Māori Women Educators' Pedagogy and Kaupapa Māori Methodology

Māori Women Educators’ Pedagogy and Kaupapa Māori Methodology Anne Aroha Hiha BA (Victoria University of Wellington), MPET (Deakin University) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Education) Deakin University May, 2013 Acknowledgments He tā kākaho e kitea; he tā ngākau e kore e kitea: Intricacies in reed-work are discernible; intricacies of the heart are indiscernible. A number of people told me that the PhD journey is a solitary journey. As true as those words have been for me, I could not have taken the trip without the support and guidance of whānau, friends, my supervisors, mentors and peers. Their input maybe indiscernible in the finished document but their presence is there in every word and in many cases their presence was there even before a word was written. At times, my whānau were bemused by the inordinate amount of time I spent in my study each day, only to be unable to say what I had been doing at the end of the day. But always they were supportive. I could not have reached this stage without them and wish to personally acknowledge some people who have had specific influence and impact. My parents Margaret and Heitia Hiha were my mentors, my whakaruruhau and my inspiration. I had mixed feelings when I finally got my own computer and Internet connection because the daily trek to ‘work’ in their study stopped and I did miss the cups of tea and lunches we shared most days. They nurtured me with their knowledge of the field of inquiry. Our shared journey to meet each participant for the first time in this research was grounding and affirming. Ka whakamīharo ake ahau mo ō kōrua manaaki, ō kōrua awhina, me ā kōrua mahi whakanakonako. He toka tū moana arā, he toa rongonui. I acknowledge my sisters Allana Hiha and Shelley Moana Hiha, my brother Shane Hiha, his wife Jan Hiha and their children, and my father-in-law Hugh McHalick who put up with my unavailability for various events and helped me in various ways throughout my candidature. Ngā mihi nui ki a koutou katoa. I acknowledge sister-in-law and brother-in-law, Sally Mekalik and Ian Dalziel for opening their home to me when I was in Christchurch for Winter School. Thank you too for the many ways in which you supported my doctoral candidature. I also acknowledge dear friends Margaret and the late John Waterhouse for providing me with a home away from home in Melbourne and a space to write while there. iv I acknowledge Miriama Hammond, Liz and Graeme Hunkin and Dr Rose and the late Dr Joe Pere and their whānau. Sadly, on Sunday, 7 October 2012 aged 77 Joe Pere passed away after 52 years of marriage, kua hinga te tōtara o wao nui a Tāne, haere atu rā, e koro. Without the deep enduring knowledge and wisdom of Miriama, Liz and Rose and the love and support of their respective whānau this thesis would not have been possible. Your contribution is a major part of the intricate reed-work of this thesis. I will be eternally thankful that you each said yes when I asked you to participate in my doctoral research. I only hope that I have done your vision justice in this thesis. Mā te rongo, ka mōhio; Mā te mōhio, ka mārama; Mā te mārama, ka mātau; Mā te mātau, ka ora. I acknowledge my co-supervisors Professor Terry Evans and Associate Professor John Henry. Terry your knowledge of the inside of a university doctoral programme and the psyche of doctoral candidates was invaluable at every stage of my candidature. You demystified the ivory towers and enabled me to find a place within that environment. Your unstinting trust that I would complete the journey intact, no matter what and your timely and poignant interventions were strong cords to clutch at and hold onto. Thank you for sharing your expertise. John your vast knowledge of Indigenous peoples’ ontology and epistemology and research processes particularly the Aboriginal and Torres Islander nations of Australia ensured that my research was robust and connected to the wider world of Indigenous research. Your warmth and insight enabled me to feel secure in the direction I chose to take. The confidence that you both demonstrated in my ability to tell an important story in a respectful and honouring manner meant a great deal to me. I acknowledge the Trusts and organisations that awarded me scholarships and grants during my candidature. The support provided by each Trust and organisation ensured that I could study as an off-campus candidate with the resources an on-campus campus candidate would expect. Thank you for the following scholarships and grants Ngā Pae o te Māramatanga Doctoral Scholarship, Tī Maru Māori Trust Postgraduate Scholarship, Te Awahohonu Farm v Forest Trust Grant, Ngai Tahu Tertiary Education Funding Ka Putea Grant, Rotoiti 15 Charitable Trust Grant, Paehinahina Mourea Charitable Trust Grant, Te Ngae Farm Trust Grant, and Raniera te Tawhiti Kingi Memorial Education Trust Grant. I acknowledge Hulton Patchell for their adminstration of a number of the grants above. I acknowledge dear friends who have experienced the doctoral journey as candidates or partners of candidates before, alongside and ahead of me. Dr Rachel Patrick and Roger Palmer, Dr Heather Davis and Philip Smith and Ailsa and Dr Mark Haxell thank you for the myriad of ways in which you have forwarded my candidature through your sustenance, support, encouragement, inspiration, insights and faith. I acknowledge my dear critical friends who were willing to listen and give clear feedback along the way so I could develop the major strands of my research and in this thesis. Teeny and Stephen Lowe, Janice Umaga, Hiria Tumoana, Materoa Haenga, Jennifer Cracknell, Cheryl McConnell, Dr Cynthia Prince, Helen Patterson, Professor Kay Morris Matthews and Margaret Ericksen thank you for your deep knowledge and timely counsel. Aroha mai, aroha atu. I acknowledge the Deakin School of Education Winter School whānau, the Deakin staff who organised and facilitated the weekends in New Zealand and fellow candidates who attended. In particular thank you to Professor Terry Evans, Professor Chris Hickey, Associate Professor John Henry, Associate Professor Damian Blake, Doctor Shaun Rawolle, Dr Heather Davis, Robyn Ficnerski and Sarah Buckler, for your commitment to ensuring the Aotearoa cohort built a collegial atmosphere that sustained me throughout the year, inspired me and broadened my perspective. Thank you to my fellow candidates who have shared their stories and listened to mine. Together we learnt that although we had our own path to travel we were not alone. In particular thanks to Ailsa Haxell, Dr Brian Pauling, Bruna Lopez Duraes, Gregg Weaver, Dr Ineke Kranenburg, Dr Jae Major, Jenny Flemming, Dr Julie McKay, Linda Bradbury, Dr Linda Keesing- Styles, Michael O’Brien, Dr Murray Black, Dr Nick Wempe, Dr Rachel Patrick, vi Dr Rosemary Green, Therese La Porte, Tricia Lucas and Sandra Williamson- Leadley. I acknowledge the organisers, and mentors of the Ngā Pae o te Māramatanga and MAI Writing Retreats and Doctoral Conferences for their commitment to the success of all Māori doctoral candidates and their inspiration, encouragement and support to each candidate. In particular my thanks to Professor Les Williams, Dr Adreanne Ormond, Jane Rangiwahia, Donna Gardiner, MAI ki Poneke co- ordinators, Dr Joseph Te Rito, Dr Pip Pehi, Dr Cheryl Stevens, Associate Professor Barbara Grant, Associate Professor Helen Sword and Dr Susan Carter who gave of their time and expertise to support Māori doctoral candidates to give us every chance to complete our doctoral journey. Your wise counsel and superior organization of these events afforded me a warm safe haven within which to integrate Western Academia with my whānau and hapū philosophies and values. Tēnā rāwā atu koutou. I acknowledge all participants at annual MAI writing retreats and conferences and in particular a few whose friendship, stories, wisdom and colleagiality afforded me a community of inspiring insightful fellow travellers. Thank you Amy Norman, Dr Marg Wilkie, Dr Melanie Cheung, Ngahiiti Faulkner, Dr Ewan Pohe, Dr Janette Hamilton-Pearce and Tia Neha, Mei Winitana. I acknowledge Associate Professor Barbara Grant for holding the space for the Winter and Spring Women Writing Away Retreats, which twice a year afforded me a week of concentrated writing and workshops with erudite academic women. Thank you to all the participants for your generosity of spirit and your willingness to share your wealth of knowledge and expertise. Thank you too for for being there as I crafted various chapters, to answer questions and to offer considered feedback and suggestions. In particular thanks to Ailsa Haxell, Associate Professor Alex Sim, Dr Avril Bell, Associate Professor Beryl Plimmer, Dr Brenda Allen, Dr Bronwyn Labrum, Chelsea Blickem, Professor Deborah Jones, Dr Deborah Payne, Felicity Molloy, Dr Fran Kelly, Dr Frederique Vanholsbeeck, Professor Jane Koziol-McLain, Associate Professor Judith Pringle, Dr Kate vii Prebble, Associate Professor Lynne Giddings, Dr Mairead de Roiste, Professor Margaret Tennant, Dr Maria Borovnik, Dr Marianne Tremaine and Dr Susan Carter. I acknowledge Samantha Bennett of the Organized Artist Company whose webinar 'Procrastination is genius in disguise' gave me access to my writerly self at a time I thought I was lost and has continued to support my journey through her commitment to getting people’s art out into the world. Lastly, I acknowledge my darling partner Raymond McHalick, who has given me constant unwavering support in countless ways, throughout my years of study. I could not have contemplated doctoral candidature without your love and commitment to our enduring relationship. To have you at my side throughout is a gift for which I will be forever thankful.

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