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The Organic Clovis: a Single Continent-Wide Cultural Adaptation

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THE ORGANIC CLOVIS: A SINGLE CONTINENT-WIDE CULTURAL ADAPTATION By CHRISTOPHER ANDREW HEMMINGS A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2004 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A list of individuals who have made it possible to complete this document would be as large again as the bibliography. To all of my fellow archaeologists, anthropologists, bike racers, friends and family I extend my most heartfelt gratitude for engaging in or suffering through endless Clovis, Paleoindian, and “Do you know why this bone is important” discussions. It is quite humbling to realize how many people have buoyed my spirits, aided materially, and even provided shelter during this process. If this work has any merit, and I have become fit to create more, it is due in large part to the opportunity provided by those who helped me get this far. If I am able to create similar opportunity for others the opportunities provided for me shall not have been wasted. Beyond a shadow of a doubt S. David Webb stands alone as mentor, supporter, and friend. The debt of gratitude I owe William O. Gifford is as equally profound. Lacking the assistance of these two individuals, pursuit of the endless dissertation would have ended. Unable to articulate my thanks adequately I simply continue to forge ahead, as they have helped me do for so long. 11 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vii ABSTRACT x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION, EARLY PALEOINDIAN DEFINITION, PROBLEM ORIENTATION, AND SITE NOTES 1 Introduction 1 Early Paleoindian Definition 6 Problem Orientation 8 Sites 10 2 THE CLOVIS MENU AND THE CLOVIS DIET 1 Introduction 14 Notes Regarding Discovery Bias and Expected Modification Evidence 16 Observed Potential and Observed Utilized Species Clovis Diet 19 Resource Availability and Utilization Patterns 102 Discussion of the Clovis Diet 105 Pleistocene Faunal Extinction 110 3 CLOVIS OSSEOUS TOOLS 117 Introduction to Early Paleoindian Bone Tools 117 Early Paleoindian Formal Bone Tools Outside of Florida 124 Early Paleoindian Formal Bone and Ivory Tools from Florida 139 Combined North American Early Paleoindian Formal Tool Summary and Discussion 1 89 Formal Bone Tool Manufacturing Processes 194 111 8 4 CLOVIS SUBSISTENCE 198 Subsistence Introduction and Definition 198 Clovis Lithic Technology 199 Conspicuous Lack of Post-Clovis Extinct Faunal Associations 210 Gathered Plant and Animal Resources 213 Summary 214 5 CLOVIS CULTURE 2 1 Introduction to Clovis Culture 218 Early Paleoindian Art 218 Cave and Rockshelter use by Early Paleoindians 223 Clovis Artifact Caches 227 Actual Rarity of Clovis Sites and Points 233 Early Paleoindian Mobility 237 Old and New Clovis 244 Clovis Aggregation Behavior 250 Summary 251 6 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK 253 E Pluribus Unum- One Out of Many 253 Future Work 255 Conclusions 257 KEY OF APPENDICES 1 AND 2 259 APPENDIX 1 - Site List 260 APPENDIX 2 - Species List 266 REFERENCES CITED 291 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 335 IV LIST OF TABLES Table 1 : 1 States lacking Early Paleoindian associated fauna 11 2:1 Early Paleoindian sites with floral remains 20 2:2 Early Paleoindian sites with fish remains 28 2:3 Species of fish from Early Paleoindian sites 30 2:4 Early Paleoindian sites with amphibian remains 32 2:5 Amphibian species from Early Paleoindian sites 34 2:6 Early Paleoindian sites with turtle or tortoise remains 38 2:7 Species of turtles and tortoises from Early Paleoindian sites 39 2:8 Species of lizards from Early Paleoindian sites 41 2:9 Early Paleoindian sites with snake remains 42 2:10 Snake species from Early Paleoindian sites 43 2:1 1 Alligator mississippiansis remains from Early Paleoindian sites 45 2:12 Summary of occurrence and utilization data 46 2:13 Avian sites 49 2:14 Avian species from Early Paleoindian sites 50 2:15 Unidentified mammalian remains from Early Paleoindian sites 54 2:16 Armadillo and sloth occurrences 55 2:17 Canids from Early Paleoindian sites 58 V 2:18 Bear remains from Early Paleoindian sites 60 2:19 Other carnivores from Early Paleoindian sites 62 2:20 Felid remains from Early Paleoindian sites 62 2:21 Rodents and other small mammals from Early Paleoindian sites 67 2:22 Rabbits and hares from Early Paleoindian sites 68 2:23 Camelids from Early Paleoindian sites 71 2:24 Antelope remains from Early Paleoindian sites 74 2:25 Cervid remains from Early Paleoindian sites 75 2:26 Extinct Bison utilization summary 81 2:27 Bovid, musk-ox, goat and sheep from Early Paleoindian sites 84 2:28 Equus utilization summary 85 2:29 Total proboscidean presence and utilization summary 88 2:30 Summary of all species and occurrences with their utilization rates 104 2:31 Extinct animals present in Early Paleoindian sites 112 3 : 1 Formal bone and ivory tool locales outside of Florida 128 3:2 Florida osseous tool sites 141 3:3 Formal Clovis osseous tools by type 190 3:4 Taxa utilized as formal bone tools 193 4: 1 Clovis blade and blade core localities 205 5:1 Early Paleoindian cave and rockshelter sites 226 5:2 Clovis artifact caches 230 5:3 Well documented Clovis sites and actual point frequency 236 5:4 Excurvate or “Waisted” Clovis points occurrences 247 VI LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 : 1 Geographic distribution of included sites across North America 13 2:1 Flora in Early Paleoindian sites and utilization distribution 24 2:2 Fish in Early Paleoindian sites and utilization distribution 31 2:3 Distribution of amphibian remains from Early Paleoindian contexts 33 2:4 Total reptile distribution 36 2:5 Utilized reptile distribution summary 48 2:6 Aves in Early Paleoindian sites and utilization distribution 51 2:7 Total carnivore distribution and utilization 57 2:8 Sloth Hole incised Lynx rufus mandible 64 2:9 Rabbits and hares in Early Paleoindian sites and utilization distribution 69 2:10 Camelids in Early Paleoindian sites and utilization distribution 73 2: 1 1 Cervids in Early Paleoindian sites and utilization distribution 77 2:12 Caribou present in Early Paleoindian sites and utilization distribution 79 2:13 All Odocoileus types: presence and utilization distribution 80 2:14 Bison distribution and utilization evidence 83 2:15 in Early Paleoindian sites and utilization distribution 87 2:16 Total proboscidean distribution and utilization evidence 92 2:17 Mastodon in Early Paleoindian sites and utilization distribution 95 vii 2:18 Columbian mammoth in Early Paleoindian sites and utilization evidence 101 3 : 1 Distribution and concentrations of Early Paleoindian formal bone tools 138 3:2 Florida formal Clovis age bone and ivory tool distribution by county 142 3 :3 Canis mandible ornaments 148 3 :4 Palaeolama metatarsal dagger anterior view 152 3:5 Palaeolama proximal phalanx atlatl hook 153 3:6 Oc/oco//eMj metatarsal flute 155 3:7 Two metatarsal daggers 158 3 : 8 Mastodon molar fragment unifacial graver spur 161 3:9 Proboscidean bone disk 164 3:10 Proboscidean? bone bannerstone 166 3:11 Mastodon vestigial tusk atlatl hook 169 3:12 Ivory shaft fragment atlatl hook 171 3:13 Tusk core debitage cone 173 3:14 Ivory socket handle fragment 175 3:15 Ivory bead performs 176 3:16 Ivory needle tip 179 3:17 Simpson Collection ivory artifacts 181 3:18a Ivory rod square in cross section 183 3:18b Ivory rod oval in cross section 183 3:19 Barbed ivory point, awl, and needle tip 184 3 :20 Straight ivory points 1 2-24.9 cm 186 3:21 Curved ivory points 25-40 cm 188 Vlll 4: 1 Clovis blade and blade core distribution 207 5:1 Distribution of Clovis art 220 5:2 Early Paleoindian cave and rockshelter sites 225 5:3 Clovis artifact cache sites 231 5:4 Floridian Excurvate Clovis points 246 IX Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy THE ORGANIC CLOVIS: A SINGLE CONTINENT-WIDE CULTURAL ADAPTATION By Christopher Andrew Hemmings May 2004 Chair: Ken Sassaman Major Department: Anthropology The Clovis culture is a continent-wide phenomenon exhibiting a high degree of uniform behavior and patterned resource exploitation irrespective of localized environmental constraints that typically circumscribe historically known societies. A state of the art specialized technological adaptation facilitated a generalist subsistence adaptation that is without an analog in historically or ethnographically known cultures. The Clovis cultural adaptation was a direct response to unique environmental settings that existed during the Pleistocene. The Clovis culture does not represent a unique cultural manifestation any more than each culture is unique. Clovis appears fimdamentally different simply because we lack anything with which to effectively compare it. Data from 246 Early Paleoindian sites with preserved organic remains are assembled to document patterns in resource preferences and exploitation. Artifacts made from identifiable elements of extinct taxa are considered the most reliable indication of X direction action. In sum, 352 species of plants and animals have been recovered at Early Paleoindian sites across North America. One-hundred sixteen of those species have clear evidence of utilization by Early Paleoindians. This represents a tremendous jump in our understanding of Clovis diet breadth and resource selection patterns. Clovis people had a clear preference for mammoth and mastodon. That said, exploitation of now extinct megafauna was simply a portion of an effective generalist foraging adaptation that covered unglaciated North America. A large portion of the technological adaptation involved formal bone and ivory tools that are typically underreported or under-appreciated as part of the Clovis toolkit. Nearly 250 formal bone and ivory tools in 45 different forms are now documented across the continent.
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