra ttie e£- ri"7~ee~ t;ti,.. ~rmd A..r1 nntt..l"'-tr:l_,.:,;qa.J. y ~'!Cmrttil.lil1m e:x-.1-na ~~ ~ 11 L·r __. - ~~v.(f~:~~------t ______ Session 10 18 Schedule A Sohedule • A• Ill . Stateoent o' &11 creditors ·-;ho are to be paid in run. or to whoo pri Back Taxes Due or ity ts secured hy lsw. Ill Taxes and deht11 due and owtng to the United St.ates; None None None . 121 Taxes d•1e and owing to the State of Nebraska. or to any County. r istrtcl or Muntc1pal1ty thereor: Pel'l!ont\1. ta'l{es due t he County of ~lad lson , Nehrnst.a. OS rollcnrs: 1B95 ------s 1 . 52 ' "". 3.1* Personal ta~e s due the County of Madison. Nebraska. as follows :------1,: : : : : : : : : : : : : : 4.00 9. 33 12.15 1<395 $ 1.52 13. 00 1894 3. 34 Total ------«.14 1 8~3 - 4 . 20 e rvMt s. to an aoount. r:ot exceedlng 1892 - 9 . 33 1801 12.15 nths before tili ng the patit.ion . 1890 13. 00 ~one . None. Total «.14 None . :;;l &t>llatiIll eM. {M... Pet.if.loner. Session 10 19 Fraizer-Lemke Case Files North Dakota Homestead lost during the Depression Session 10 20 Example of Bankruptcy Case File Schedules of the Bankrupt Filled by the Petitioning Creditors Session 10 21 Looking for Indications of Bankruptcy • Newspaper articles • Family lore • Related court case • Changes in property or location between census years Session 10 22 Researching Bankruptcy Records Information needed to begin research: Time Party Frame Involved Geographical Area Will require utilization of National Archives Catalog and paper-based finding aids Session 10 23 Finding Aid Created by the Courts – Part 1 Case Indexes Docket Books • Listing of all bankruptcy cases • Contains brief notes stating or all cases tried by the court what action was taken that • Direct and inverted indexes day in court on a particular • Indexes can be incomplete case • Arranged by case number Session 10 24 Finding Aid Created by the Courts – Part 2 Journal and Minute Books Final Record Books • Document day to day • Compilation of case proceedings proceedings • Search by a particular date or • Contain information not found date range in case files • Locate case numbers Session 10 25 Bankruptcy Docket Sample B ANKRUPTCY OOCKrr BANKRUPTCY DocKET fTIJV ~n: ICIOCM:D ,...,,., .-~ 7d ,,c-...!!_ '>10 ;, pl!l ~0 ~p ~" lfD - riitl...... 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I - ) t - .. ~ ·--- Session 10 26 Locating Findings Aids and Case Files • Indexes National Archives • Journal and Minute Books throughout the United • Final Records Books FINDINGS AIDS States *Dependent on Dockets location of the court National Archives at CASE FILES Kansas City Session 10 27 http://www.archives.gov/research/catalog/ Session 10 28 Terms to use: • Bankruptcy Act • Case Files • Dockets • District Court Search Tips: • State • Will not yield specific cases • Should include the state • Provides a stepping stone for your research Session 10 29 Research Our Records Veterans Service Records Shop Online Research Our Records Home > Research Our Records > The National Archives Catalog 1111111111...~ · ~ National Archiv es Catalog The National Archives Catalog News and Notices Search National Archives Search me on/m e catalog and other National Archtves resources at once for • The National Archives Catalog catalog will be offline and intormauon aoout ou.~;:.,:t::rt.:::.====::...... ::::::::.;:::::::;~ unavailable due to system About National Archives maintenance from Saturday, Catalog Search the National Archives Catalog September 26 at 6 AM ET Using the National nives t hrough 6 PM ET. If the Catalog main tenance is completed !"bankru ptcy act" 1898 new york I Search I prior to 6 PM ET, the system Sl'arch Tips will be brought back online as soon as possible. We Accessibility Advanced Search • apologize for any inconvenience t his causes. Lifecycle Data Requirements Guide • Help us t ranscribe our records We're excited to announce that the National Archives Catalog now: in the National Archives catalog. Contact Us For more info, check out our Transcription Challenge page! • handles the increasing number of digital images that we're making accessible on line in weekly updates Most Requested • uses a new search engine to improve searchabi1ity - including improved relevancy ran kings and response times • The Constitution • Declaration of Independence • allows users to transcribe our records directly in the catalog • Bill of Rights • indexes tags and transcriptions daily ~ maximizing access all around More improvements include: • updated user interface for search results • optimized interface for mobile viewing • improved tagging feature We're also launching a public API that will allow users to use, re-use, and contribute catalog data in ways that haven't happened before! Improvements in the Works Session 10 30 1 -Hi of 1h rP.~Ldts in 0 97 ~P...":ondc; Shov.,. expanced ~ear:h termc; All Available Onlin6 Web~ages Documents lmage3 Videos Results Jer page 20 " RefirH By: Data Source Archi·le>.gov (121 Bankruptcy Act of 1898 Case Files , 11111901 -12/3111939 Arc.hiYa Cescr ptions with DiJital Obj~U (t 01 not The case files contain the petition for bankruptcy, various schedules, and relateo papers, including pe:itions for dis:harge orders of reference, ~roofs of pJblication and Archila Ce~cr ouons (6• avfOilable notices tJ creditors, reports by comm ssione·s, sc1edules contain in .. · Presijential Libraries (2j online National Archives Identifier: 824549 Creator: U.S Distr ct Cou rt for the Western District of New York. 19CO- • Refine By: level of Description Bankruptcy Act of 1898 Case Files , 1/1/1898-12/31/1944 File Unii (IOI not The case files contain the petilion for bankruptcy, various schedJies, and related papers, including pe:itions for dis:harge orders of reference, proofs of pJblication and . se·ies (6) av,13 ilable notices t~ creditors, reports by comm ssione·s, sc1edules contain in .. of'llline National Archives Identifier: 824487 Creator: U S Distr ct Court for the 'lorthern District of New York. 1 g14- • Refine By: Type of Materials · Textual Records 116) National Archives website pages • Refine By: File Format July 28, 2000 National Arc/wes· Ar::hi~es. gov Po1able Document F~e (POF\ 110 ) Ulysses as an obscene import 4 Bankmptcy Records NARA's No1heast Region has ccstody of the records generated by the na:ional bankruptcy Acts of 1800, 1841, · l11age {JFG) ({; 1867, ~rK.l 18S8 . E ~Ur Federal Bankruptcy Case Files Records Relocation National Arc/wes· Ar::/ri~es.gov • R~liu !:! By: l ()l;.(lliou . District Court for the East3rn District of New York Bankruptcy Act of 1867 Case Files 11/3/2014 21 U.S. District Court for the Eastern Dist•ict of New York. National Archives at College Par~: - Textua Bankruptcy Act uf 1898 C1:1se Files Refe1erce !91 National Ardlives at New Yo-k{5) Prologue: Selected Articles National Ard'lives.. at Colton t1) National Arc/Jives· Pr:>logue Magazine fcur in order to pror1ote the efficient cischarge of new duties given them urd3r ":h3 Internal Reverue [Act], the Bureau of F·eedmEn and Refugees [Act], the general Fran~:l ir C. ROOS3V3lt libra!) ( t) Bankruptcy Act, a 1d 'an act to • ( efi n;;a By: Date Bankruptcy Act of 1898 Case Files , 11111900-12/3111944 . 0- 1909{15) not The case files contain the petilion for bankruptcy, various schedJies, and related papers, including pe:itions for dis:harge orders of reference, proofs of pJblication and avculable rr uli ce~ lu uedilurs, r;; ~ur ls IJy curr rrnssiurre ·s, suellules cunltlirrirr .. National Archives Identifier: 825192 Session 10 31 Advanced Searc'l Search )Uf catalog 'bankruptcy acr· 1898 new york Search New Search Login 1 - 6 of 6 result> in 0.17 &econjs_Sh ow expanded search terms Highligrt Res u ~s .. I Scrt .. I a Share I Ex~ort I Q y Refine By: Data Source Achival Cescriptions. l6} All Av Bankruptcy Act of 1898 Case Files , 1/1/1901 -12131 /1939 y Refine By: Level of DEscription not The case files contain the petition for bankruptcy, various schedules, ard related papers, including petitions for discharge, orders of reference, proofs of pJblication and S~ ri es '6)0 available notices to creditors, repo1s by commissio1ers, schedules containin. .. online National Archives Identifier: 824549 Creator: U S District Cour: for the Weste·n D strict of New York 1900- y Refine By: Type of Materials TP.xtJr.l RP.r::ord:; (fi) Bankruptcy Act of 1898 Case Files , 1/1/1898-1213111944 not The case files contain the petition for bankruptcy, various schedules, ard related papers, including petitions for discharge, orders of reference, proofs of pJblication and available notices to creditors, repo1s by commissio1ers, schedules containin. online y Refine By: Location National Archives Identifier: 824487 National Archiv~s at \lgw York (5 Creator: U S. District Cour: for the Northern District of New York. 18t 4- National Arch iv~s at 3o~ton {1) Bankruptcy Act of 1898 Case Files , 1/1/1900- 12131 /1944 not The case files contain the petition for bankruptcy, various schedules, ar d related papers, incuding petitions for discharge, orders of reference, proofs of pJblication and available • Rgfing By: Date notices to creditors, repois by commissio1ers, schedules containin.. online 1890 - 1899 (6) National Archives Identifier: 825192 Creator: US District Cour: for the Eastem District of New York. 1865- 1000 - 1699 (6) 1750 - 1799 16' Bankruptcy Act of 1898 Case Files , 1/1/1899- 1213111945 1800 - 1809 (6) not The case files contain the petition for bankruptcy, various schedules, ard related papers, including petitions for ,jischarge, orders of reference, proofs of pJblication and 1810 - 1819 161 available notices to creditors, repo1s by commissio1ers, schedules containin. . 1820 - 1829 16' online National Archives Identifier: 824560 1830 - 1839 16) Creator: U S District Cour: for the Scuthern Distri:t of New York. 1814- 1840 - 1849 161 1850 - 1859 16) Bankruptcy Act of 1898 Case Files, 1898 -1977 1360 - 1869 16) not the New York, New Haven a ~d ~artfo rd Railroad Corrpany, 1961-1977. available 5how rrore. .. National Archives Identifier: !inflffiO Local Identifier: RS--n4Fl online Creator: U.S. District Coun for the District of Connecticut. 1789- Index to Bankruptcy Act of 1898 Case Files, 1898-1929 not This series consists of an index to tankruptcy cases initiated in the U S Distri:t Court available National Archives Identifier: fi0~4fl/1 online Creator: U.S. District Cour: for the Northern District of New York. 1814- Note: • Varying court locations, e.g. U.S. District Court for the Northern District of New York • Varying date spans Session 10 32 Title and date National Archives Identifier (number) Creator Scope and Content 5 Contact(s) Session 10 33 5 Session 10 34 Detailed Description – Top Section A1wnc:E R&eord Hltrarehy Bankruptc~ Act of 1898 Case Files , 1/111901 - 12131/1939 RetJIT.Grocp 2t: Rl- t;u ds rfO~Irir. C'.u 11ls.ur h"! . Jril ~l !'ili!ll-!s lftR!" .4.,Ihk ~~rif"j cm:.taim1 rtcord.t, K.Rlf oC\rliirb IllI}" .ot bt :no1ibbb (oatiof- -lliiJ:I To •)blair;; c.op"( orview1he re,orc5. ol ee~ torbct or,·isi:the ~a:icnal A't 1ive~and Ret~ Adll n ~trato1 otatol{~) li ~:ed in t-.e CQrtact informati)r t-eoA Series: f\!f11U1.11h:y /u:lll[ fft93 :-'~:-;..! ;;j 1-! S lflfl ::,(\1 - 1.2i31 .'1 ~39 A.ifdition411nf~1ion About this Serie~ National Archives ldcntiticr: a.t4!>4!:f Er;ter new tags .. Cr~1o fl st: U.S. Dm1i:: Colli fc,r t"'K! Wcct:rr Di~tri :t tl New Y:.rk ·oc() (\bet :J.cccm 'r g.:.w~:~ (.:d ~ ,.,-} ~«MI'II.l: the 4•~*f>'.oe<:~: far Fht~~ wim oMoMm:uo; ~Vh.>W!gt.,..., "\'nW~:on. .o .::·, G.K~ rrom: nec:Y.:! Cr:xp 21: i1ecord3 cJ Oi3tic.t Alrrts ::f ;he U1i:e:l Sta:M. 1585 · 2J09 l..lctail:> level of Oesuiption; Series Type(~) of An::hi'fc.l Moterid~; Tex!u31 f".ec :::rds The t:redtor ~CJIT1)i led or mainhined the M:rie~ betvt.·een; 1f1/ 1901 - 12l'J1f1933 Fun~tion ?lnd Use; These files \-mre t re3ted to c.ifltcin the rec.·Jr.ls of Gil of the P"JCeeding ~ undertaken in a1 ndividJal baokrup:ty actio1 under t 1e [hn~·uctty AI.: d. 1386 T1e 3':t <. re.ated the ofKc:> at rcfc·cc ::.nd t'U.Jt::c. H::krcc:>wcrc :ox nppomtcd b)· the cot.rt .::md 'l::r;tcd w1th . u·1~Kfld1 :m to rrakc Access Rcstriction(st: L•n·~1ctcd Usc Restrictionist: Ln·e::hctcd ~indinQ Aid Type: C.o'Tt.Ji'lCr Lict Subjects Rc-prcsCflte:l in the Arctli~o·al lkl.te ri ai Jst: Eufk:b (NY) Ce-1i~ica:e-s r..e::c.rU! Oat'l'l W.arr;3nts 09:l:.rat O'li Cle;tt:tS 1--ctct con::: t:;.r bGn<1.Jptcy Ftllu ls ~ t•lt Session 10 35 Detailed Description – Bottom Section Udl l l\l.ltJU ..y Debtor and creditor Debts Scope & Content The case files contain t h9 petition for bankruptcy, va.riouo;: schMul"s, and related papers, including pe-tition-; for discharge, o·ders of refHence, prods of publication and notice-'i: to cr~itoro;: re-pcrl'i: by commio;:o;:iorl9rs, sche-d:Lie-s cc.nt aining in\'e-ntore.o; of bankrupt assets, a~i ntnents, declc.ratior s of discharge, final ce1ificates, and record of payment of costs. A typical file m The files nay al:;o contain \'arious orders, pe:itions, retums, decrees. warrants, writs and other papers of the Court. These papers include the Order Jf .Adjudication and Reference, .Ap~oi ntment and Ac:eptance of Trustee, Bond oi Trustee, P:!tition for Discharge, Report of Truotc~ o.na Reference on Dixhargc, Di::.chorgc of Bankrupt, Statement of Coct:::, Ord er of Appointment of T r Jctcc, Order 1\pproving the T ructcc'c Bond, Order k proving T ruotec'~ Rcp::>rt of Excm~t i on~ o.nd FinoI Examinat ion of the Bankrupt along wit h various notices to creditors and certificates of mailing no:i ces. The files in this serie' represent only a samp e of the cases fil3d in this court during this time penod. Cases "Nere screered fo' permanent value and disposed of or keot accordin2ly. Variant Control t\umbers ARC Identifier: 324549 Archived Copies Copy 1: :JreseNation-Reproduction-Referer.ce Session 10 36 Additional Online Resources • The Evolution of U.S. Bankruptcy Law by the United States Courts: http://www.rib.uscourts.gov/newhome/docs/the_evelution_of_ bankruptcy_law.pdf • Select bankruptcy records on microfilm from the Bankruptcy Act of 1800: http://www.archives.gov/publications/microfilm-catalogs/fed- courts/part-03.html • History of the Federal Judicial – Bankruptcy Courts: http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/courts_special_bank .html Session 10 37 Questions??? • Email: [email protected] • Phone: 816-268-8000 Session 10 38 Presenter didn’t get to your question? You may email us at [email protected] Session 10 www.archives.gov/calendar/genealogy-fair 39