The Mäori World Räpata Wiri

Te Ao Mäori The Mäori World Räpata Wiri

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 1 19/4/07 4:34:59 PM A RAUPO BOOK Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Group (NZ), 67 Apollo Drive, Rosedale, North Shore 0632, New Zealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd) Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, M4P 2Y3, Canada (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.) Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL, England Penguin Ireland, 25 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd) Penguin Group (Australia), 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) Penguin Books India Pvt Ltd, 11, Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi – 110 017, India Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa

Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL, England

Originally published by Reed Publishing (NZ) Ltd, 2007

First published by Penguin Group (NZ), 2008 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2

The right of R?pataRäpata Wiri to be identified as the authors of this work in terms of section 96 of the Copyright Act 1994 is hereby asserted.

Designed by Mandy Sidhu DVD Production by Emissary Media & Film Ltd Map by Outline Draughting Printed in China through Bookbuilders, Hong Kong

All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book.

ISBN: 978 0 14 301030 2

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TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 2 19/4/07 4:35:18 PM NGÄ WÄHANGA CONTENTS

He Mihi – Acknowledgements 5

Hei Kupu Whakataki – Introduction 7

1 NGÄ HONONGA KI TE MOANA NUI A KIWA 9 THE CONNECTIONS TO WIDER POLYNESIA Te kiteatanga o Aotearoa e Kupe 12 Kupe’s discovery of Aotearoa New Zealand

Te hekenga mai o ngä waka ki Aotearoa 15 The migration of the canoes to Aotearoa New Zealand Te iwi Mäori inäianei 16 The Mäori people today

2 KO NGÄ TIKANGA O TE MARAE 19 MARAE PROTOCOL

Ko te wero 21 The challenge Ko te karanga 22 The call of welcome Haka pöhiri 23 Welcoming dance Poroporoaki 23 Farewell to the deceased Mihi tïmatanga 23 Speech of welcome Whaikörero 25 Speech by visitors Koha 25 Donation Mihi whakamutunga 25 Final speech from the hosts Hongi 26 Pressing of noses Häkari 26 Feast

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 3 19/4/07 4:35:19 PM 3 KO TE WHARENUI O TÄNE-NUI-A-RANGI 27 TÄNE-NUI-A-RANGI MEETING HOUSE Te tähuhu – Ko ngä atua o te ao Mäori 32 The ridgepole –The gods of the Mäori world Ko ngä pou o te whare 34 The pillars of the house Ngä poupou o te whare 36 The carved ﬁ gures of the house

4 TE KAPA HAKA 43 MÄORI PERFORMING ARTS Ngä pütake o te kapa haka 44 The origins of Mäori performing arts Waiata ä ringa 45 Action song Poi 47 Poi dance Haka 48 War dance

Hei Kupu Whakakopa – A Closing Word 50

He Kähui Whakatara – Bibliography 51

4 Opposite: Tamatekapua meeting house, Ohinemutu, Rotorua.

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 4 19/4/07 4:35:22 PM HE MIHI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Karangahia mai te mana o te wähi ngaro, kia piri mai, kia tata mai, nä te mea i hangaia mai tätau i te wähi ngaro, e te mea ngaro. Whakatöngia mai te hä o Ihowa kia noho tahi ai te wairua, te tinana me te hinengaro i runga i te rangimärie. Ö tätau tini aituä kua pïtahitahi nei i te ara tauwhäiti, i te ara namunamu, ki te karanga a te kuia nei, a Hinenuitepö, haere atu rä. Ki töku kuia, e te kurupounamu kämehameha, e Meri, näu nei ahau i penapena, i whängai ki ngä kai tüturu a öku tïpuna, moe mai rä. Huri tonu mai ki a tätau nei te hunga ora, tätau e pïtakataka nei i te mata o te whenua, tënä tätau katoa. Taka rawa mai ki te kaupapa o te wä. Nä te heke o te werawera me te tautoko a te takitini i oti ai tënei rauemi. Mei kore ake i puta ai tënei rauemi hei ako i ö tätau mätauranga tuauriuri, whäioio ki roto i tënei ao hurihuri, tënei ao hangarau. Nä reira, me huri ki te reo Päkehä ki te whakamihi atu i te hunga nä rätou nei au i opeope kia tutuki pai tënei taonga a tätau, o Aoteroa nei.

There are many people to whom I am greatly indebted for their contributions to this book and DVD. Without their help this resource would never have been completed. First, a special acknowledgement to the producer of the DVD and the original version of the book, to Mike Hennessy of Emissary Media & Film, thank you for your expertise

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 5 19/4/07 4:35:27 PM and for your belief in this project. A special acknowledgement also to the narrator of the DVD, Julian Wilcox, who donated his time and energy to this project, thank you, e hoa. I turn now to the actors who appear on the DVD. Special thanks to the Waipapa Mäori cultural group of the University of Auckland, and in particular to Valance Smith for his support and guidance with the DVD footage, kia ora koutou! I also thank Donna Grant for allowing me to ﬁ lm her students of the Manaakitanga-Aotearoa Trust, Rotorua, tënä rä koutou. For the photography contained within the book, I acknowledge the expert skills of Krzysztof Pfeiffer. For the photographs of performers within the book I must acknowledge Wetini Mitai, of Mitai Mäori Village in Rotorua, ngä mihi nui ki a koutou. I would also like to thank Te Kunenga o Rotowhio Mäori cultural group and Te Puia (formerly the New Zealand Maori Arts and Crafts Institute) at Whakarewarewa as well the people of Papaiouru marae, Ohinemutu, thanks for the photographs, tënä hoki koutou. Finally, this book and DVD would not have been possible without research grants from the University of Auckland, where I lectured between 1994 and 2002, as well as the University of Hawai'i at Manoa (Honolulu), where I was a professor of Mäori language between 2002 and 2006. Thank you all.

Nä reira, me hoki mai pea ki te whakatauäkï nei ki te whakatutuki i ngä mihi nei: ‘Nä täu rourou me täku rourou kua ora te iwi.’ Heoi anö rä mö tënei wä.

6 Opposite: Kapa haka performers, Te Puia, Rotorua.

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 6 19/4/07 4:35:38 PM HEI KUPU WHAKATAKI INTRODUCTION

E ngä uri o ngä hau e whä o te ao, tënä koutou, tënä koutou, tënä koutou katoa. Tënei rä te mihi atu ki a koe e ako nei i te reo me ngä tikanga o te ao Mäori o Aotearoa. To the descendants of the four winds of the earth, greetings, greetings, greetings to you all. I pay tribute to you in learning the language and the traditions of the Mäori world of Aotearoa New Zealand.

E whai ake ana ko ëtahi pitopito körero e pä ana ki te ao Mäori o Aotearoa. E whä ngä wähanga o tënei köpae ataata. The following provides some useful information about the Mäori world of New Zealand.

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 7 19/4/07 4:35:44 PM There are four parts to this book and DVD:

1. Ngä hononga ki Te Moana nui a Kiwa The connections to wider Polynesia 2. Ngä tikanga o te marae Marae customs 3. Ko te wharenui o Täne-nui-a-Rangi Täne-nui-a-Rangi meeting house 4. Te kapa haka Mäori performing arts

Nä reira, kia kaha ki te ako mai i ngä kaupapa e whai ake nei, kia mau, kia ü, kia matära!

So, be vigilant in learning the topics which are to follow, be patient, be attentive and be alert!

Räpata Wiri Hamilton, 2007

8 Opposite: Polynesian homeland of the Mäori.

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 8 19/4/07 4:35:53 PM 1 NGÄ HONONGA KI TE MOANA NUI A KIWA THE CONNECTIONS TO WIDER POLYNESIA

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 9 19/4/07 4:36:08 PM e tïmata mai täua i ngä körero e pä ana ki te ahunga mai o te iwi Mäori. Let’s begin with the traditions concerning the origins of the Mäori people.

I ahu mai te iwi Mäori i hea? E ai ki ngä körero i ahu mai te iwi Mäori i Hawaiki. MEngari kei hea rä a Hawaiki? E kïia ana ko Hawaiki te käinga tüturu mö te hunga kua whetürangitia. Ko täku e kï ana, ko Hawaiki ko Te Moana nui a Kiwa whänui tonu. He nui tonu ngä körero e pä ana ki te hekenga mai o ngä tïpuna Mäori i Hawaiki ki Aotearoa nei. E whai ake nei ëtahi o aua körero. Where did the Mäori people come from? According to the oral traditions, the Mäori people came from Hawaiki. But where is Hawaiki? It is said that Hawaiki is the ﬁ nal home for those who have departed. But Hawaiki may also be a reference to the wider Paciﬁ c ocean. There are many traditions concerning the migration of the ancestors of the Mäori from Hawaiki to Aotearoa. Now, some of these stories are being retold.

Ko tëtahi o ngä tïpuna rongonui o te iwi Mäori ko Mäui. E kïia ana, nä Mäui i hï ake te motu raki o Aotearoa mai i te papa takotoranga o te moana. E toru ngä motu nunui o Aotearoa e möhiotia nei: Ko Te Ika nui a Mäui, ko Te Waipounamu, ko Rakiura. Ko tëtahi ingoa mö Te Waipounamu ko Te Waka o Mäui. E ai ki ngä körero tuku iho, ka haere ake a Mäui me öna tuäkana ki te hï ika mä runga i taua waka nei. Kätahi ka mau he ika nui whakaharahara, ka tapaina mai ko Te Ika nui a Mäui. Koia tënei ko te ingoa tuatahi mö te motu raki o Aotearoa. One of the most famous Mäori cultural heroes is Mäui, who is said to have ﬁ shed up the North Island of New Zealand from the depths of the ocean. New Zealand is

Above: Mt Taranaki. 10 Opposite: Map of Aotearoa New Zealand.

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 10 19/4/07 4:36:23 PM West Coast Te Tai Hauäuru East Coast Te Tai Räwhiti Auckland Tämaki Makaurau

NORTH ISLAND TE IKA NUI A MÄUI

Wellington Te Whänganui a Tara

SOUTH ISLAND TE WAIPOUNAMU Christchurch Otautahi

Dunedin Otepoti

Stewart Island Rakiura

divided into three islands: the North Island, the South Island and Stewart Island. The South Island is said to be the great canoe of Mäui. According to the traditions, while out ﬁ shing with his older brothers on this canoe, Mäui caught a huge ﬁ sh which was named the Great Fish of Mäui. This is the original name for the North Island of New Zealand (see Alpers, 2001).

Tirohia mai tënei mapi o Aotearoa. Ko Te Whanganui a Tara, koia tënei ko te Upoko o Te Ika nui a Mäui. E kïia ana ko Te Taitokerau ko te hiku o te ika. Ko Te Tairäwhiti me Te Tai Hauäuru koia ënei ko ngä popoia o Te Ika nui a Mäui. Look at this map of New Zealand. Wellington symbolises the head of the great fi sh of Mäui. It is said that Northland is the tail of the fi sh. The east and west coasts represent the fi ns of the great fi sh of Mäui.

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 11 19/4/07 4:36:29 PM Ko te ingoa Mäori mö te motu tonga o Aotearoa ko Te Waipounamu. Ko te ingoa Mäori mö te motu kei raro mai i Te Waipounamu, ko Rakiura. E ai ki ngä püräkau, koia tënei ko te punga o te waka o Mäui. The Mäori name for the South Island of New Zealand is Te Waipounamu (The Greenstone Waters). The name of the island below the South Island is Rakiura (Stewart Island). According to legend, this island symbolises the anchor of Mäui’s canoe.

Te kiteatanga o Aotearoa e Kupe Kupe’s discovery of Aotearoa New Zealand

Nö muri i a Mäui, ka puta mai ko Kupe. Ko Kupe te tangata tuatahi kia haere mai ki ngä motu nei o Aotearoa. Engari, nä täna wahine te ingoa nei ko Aotearoa. Ka noho a Kupe ki Tahiti, ä, ka kitea mai ngä pïpïwharauroa e rere ana ki te tonga, ki tëtahi whenua kë. Nö tana kitenga i aua manu nei, ka möhio mai rä he whenua kë kei te tonga o Tahiti. Ka mutu, ka täraihia he waka kia haere pënei mai ki Aotearoa. Nä wai rä, ka whakarere atu a Kupe räua ko täna wahine, ko Hineteapärangi, me tä räua tira, i ngä motu o Tahiti. Tae rawa atu taua tira nei ki Te Ika nui a Mäui, ka kitea mai he ao nunui. He tohu tënei e whakaatu ana kua tata rätou ki uta. Nö te kiteatanga mai o taua ao rä, ka karanga atu a Hineteapärangi ki te tira haere: ‘He ao, he ao, he aotearoa!’ Nä tënei karanga äna ka puta te ingoa nei ko Aotearoa. Koia tënei ko te ingoa tüturu mö Niu Tïreni. After Mäui, came another man named Kupe. Kupe was the ﬁ rst man to discover the islands of New Zealand. But it was Hineteapärangi who gave it the name Aotearoa. Kupe lived in Tahiti and noticed shining cuckoos ﬂ ying south for winter to another land. From his observations of the birds he deduced that there was land to the south of Tahiti. After some time, he carved a canoe and he, Hineteapärangi and their crew left the islands of Tahiti. When they eventually arrived in New Zealand, Hineteapärangi noticed a great white cloud. This was a sign that they were near land. Upon seeing the cloud she cried out to the crew, ‘It’s a cloud, it’s a cloud, it’s a long white cloud.’ From this call of hers sprang the name Aotearoa (Land of the Long White Cloud). This is the original name of New Zealand (Alpers, 2001).

Ka ü tuatahi mai a Kupe ki te hiku o Te Ika nui a Mäui, ä, ka rere iho ki Te Tairäwhiti. I konei ka pakanga atu a Kupe ki tëtahi wheke hautipua ko Te Wheke a Muturangi te ingoa. Kupe landed in the northern tip of the North Island and sailed down the East Coast. Here Kupe battled a giant octopus named Te Wheke a Muturangi.

Opposite above: Map of the Paciﬁ c Islands. 12 Below: Lake Tarawera.

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 12 19/4/07 4:36:31 PM Tropic of Cancer Hawai'i Mariana Is North Pacific Ocean Caroline Is Marshall Is

Equator Nauru New Guinea Solomon Is Kiribati Marquesas Is

Vanuatu Samoa Coral Sea Cook Is Fiji Niue Society Is New Tonga Tropic of Capricorn Caledonia Pitcairn I

Australia Rapanui/ Easter I Norfolk I Kermadec I

South Pacific Ocean Tasman Sea Aotearoa/ New Zealand N

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 13 19/4/07 4:36:36 PM 14

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 14 19/4/07 4:36:44 PM I te wä i whakawhiti ai a Kupe i Te Moana o Raukawa ka wehea e ia ngä motu o Aotearoa. Mai i Te Whanganui a Tara, ka heke atu ki Te Tai Hauäuru o Te Waipounamu. Tae rawa atu ki reira, ka kitea mai tënei taonga ko te pounamu. Kupe then severed the North and South islands when he sailed through Cook Strait. From Wellington, he sailed down to the West Coast of the South Island. When he ﬁ nally arrived there he discovered a treasure called greenstone.

Ka huri äwhiowhio haere a Kupe i ngä motu o Aotearoa. I öna haerenga ka huri ake ki Te Tairäwhiti o Te Waipounamu. Rokohanga atu i reira tëtahi manu hautipua. He täroaroa ake taua manu nei i te tangata. Ko te ingoa o taua manu ko te moa. Kua kore ënei manu inäianei. Kupe sailed around the islands of New Zealand. In his journeys he went to the East Coast of the South Island. There he discovered a giant bird. The bird was taller than a man. The name of that bird was ‘moa’. These birds are now extinct.

Ka hoki pënei mai a Kupe mä Te Moana o Raukawa, tae rawa atu ki Te Tai Hauäuru o Te Ika nui a Mäui. Tokorua ngä tängata i tütaki mai ai a Kupe i reira, ko Tïwakawaka räua ko Kökako ö räua ingoa. Ka mutu, ka hoki atu a Kupe ki Hokianga noho tüturu ai. From there Kupe sailed back via Cook Strait and arrived at the West Coast of the North Island. He discovered two people called Tïwakawaka and Kökako. After this, he returned to Hokianga where he settled (Alpers, 2001).

Te hekenga mai o ngä waka ki Aotearoa The migration of the canoes to Aotearoa New Zealand

I muri mai i a Kupe he nui tonu ngä waka i whakawhiti mai i Te Moana nui a Kiwa ki Aotearoa. He kaihautü, he tohunga tö tënä waka, tö tënä waka. Ka ü aua waka nei ki ngä wähi katoa o Te Ika nui a Mäui, ä, nä ngä tïpuna o aua waka nei ka puta ko ngä iwi Mäori o näianei. Hei te tuatoru o ngä akoranga nei e kitea ai ngä körero mö aua waka nei. After Kupe, there were many canoes which crossed the Paciﬁ c Ocean to New Zealand. Each canoe had its own captain and navigator. The canoes landed in different parts of New Zealand, and, from the ancestors on these canoes sprang the modern tribes of the Mäori people. The traditions for those canoes will be discussed later.

Opposite above: Whakatäne coast, eastern Bay of Plenty. Below: Crew of a waka taua. Mitai Mäori Village, Rotorua 15

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 15 19/4/07 4:37:04 PM Nö muri i te hekenga mai o ngä waka ki Aotearoa, ka takahia haeretia e ngä tïpuna te mata o te whenua, ä, ka nöhia katoatia e rätau te whänuitanga o ngä whenua o Aotearoa. Arä noa atu ngä iwi Mäori e noho nei ki ngä motu o Te Ika nui a Mäui me Te Waipounamu. Following the arrival of the canoes in Aotearoa, the ancestors explored the breadth of the land, and, the land was settled by them. And from them sprang the modern Mäori tribes who occupy the islands of the North and South islands.

Te iwi Mäori inäianei The Mäori people today

Ki tä ngä tatauranga a te käwanatanga mö te tau rua mano mä ono, neke atu i te rima rau mano ngä Mäori e noho mai ana ki Aotearoa nei, ä, puta atu i te ao whänui. Neke atu i te whitu tekau paihëneti o te iwi Mäori kei te noho ki ngä täone nunui. I tënei wä, e rua tekau paihëneti noa iho te nui o te iwi Mäori e mätau ana ki te reo Mäori. I raro i te ture, he reo whai mana te reo Mäori i Aotearoa nei. He whanaunga te reo Mäori ki ngä reo o te taha räwhiti o Te Moana nui a Kiwa pënei i ngä reo o Kuki Airini, Tahiti me Hawai’i.

Opposite above: A tribal group performing a waiata Opposite below: Mäori women enjoying a break Below: A tohunga whakairo ( master carver) at work

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 16 19/4/07 4:37:08 PM 17

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 17 19/4/07 4:37:24 PM According to the government statistics for the year 2006, there are over 500,000 Mäori people who live in Aotearoa and around the world. Over 70 percent of the present Mäori population live in urban centres. At this time, the Mäori language is spoken by about 20 percent of the Mäori population. Under the law, Mäori is an ofﬁ cial language of New Zealand. Mäori language is part of the East Polynesian language family and is related to the languages of the Cook Islands, Tahiti, and Hawai’i (Te Puni Kökiri, 2004).

Kei te whakaakona te reo Mäori mai i ngä köhanga reo tae noa ki ngä whare wänanga. Ko te iwi Mäori ngä kaiärahi o ngä iwi taketake o te ao, mö te whakaora i ngä reo kua tämia e tauiwi. Kei te mau tonu ngä tikanga Mäori. I te tau rua mano mä rua, i tïmata mai te whakapaoho atu i te reo Mäori ki runga i te pouaka whakaata Mäori. The Mäori language is taught from preschool level to university. New Zealand Mäori are regarded as world leaders in the revival of indigenous languages that have been suppressed by other cultures. The traditions of Mäori culture are still retained today. In 2002, broadcasting in the Mäori language began on Mäori Television.

Kua eke te iwi Mäori ki ngä taumata mö ngä mahi katoa i Aotearoa pënei i te mätauranga, ngä mahi ohaoha, törangapü me ngä mahi täkaro hoki. Mäori have excelled in all aspects of New Zealand life including in education, business, politics and sport.

Above: Relaxing with a guitar. 18 Opposite: A traditional wero (challenge), Te Puia, Rotorua.

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 18 19/4/07 4:37:37 PM 2 KO NGÄ TIKANGA O TE MARAE MARAE PROTOCOL

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TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 20 19/4/07 4:38:30 PM ehemea kei te pirangi koe ki te haere ki te marae, me möhio mai koe ki ngä tikanga o te hui e möhiotia nei ko te pöhiri. In order to visit a Mäori village, or marae, it is important to know the Mcustoms pertaining to a special ceremony known as a ‘pöhiri’ or ‘pöwhiri’.

Ko te wero The challenge

I ëtahi wä ka tïmatahia te pöhiri ki te wero. I ngä wä o mua ko te tikanga o te wero he whakamätautau i te manuhiri kia möhio ai mena kua eke mai rätou i runga i te riri, i runga ränei i te rangimärie. I waenganui i te wero ka whakatakotohia he taonga hei tiki atu mä te manuhiri. Ki te tïkina atu taua taonga e te manuhiri, ka täea e rätau te eke ki runga i taua marae. The pöhiri sometimes begins with a ceremonial challenge called a ‘wero’, performed by a Mäori warrior. In ancient times, the wero was performed to test whether the visitors came in war or peace. The climax of the wero occurs when the warrior lays down an offering for the visitors to pick up. If the visitors pick up the offering, they may enter the marae (Tauroa 1991, pp. 31–34).

Opposite: The taki (offering) is laid down for the visitors to accept. Above: Tangata whenua performing a haka pöhiri for visitors. 21

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 21 19/4/07 4:38:47 PM Ko te karanga The call of welcome

I muri mai i te wero ka riro mä tëtahi wahine nö te hunga käinga hei karanga atu ki te ope manuhiri. Ko tä te karanga kaupapa matua he poroporoaki ki ngä mate, he whakamihi hoki i te ope whakaeke. Arä noa atu ngä whiti o te karanga, ä, e tika ana kia whakautua mai te karanga a te tangata whenua e tëtahi wahine nö te ope whakaeke. I te wä e karanga ana aua wähine, me äta haere ngä manuhiri ki runga i te marae, ä, e tautau ana ngä mähunga. After the wero, a karanga (call of welcome) is made by a woman belonging to the local marae. The main purpose of the call is to farewell the deceased and to welcome the

22 Above: Haka pöhiri to welcome visitors onto the marae. Rotowhio marae, Rotorua

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 22 19/4/07 4:38:58 PM visitors coming onto the marae. There are several verses to the call of welcome, and it is appropriate for a woman from the visiting party to respond to the call of welcome. As these women are performing the call of welcome, the visitors will walk slowly onto the marae, with their heads bowed in respect.

Haka pöhiri Welcoming dance

Mutu kau ana ngä karanga ka hakaina mai e te tangata whenua he haka hei whakatau atu i te manuhiri kua eke nei ki runga i te marae. Ko te ingoa o tenei tü momo haka he haka pöhiri. As soon as the karanga is completed, a ceremonial dance of welcome is performed by the people of the marae to welcome and honour the visitors. This is called a ‘haka pöhiri’.

Poroporoaki Farewell to the deceased

Muri tata tonu mai i te haka pöhiri me ngä karanga, ka tü wahangü ngä manuhiri me te tangata whenua mö tëtahi wä poto kia whakamaumaharatia te hunga kua whetürangitia. Kätahi ka noho katoa ngä manuhiri, ä, ka tü mai tëtahi tangata nö te hunga käinga ki te mihi atu ki te ope whakaeke. Soon after the haka and calls of welcome, the visitors and locals will stand in silence for a short time in memory of those who have departed. Then the visitors will sit down and a man from the local marae will stand to make a speech of welcome.

Mihi tïmatanga Speech of welcome

Ka tïmata mai ngä mihi i tëtahi tangata nö te hunga käinga. Ka whiu haere te kaikörero i öna ringa, ka kori hoki töna tinana. Mutu ana täna mihi e tika ana kia waiatahia e tana iwi he waiata hei whakareka i täna körero. The speeches of welcome start with an orator from the local marae. The orator uses hand gestures and body language in his speech. After the ﬁ rst orator concludes his speech it is appropriate for his people to sing a song in order to sweeten the oratory.

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TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 24 19/4/07 4:39:10 PM Whaikörero Speech by visitors

Mutu ana te mihi tuatahi a te tangata whenua kua riro mä te manuhiri e whaikörero ki te hunga käinga. Ki tä te whakataukï nei, ko te kai a te rangatira ko te körero. Ka mutu, e tika ana kia waiatahia he waiata hei kïnaki i te whaikörero. After the ﬁ rst speech is concluded the visitors are given an opportunity to make a speech to the local people. According to the proverb, the food of chiefs is oratory. When a speaker has ﬁ nished it is appropriate that a song is sung as a relish for the speech.

Koha Donation

Mutu katoa ana ngä kaikörero a te manuhiri ka whakatakotohia e rätou he koha ki runga i te marae hei utu i ngä nama mö te manaaki i ngä manuhiri. Ka tü mai tëtahi tangata nö te marae ki te tiki mai i taua koha, me te whakamihi i te manuhiri mö ö rätou whakaaro aroha. Once the speeches are completed the visitors will then lay down a donation (koha) on the marae to assist with the costs of hosting the visitors. A local man will stand and accept the koha and then thank the visitors for their kind thoughts and generosity.

Mihi whakamutunga Final speech from the hosts

E rua ngä momo kawa mö te whaikörero: ko päeke, ko tauutuutu. I raro i te päeke, mutu katoa ana ngä kaikörero a te tangata whenua ka riro mä ngä manuhiri e whaikörero. Engari, i raro i te tauutuutu, ka tü mai he tangata nö te marae, ka mutu ka huri ki te manuhiri. Pënei te haere o ngä körero, tü atu, tü mai. Kia oti räno ngä whaikörero a te manuhiri, ka riro mä te tangata whenua hei whakakopa i ngä körero. I roto i te rohe o Te Arawa, e pënei ana tö rätau kawa. Ka mutu te mihi whakamutunga, ka tü mai ai te iwi käinga ki te waiata i tëtahi waiata mä te kaikörero. There are two types of protocol for speech-making, called ‘päeke’ and ‘tauutuutu’. Under the protocol of päeke, when all of the speeches of the local marae are fi nished, then the visitors make their speeches. However, under the protocol of tauutuutu, an orator from the marae will speak fi rst, and then it is the turn of the visitors to speak. The speeches continue in this manner, alternating from the locals to the guests. When all the speeches of the guests are fi nished it is appropriate for the local people to close

Opposite: A mihi to welcome guests onto the marae. Mitai Mäori Village, Rotorua 25

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 25 19/4/07 4:39:26 PM the speeches. Within the district of Te Arawa, this is their protocol. Once the ﬁ nal speech is completed the home tribe will stand to sing a song for the speaker (Karetu 1991, pp. 1–19).

Hongi Pressing of noses

Tae rawa ake ki te wähanga whakamutunga o te pöhiri, ka haere ngä manuhiri ki te rürü me te hongi ki te tangata whenua. Ka mutu te pöhiri, ka karangatia te manuhiri kia haere ki te kai. In the ﬁ nal part of the welcoming ceremony, the hosts will invite the visitors to clasp hands and press noses with them. This completes the entire welcoming ceremony. The visitors are then called to go and have a meal.

Häkari Feast

Mutu ana te pöhiri ka haere katoa ngä manuhiri ki te häkari. Ko te tino tikanga o tënei häkari ko te whakanoa i te tapu kei runga i a rätou. Ka mutu i konei ngä körero mö ngä tikanga o te marae. I tënei wä, me huri tätau ki te wharenui ätaahua o Täne-nui-a- rangi, kei te Whare Wänanga o Tämaki makaurau, Aotearoa. After the pöhiri the visitors will go for a feast. The main purpose of this custom is to free the sacredness that they bring with them. So this concludes the discussion of the protocols of the marae. Now let’s turn to the beautiful meeting house of Täne-nui-a- Rangi at the University of Auckland, New Zealand.

Above: Friends greeting each other with aHongi Opposite: Waipapa marae, Täne-nui-a-Rangi 26 meeting house, University of Auckland

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 26 19/4/07 4:39:32 PM 3 KO TE WHARENUI O TÄNE-NUI-A-RANGI TÄNE-NUI-A-RANGI MEETING HOUSE

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 27 19/4/07 4:40:01 PM au mai, haere mai ki te wharenui o Täne-nui-a-Rangi! Welcome to Täne-nui-a-Rangi meeting house!

NKei te taumata o te wharenui nei ko te köruru. At the apex of the meeting house is the köruru or gable ﬁ gure.

Ka whakaritea te köruru ki te kanohi o Täne-nui-a-Rangi. The köruru represents the face of the ancestor Täne-nui-a-Rangi.

Ko ngä maihi ënei. Ko ngä papa räkau e heke mai ana i te köruru ka whakaritea ki ngä ringaringa o te tïpuna e whätoro atu ana ki ngä manuhiri. These are the barge boards. The boards of wood coming down from the köruru represent the arms of the ancestor outstretched to the visitors (Karetu, 1991).

Ko ngä raparapa ënei. Ka whakaritea ënei ki ngä matimati o te tipuna. These are the raparapa or facing boards. These represent the ﬁ ngers of the ancestor.

E rua ngä amo kei te taha whakamua o te wharenui. Ko mana whenua tëtahi, ko mana tangata tëtahi. There are two amo or upright supports located on either side of the meeting house. These represent the earthly domain and human domain.

Above: The köruru, or face, of Täne-nui-a-Rangi. 28 Opposite: The küwaha (doorway) of Täne-nui-a-Rangi.

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TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 29 19/4/07 4:40:41 PM 30

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 30 19/4/07 4:40:52 PM Ko te paepae tënei. I mua, ko te paepae te wähi i mahia ai ngä mahi whaikörero a te tangata whenua. This is the paepae or speakers’ bench. In the past, the paepae was a place from which speeches of the local people were conducted.

Ko te küaha tënei. Ko te küaha te waha o te tïpuna nei, o Täne-nui-a-Rangi. Koinei te huarahi mö te hunga ora. This is the doorway. The doorway represents the mouth of the ancestor, Täne-nui-a- Rangi. This is the pathway for the living.

Ko te matapihi tënei. Ko te matapihi ka whakaritea ki te karu o Täne-nui-a-Rangi. Koinei te huarahi mö te hunga mate. This is the window. The window represents the eye of the ancestor, Täne-nui-a-Rangi. This is the pathway for the deceased.

Inäianei, me titiro täua ki roto o Täne-nui-a-Rangi. Ka whakaritea nei te wharenui ki te tinana o tëtahi tïpuna (Harrison, 1988). Now let’s take a look at the interior of Täne-nui-a-Rangi meeting house. The meeting house is likened to the body of an ancestor.

Ko te tähuhu tënei. Koinei te iwi tuarä o te tïpuna. This is the ridgepole. The ridgepole represents the backbone of the ancestor.

Ko ngä heke ënei. Koinei ngä rara o te tïpuna. These are the rafters. These rafters represent the ribs of the ancestor.

Ko ngä poupou ënei. Koinei ngä tïpuna o tënä waka, o tënä rohe o Aotearoa. I haere mai aua tïpuna i Hawaiki rä anö ki Aotearoa nei. Me huri tätau inäianei ki te tähuhu o te wharenui. These are the carved ﬁ gures. They depict the ancestors of each canoe and region of Aotearoa New Zealand. That is, the various ancestors who came from Hawaiki to New Zealand. Now, let’s turn to the ridgepole of the meeting house.

Opposite: The interior of Täne-nui-a-Rangi, showing the heke and the tähuhu, with Tümatauenga at the top and Aituä below. 31

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 31 19/4/07 4:40:55 PM Te tähuhu – Ko ngä atua o te ao Mäori The ridgepole – The gods of the Mäori world

Kei runga i te tähuhu o te wharenui o Täne-nui-ä-Rangi ko ngä atua o te ao Mäori. On the ridgepole of the meeting house, Täne-nui-ä-Rangi, are depicted the gods of the Mäori world.

Ko te tuatahi: Ko Ranginui tënei, te atua o te rangi. First: This is Ranginui (Sky Father), the god of the skies and heavens.

E whai ake ana i a Ranginui ko Tangaroa, te atua o te moana. Following Ranginui is Tangaroa, the god of the seas.

Ko Täwhirimätea tënei, te atua o te hau, te äwha, me te marangai. This is Täwhirimätea, the god of winds and storms.

Ko Haumiatiketike tënei, te atua o ngä kai ka tipu noa. This is Haumiatiketike, the god of uncultivated food. Ko Rongomätäne tënei, te atua o te rangimärie me ngä kai whakatipu, pënei i te kümara. This is Rongomätäne, the god of peace and of cultivated food, like the sweet potato.

Ko Tümatauenga tënei, te atua o te pakanga me te riri o te tangata. This is Tümatauenga, the god of war and the ﬁ erce nature of mankind.

Ko Aituä tënei, te atua o ngä ähuatanga e raru ai te tangata. This is Aituä, the god who brings misfortune upon mankind.

Ko Papatüänuku tënei, te atua o te whenua. This is Papatüänuku, the goddess of the earth and the land.

Ko Rüaumoko tënei, te atua o te ahi tipua. This is Rüaumoko, the god of volcanic ﬁ re.

32 Opposite: Nukutawhiti, captain of the Ngätokimatawhaorua canoe, which landed in the Hokianga

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TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 33 19/4/07 4:41:05 PM Ko ngä pou o te whare The pillars of the house

E whä ngä pou e häpai ana i te tähuhu o te wharenui. There are four pillars supporting the ridgepole of the meeting house.

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 34 19/4/07 4:41:22 PM Kei te taha whakamua o te whare ko te poutähuhu. At the front of the meeting house is the front pillar.

Kei te taumata o te poutähuhu ko Täne-nui-a-Rangi e kawe ana i ngä kete e toru o te wänanga: Ko te kete tuauri, ko te kete tuatea, ko te kete aronui. At the top of the front pillar is Täne-nui-a-Rangi carrying three baskets of knowledge: the basket of celestial knowledge, the basket of earthly knowledge, the basket of human knowledge.

Kei raro iho i a Täne ko täna wahine ko Hineahuone. Ko Hineahuone te tangata tuatahi. Below Täne is his wife, Hineahuone. Hineahuone was the ﬁ rst human being.

Kei raro mai i a Hineahuone ko Hinetïtama. Ko Hinetïtama te atua o te awatea. Below Hineahuone is Hinetïtama, the maiden of the dawn.

Me huri täua inäianei ki te poutokomanawa. E toru ngä tïpuna kei runga i te poutokomanawa. Kei runga ake ko Whirotetipua, he tohunga rongonui tënei. Kei waenganui ko Tikitepou, he tohunga tärai waka rongonui. Kei raro iho ko Toitehuatahi, he tïpuna rongonui o Aotearoa, me täna kurï ko Pötakatawhiti. Turning now to the central pillar. There are three ancestors depicted on the central pillar. At the top is Whirotetipua, a famous navigator. In the middle is Tikitepou, a famous canoe builder. At the bottom is Toitehuatahi, a famous ancestor of Aotearoa, and his dog, Pötakatawhiti.

Inäianei me huri ake ki te pou tuatoru o te whare nei, ko te poutewharaua. Kei runga ake ko Kaitangata. Kei waenganui ko täna tamaiti ko Hema. Kei raro i a Hema ko täna tamaiti ko Täwhaki. Now we turn to the third pillar of the house, called a poutewharaua. At the top is Kaitangata. In the middle is his son, Hema. Below Hema is his son, Täwhaki.

Me titiro täua inäianei ki te poutüärongo. Kei muri räno tënei pou o te wharenui o Täne-nui-a-Rangi. Kei runga ake ko Mahuika, atua o te ahi tipua. Kei waenganui ko Hinenuitepö, atua o te hunga kua whetürangitia. Kei raro iho ko Mäuitikitikiotäranga. Let’s look now at the rear pillar. This is located at the very back of the meeting house Täne-nui-a-Rangi. At the top of this pillar is Mahuika, the goddess of ancestral ﬁ re. In the middle is Hinenuitepö, goddess of death. At the bottom is Mäuitikitikiotäranga.

Opposite: Poutokomanawa of Täne-nui-a-Rangi Left: Toitehuatahi and his dog, Pötakatawhiti Right: Täwhaki with the spider . 35

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 35 23/5/07 10:01:11 AM Ngä poupou o te whare The carved ﬁ gures of the house

Me körero au inäianei mö ngä poupou kei ngä pakitara o te wharenui o Täne-nui-a- Rangi. Me tïmata mai i a Ruanui. Ko Ruanui te kaihautü o te waka o Mämari, i ü ai ki te whanga o Hokianga. Ko ngä iwi o tënei waka ko Ngäpuhi, Te Rarawa, Te Aupöuri me Ngäti Kahu. Now let’s talk about the carved ﬁ gures depicted on the walls of the meeting house, Täne-nui-a-Rangi. Let’s start off with Ruanui. Ruanui was the captain of the Mämari canoe and landed at the Hokianga harbour. The tribes of this canoe include Ngäpuhi, Te Rarawa, Te Aupöuri and Ngäti Kahu (Harrison, 1988, pp. 6–17).

Ko Nukutawhiti tënei. Ko Nukutawhiti te kaihautü o te waka o Ngätokimatawhaorua i ü ai ki te whanga o Hokianga. Ko te iwi matua o tënei waka ko Ngäpuhi. This is Nukutawhiti. Nukutawhiti was the captain of the canoe Ngätokimatawhaorua which landed at Hokianga harbour. The main tribe of this canoe is Ngäpuhi.

Ko Whakatau tënei. Ko Whakatau te tohunga o te waka o Ngätokimatawhaorua. This is Whakatau. Whakatau was the high priest of the canoe Ngätokimatawhaorua.

Ko Hoturoa tënei. Ko Hoturoa te kaihautü o te waka o Tainui, ka ü atu ki te whanga o Käwhia. Ko ngä iwi ka heke mai i a Tainui ko Waikato, Ngäti Maniapoto, Ngäti Toa, Ngäti Maru, Ngäti Paoa, Ngäti Raukawa me Ngaitai. This is Hoturoa. Hoturoa was the captain of the canoe Tainui, which landed at Käwhia harbour. The tribes that descend from Tainui are Waikato, Ngäti Maniapoto, Ngäti Toa, Ngäti Maru, Ngäti Paoa, Ngäti Raukawa and Ngaitai.

Ko Rakataura tënei. Ko Rakataura te tohunga o te waka o Tainui. This is Rakataura. Rakataura was the high priest of the canoe Tainui.

Ko Tamatekapua tënei. Ko Tamatekapua te kaihautü o te waka o Te Arawa. Ka ü atu tënei waka ki Maketü. Ko ngä uri o tënei waka ko ngä pümanawa e waru o Te Arawa. This is Tamatekapua. Tamatekapua came to Aotearoa New Zealand on board the canoe Te Arawa. This canoe landed at Maketü. The descendants of this canoe are the eight tribes of the Te Arawa confederation.

Ko Ngätoroirangi tënei. Ko Ngätoroirangi te tohunga o te waka o Te Arawa. This is Ngätoroirangi. Ngätoroirangi was the high priest of the canoe Te Arawa.

36 Opposite: Rakataura, tohunga of the Tainui canoe, holding the sacred symbol of Uenuku

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TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 37 19/4/07 4:41:58 PM Ko Toroa tënei. Ko Toroa te kaihautü o runga i te waka o Mätaatua. Ka ü mai te waka nei ki Whakatäne. Ko ngä iwi ka whakapapa atu ki tënei waka ko Ngäti Awa, Tühoe, Whakatöhea, Te Whänau a Apanui me Ngäiterangi. This is Toroa. Toroa was the captain of the canoe, Mätaatua. This canoe landed at Whakatäne. The tribes who trace genealogy to this canoe are Ngäti Awa, Tühoe, Whakatöhea, Te Whänau a Apanui and Ngäiterangi.

Ko Tämakihikurangi tënei. Ko Tämakihikurangi te tohunga o te waka o Mätaatua.

This is Tämakihikurangi. Tämakihikurangi was the high priest of the Mätaatua canoe.

Ko Paikea tënei. I eke mai a Paikea ki Aotearoa mä runga tohorä, ä, i ü tuatahi ai ki Ahuahu. Ko te iwi ake o Paikea ko Ngäti Porou. This is Paikea. Paikea came to Aotearoa New Zealand on board a whale, and landed at Ahuahu or Great Mercury Island. The true descendants of Paikea are Ngäti Porou.

Above: Täne-nui-a-Rangi with the three baskets of knowledge acquired from the supreme being, Io 38 Opposite: Tamakihikurangi, tohunga of the sacred canoe Mätaatua, which landed at Whakatäne

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TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 39 19/4/07 4:42:15 PM 40

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 40 19/4/07 4:42:25 PM Ko Pawa tënei. Ko Pawa te kaihautü o te waka o Horouta, ka ü atu ki te awa o Waiopawa i Türanga. Ko ngä uri o tënei waka ko Ngäti Porou, Rongowhakaata me Ngäti Ruapani. This is Pawa. Pawa was the captain of the canoe Horouta, which landed at the Waiopawa river in Gisborne. The descendants of Horouta include Ngäti Porou, Rongowhakaata and Ngäti Ruapani.

Ko Kiwa tënei. I whiti mai a Kiwa ki Aotearoa i runga i te waka o Horouta. Ko ia te tohunga o te waka o Horouta. This is Kiwa. Kiwa came to Aotearoa New Zealand on board the canoe Horouta. He was the high priest of the canoe Horouta.

Ko Tamateaarikinui tënei, te kaihautü o te waka o Täkitimu. Ko ngä iwi ko Rongowhaka- ata, Ngäti Kahungunu me Ngäi Tahu. This is Tamateaarikinui, captain of the Täkitimu canoe. The tribes are Rongowhakaata, Ngäti Kahungunu and Ngäi Tahu.

Ko Ruawharo tënei. I haere pënei mai a Ruawharo mä runga i te waka o Täkitimu. Ko ia te tohunga o te waka o Täkitimu. This is Ruawharo. Ruawharo came here on board the canoe Täkitimu. He was the high priest of the canoe Täkitimu.

Opposite: Ruawharo, tohunga of the Takitimu canoe, which landed in the northern Hawke’s Bay Above: Turi, captain of the Aotea canoe, depicted with the two birds, kererü (wood pigeon) and kawau (shag) 41

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 41 19/4/07 4:42:37 PM Ko Whata tënei. Ko Whata te kaihautü o runga i te waka o Tokomaru. Ü ake te waka nei ki te awa o Mohakatino. Ko ngä iwi o tënei waka ko Ngäti Tama, Ngäti Mutunga, Ngäti Rähiri, Manukorihi, Puketapu, Te Ati Awa me Ngäti Maru. This is Whata. Whata was the captain who came to Aotearoa New Zealand on board the canoe Tokomaru. This canoe eventually landed at the Mohakatino River. The main tribes of this canoe are Ngäti Tama, Ngäti Mutunga, Ngäti Rähiri, Manukorihi, Puketapu, Te Ati Awa and Ngäti Maru.

Ko Räkeiora tënei. Ko Räkeiora te tohunga o te waka o Tokomaru. This is Räkeiora. Räkeiora was the high priest of the canoe Tokomaru.

Ko Turi tënei. Ko Turi te kaihautü o te waka o Aotea, i ü ai ki te whanga o Aotea. Ko ngä iwi ka whai whakapapa mai ki tënei waka ko Ngäti Ruanui, Ngäräuru me Atihau. This is Turi. Turi was the captain of the Aotea canoe which landed at the Aotea harbour. The tribes who trace genealogy from Aotea are Ngäti Ruanui, Ngäräuru and Atihau.

Ko Te Moungaroa tënei. Ko Te Moungaroa te kaihautü o te waka o Kurahaupö, ä, ka ü mai ki Whangaroa. Ko ngä iwi heke mai i a Kurahaupö ko Te Rarawa, Te Aupöuri, Ngäti Kahu me Taranaki. This is Te Moungaroa. Te Moungaroa was the captain of the canoe Kurahaupö, which landed at Whangaroa harbour. The tribes that descend from Kurahaupö include Te Rarawa, Te Aupöuri, Ngäti Kahu and Taranaki.

Ko Pöhurihanga tënei. Ko Pöhurihanga te tama a Rongomai, kaihautü o te waka o Mähühükiterangi. Ko ngä uri a Pöhurihanga räua ko Rongomai ko Ngäti Whätua. Ka ü a Mähühükiterangi ki te whanga o Kaipara. This is Pöhurihunga. Pöhurihanga is the son of Rongomai, captain of the canoe Mähühükiterangi. The descendants of Pöhurihanga and Rongomai are Ngäti Whätua. Mähühükiterangi landed at Kaipara harbour.

Koia ënei ko ngä whakairo o roto i te wharenui o Täne-nui-a-rangi. Mä ënei whakairo e tü pakari ai ngä uri whakaheke! These are the carvings contained within Täne-nui-a-rangi meeting house. Through these carvings, the descendants of these ancestors may stand proud!

42 Opposite: Waiata ä ringa, Te Puia, Rotorua

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 42 19/4/07 4:42:53 PM 4 TE KAPA HAKA MÄORI PERFORMING ARTS

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 43 19/4/07 4:43:16 PM Ngä pütake o te kapa haka The origins of Mäori performing arts

Ko te kapa haka tëtahi taonga a te iwi Mäori. E ai ki ngä pakiwaitara ko Tänerore te atua o te kapa haka. Näna ko Hineraumati räua ko Hinetakurua. Nä Hineraumati ko Te Rëhia. E kïia ana nä Te Rëhia ngä mahi kapa. Ko Te Rëhia te atua o ngä hihi o te rä ka whiti mai i te rangi. Ko töna tohu ko te wiri o ngä ringa. Ka whakaritea te wiri o ngä ringa ki ngä hihi o te rä e hiki ake ana i a Papatüänuku. Mäori performing arts are one of the treasures of the Mäori. According to the oral narratives, Tänerore is the god of the Mäori performing arts. His two daughters were Hineraumati, the maiden of the summer and Hinetakurua, the maiden of the winter. From Hineraumati sprang Te Rëhia. It is said that Te Rëhia is the father of Mäori performing arts. Te Rëhia is the god of the shimmering rays which shine down from the heavens. He is symbolised in the quiver of the hands, which is representative of the sun’s rays that are rising up from Papatüänuku (Karetu, 2005).

He nui ngä momo haka, ä, e whai ake nei tëtahi waiata ä ringa, ko tëtahi poi me tëtahi haka hei mätakitaki mai, hei ako, mä täua. There are numerous types of haka, and following this is a demonstration of an action song, a poi dance and a war dance to watch and learn.

44 Above: Waiata ä ringa, Mitai Mäori Village, Rotorua

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 44 23/5/07 10:01:17 AM Waiata ä ringa

Ko te waiata tuatahi hei wänanga mä täua ko tëtahi waiata ä ringa e möhiotia nei ‘Nä te pö i raru ai a Wairaka’. Nä ngä iwi o Mätaatua tënei waiata, ä, he waiata tënei e pä ana ki tö rätou tïpuna, ki a Wairaka, te tamähine a Toroa, te kaihautü o te waka nei o Mätaatua. I ahu mai ngä kupu o te waiata nei i tëtahi whakataukï e pä ana ki te moenga o Wairaka ki a Maiurenui. I roto i te pö, ka raru a Wairaka i te kimi täne mäna. Anei ngä kupu me ngä mahi ä ringa o te waiata reka nei.

Piki mai, kake mai rä, Homai te waiora Ki ahau e tütehu ana. Koia te moe a te kuia, i te pö Pö i raru ai a Wairaka Pö i raru ai a Wairaka. Papaki tü ana ngä tai ki Te Reinga Ka pö, ka ao, ka awatea Tihei mauri ora!

Action song

The ﬁ rst song we shall discuss is an action song known as ‘It was in the darkness that Wairaka made her fatal mistake’. This song belongs to the tribes of Mätaatua and it is a song concerning their ancestress, Wairaka, daughter of Toroa, captain of the Mätaatua canoe. The words of this song came from a proverb about the marriage of Wairaka to Maiurenui. For it was in the darkness that Wairaka made a fatal mistake in her efforts to ﬁ nd a husband. Here are the words and actions of this sweet song:

Climb towards me, Give the water of life To me, for I am restless. Such is the sleep of the elderly woman, in the night For it was in the darkness that Wairaka made her fatal mistake For it was in the darkness that Wairaka made her fatal mistake. The tides rise up at Te Reinga (Spirits Bay) From darkness, to light, to dawn Behold there is life!

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TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 46 19/4/07 4:43:55 PM Poi

Ko te waiata e whai ake nei e möhiotia ana ‘Ko te reretanga o te raukura’. He poi tënei waiata nä ngä iwi o Waikato whänui. Tirohia mai nei ngä kupu o te waiata ätaahua nei.

Ko te reretanga o te raukura e E rere tika tonu e rere takahuri e Tïmata ana ahau – Hikoi, e tama Tïmata ana ahau – Mätaki, e tama E haere ana ra, e tama, e Waikato taniwha rau He piko he taniwha Waikato whänui e Waikato e!

Poi dance

The following song is known as ‘The ﬂ ight of the precious feather’. This is a poi dance from the tribes of the wider Waikato region. Let’s look at the words of this beautiful song.

The ﬂ ight of the precious feather Which ﬂ ies straight and then turns about I shall begin my journey – Walk forth, son I shall begin my journey – Watch, son Go forth, son To Waikato of a hundred chiefs A chief at every bend To the wider Waikato region Oh Waikato!

Opposite and above: Poi , Te Puia, Rotorua 47

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 47 19/4/07 4:44:11 PM Haka

O ngä haka katoa a te Mäori, käore pea he haka rongonui ake i te haka nei, ‘Ka mate, ka mate!’ Nä te rangatira rongonui nei, nä Te Rauparaha o Ngäti Toa i tito tënei haka i te wä e whaiwhaihia ana e ona hoariri. Nä ngä iwi o Ngäti Toa me Ngäti Tüwharetoa tënei haka. Kei te hakaina te haka nei i Aotearoa whänui, häunga anö ko Te Waipounamu. Anei ngä kupu me ngä whakamärama.

Ka mate, ka mate! Ka ora, ka ora! Ka mate, ka mate! Ka ora, ka ora! Tënei te tangata pühuruhuru Näna i tiki mai whakawhiti te rä A upäne, a upäne A upäne, kaupane, whiti te rä!

48 Above: Haka with taiaha (long club), Mitai Mäori Village, Rotorua

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 48 19/4/07 4:44:27 PM War dance

Of all the war dances of the Mäori there is perhaps no haka more famous than ‘Ka mate, ka mate!’. It was the famous chief Te Rauparaha of Ngäti Toa who composed the haka while he was being pursued by his enemies. This haka belongs to the tribes of Ngäti Toa and Ngäti Tüwharetoa. This war dance is used throughout New Zealand, but not in the South Island. Here are the words.

I shall die, I shall die! I shall live, I shall live! I shall die, I shall die! I shall live, I shall live! For it was this hairy person Who saved me and caused the sun to shine I climb up, I climb up I climb up, and jump out, and the sun shines!

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 49 19/4/07 4:44:36 PM HEI KUPU WHAKAKOPA A CLOSING WORD

Hei whakaräpopoto i ngä akoranga o tënei köpae ataata, e whä ngä kaupapa i wänangahia ai e tätau. Tuatahi, ko ngä hononga ki Te Moana nui a Kiwa. Tuarua, ko ngä tikanga o te marae. Tuatoru, ko ngä körero mö te wharenui o Täne-nui-a-Rangi. Tuawhä, ko te kapa haka. Mä tënei köpae ataata pea e ähua märama ake ai koe ki te ao Mäori o Aotearoa.

We have looked at four themes. First, the connections to wider Polynesia. Second, the customs of the marae. Third, there was a virtual tour of Täne-nui-a-Rangi meeting house. Fourth, Mäori performing arts. Perhaps through this book and DVD you have understood a little more about the Mäori world of Aotearoa New Zealand.

Nä reira, e hoa mä, käti i konei ngä körero mö te ao Mäori o Aotearoa. Te hunga mate ki te hunga mate, ka äpiti hono tätai hono. Tätau te hunga ora ki a tätau, ka äpiti hono tätai hono. Tënä koutou, tënä koutou, tënä tätau katoa. Therefore, friends, this concludes our discussion of the Mäori world of Aotearoa New Zealand. Let the deceased unite with the deceased. Let us, the living, unite with the living. Greetings, greetings, greetings to you all.

Below: Panekire Bluff, Lake Waikaremoana Opposite: The meeting of the seas, Te Rëinga

TheMaoriWorldofNZ_INSIDE.indd 50 19/4/07 4:44:42 PM HE KÄHUI WHAKATARA BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alpers, A., 1995. Maori Myths and Tribal Legends. Pearson Education, Auckland. Harrison, P., 1988. Tane-nui-a-rangi. Mäori Studies Department, University of Auckland. Huata, N., 2002. The Rhythm and Life of Poi. Harper-Collins, Auckland. Karetu, S.T., 1991. Te Reo Rangatira, Maori Language Course. GP Publications, Wellington. Karetu, S.T., 2005. Haka, The Dance of a Noble People. Reed, Auckland. Ngata, R. & Armstrong, A., 2002. Maori Action Songs. Reed, Auckland. Orbell, M., 1995. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Mäori Myth and Legend. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch. Tauroa, H. & P., 1991. Te Marae, A Guide to Custom and Protocol. Reed, Auckland. Te Puni Kökiri, 2003. Speakers of Mäori within the Mäori Population. A Report by Te Puni Kökiri, Wellington. Wiri, R., 2005. Ka Kimi a Mäui i Ona Mätua, Mäui Searches for his Parents. Emissary Media & Film, Auckland.

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