Int. J. Econ. Environ. Geol. Vol.Khan 8 (2 )et 9 -al.20 ,/ Int.J.Econ.Envi2017 ron.Geol.Vol. 8(2) 9-20, 2017 Open Access Journal home page: www.econ-environ-geol.org ISSN: 2223-957X

Petrographic and Geochemical Analyses of Kirana Hills Shield Rocks around Sargodha and Economic Potential

Muhammad Waseem Khan*, Syed Abbas Sultan, Iftikhar Alam, Muhammad Saqib Izhar

Atomic Energy Minerals Centre, Lahore-54600, Pakistan

*Email: [email protected]

Received: 1August, 2016 Accepted: 15 February, 2017

Abstract: The present study deals with geochemical and petrographic analysis of the Kirana Hill shield rocks of Punjab plains from Buland, Hachi, Shaheen Abad, Shaikh and Machh hills. On basis of the current studies certain modifications have been made in the classification and nomenclature of rocks exposed in the study areas. Chemical analyses have also been carried out in order to calculate Cross Iddings, Pirsson, and Washington (CIPW) norms”, to strengthen nomenclature scheme and finally rocks are classified by using “MAGMA SOFTWARE”. Rhyolites predominate over the basalts/dolerites, andesites, and phyllite/ slate. Rhyolitic rocks are light grey, greenish grey and light brown in color, aphanitic in nature. The observed microscopic textures are aphyric, phyric or porphyritic and micropoikilitc. Moreover, some rhyolitic rocks also show flow texture. They are either cryptocrystalline to microcrystalline or microcrystalline to cryptocrystalline. No glassy material has been observed in any thin section. Mafic rocks are characterized by the presence of ferromagnesian minerals with plagioclase. Andesites exhibit mainly porphyritic texture, but aphyric texture has also been observed in few samples. Hydrothermal alterations are also very common in these rocks. Other rock assemblages identified during laboratory studies from Kirana area include: tuffs i.e. (Lithic Crystal Tuff and Lithic Tuff), basaltic andesite, rhyodacite/ dacite, slate/ phyllite, ankeritic rocks/ veins and quartzofeldspathic veins. Our studies also reveal that no evidence of quartzite has been found in the samples collected from above mentioned areas of Kirana, although it has been reported in previous literature. Iron (Fe) has been observed in rhyolite as well as other volcanic rocks of Kirana hills, its presence suggests magma from deep mantle instead of crustal melting / anatexis. In the present analysis some primary and secondary copper minerals including chalcopyrite, atacamite and malachite have been identified. Some anomalous values of the Rare Earth Elements are also observed. Inclusive geological investigations are recommended for better studies to appraise the potential of Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu) and trace/Rare Earth Elements (REE) in the area.

Keywords: Mineral, petrographic, chemical analyses, rhyolite, hydrothermal alterations, Kirana Hills.

Introduction samples have been analyzed in the mineralogy laboratory of AEMC, Lahore. The outcrops of this complex occur as isolated hillocks around Sargodha covering topographic Geological Setting sheets No. 44A/9, and 41A/3 and lie between longitudes 72˚38'39" to 72˚38'00" and latitudes The present Punjab Foreland basin was developed as 31˚51'00" to 32˚15'00" (Fig. 2). According to extensional basin within Late Proterozoic period of Ahmed (2000, 2004) the Kirana volcanics are a part Northeast Gondwana part of the Greater India, named of Neo-proterozoic Kirana complex. The Kirana as Kirana-Malani Basin (Chaudhry et al., 1999). In Hills form the western extension of the Precambrian this region the rhyolitic mass predominates over shield of India. It represents good example of dolerite/ basalt, andesite and dacite outcrops (Ahmad bimodal continental magmatism. Although the and Chaudhry, 2009). Major outcrops of the Kirana presence of intermediate rocks have been confirmed Hills are located near the city of Sargodha, Chiniot, by mineralogy division of Atomic Energy Minerals Shah Kot and Sangla Hills (Shah, 2009). These areas Centre Lahore. are solely occupied by the exposures of Proterozoic rocks without the occurrences of Phanerozoic However, these rocks are insignificantly small in lithologies. comparison to the acidic and mafic rocks. Present investigation focuses on the chemical and However, it is supposed that this complex supports petrographic analyses of shield rocks exposed in the as basement horizon for the Paleozoic to Eo- form of Kirana Hills to classify the rocks on the Cambrian sedimentary cover sequence exposed 100 bases of laboratory results of this research work. km north in the Salt Range (Fig. 1). The Kirana Hill This study encompasses the collection of more than rocks are very significantly economic sources of three hundred rock samples from surface and aggregates for the construction of road projects and subsurface of the Kirana Hills. Subsequently these

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Khan et al. /Int.J.Econ.Environ.Geol.Vol. 8(2) 9-20, 2017 civil super structures in the Punjab province of Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg) were estimated in Pakistan (Khan and Chaudhry, 1991; Khan, 2004). the fused sample either by volumetric analysis using EDTA as standard solution with different Ph and indicators or by atomic absorption spectrophotometer with the help of Z8000 Hitachi coupled with graphite furnace Japan, depending on the concentration and interfering environment of the matrix.

Alumina (Al2O3) was estimated in the sample prepared by fusion with Aizarin red-S as chromogenic reagent by spectrophotometer.

Titanium (TiO2) and phosphorous penta oxide (P2O5) were also estimated from multiacid leach solution by using hydrogen per oxide and ammonium vanado molybedate as chromogenic reagents for the complexion of both constituents respectively in their analysis spectrophotometrically with the help of Helios Epsilon Thermospectronic, single beam USA.

Ferrous (Fe+2) was leached with nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid without any heating by keeping the sample over night and estimated volumetrically by using potassium di chromate as standard solution using Fig. 1 Location map of North Pakistan, square showing the Barium Diphenyl amin Sulphonate (BADAS) as study area. indicator.

Materials and Methods Total iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) were estimated through atomic absorption spectrometer (Z8000 Petrographic Analyses Hitachi coupled with graphite furnace, Japan) in multiacid leach solution. However, the iron contents Detailed petrographic studies of three hundred samples may also be determined volumetrically in the multiacid collected from the study area were carried out by using leach solution or fused sample using potassium standard petrographic Olympus BX 51 polarizing dichromate as standard solution and BADAS microscope fitted with Olympus DP12 camera. Several indication depending on the concentration of the iron. rock types have been described based on mineralogy and texture. The modal composition of hypabassal and Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) were determined in microcrystalline volcanic rocks was volumetrically the multiacid leach solution of the sample on flame determined by recommended comparison charts, while photometer (Jenway PFP-7) with appropriate filter of composition of cryptocrystalline volcanic rocks was respective elements. It is an emission spectrophoto determined with the help of chemical analyses. meter technique. Important features of rocks are illustrated by photomicrographs. Carbon dioxide (CO2) was estimated indirectly in the form of carbonates volumetrically. Carbonates present Chemical Analyses in the samples were digested with excess hydrochloric acid of known strength. The excess acid was titrated Wet chemical analyses of more than two hundred with standard solution of sodium hydroxide using volcanic as well as hypabassal rocks samples were phenolphthalein as indicator. Volume of hydrochloric carried out to classify the rocks based on twelve major acid used for the digestion of carbonates was oxides and Loss on ignition (LOI) content as these determined from the volume of sodium hydroxide used rocks are fine grained, but results of some of the in titration. Data obtained was used to calculate the representative samples of each rock type are selected amount of carbon dioxide present in the sample. for this research work. Wet chemical analysis is a destructive technique and following constituents were Loss on Ignition was determined gravimetrically by estimated by using this technique. using Carbolite Furnace. The weighed sample was o Silica (SiO2) the main constituent of most of rocks was heated up to 900 C for one hour. The loss on weight estimated by gravimetrically. The samples were was calculated as percentage of LOI. digested with Nitric acid which removes all the soluble radicals except silica and separated through filtration. The oxides were converted to minerals, the calculated Finally the silica is estimated from residue with the abundance of the minerals is known as norm. The first treatment of Hydrofluoric acid gravimetrically. norm was devised by the four petrologists Cross,

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Iddings, Pirsson, and Washington, and thus it is fruitful results. “MAGMA” software follows IUGS commonly referred to as CIPW norms (Philpotts, classification scheme to classify the rocks (Fig. 8).

Fig. 2 Geological map of Kirana Hills. Colored rounded spots showing the locations of samples collected from the area, District Sargodha, Punjab (after Ahmed et al, 2007).

Table 1. Chemical analysis showing high percentage of Iron (Fe) and low Nickel (Ni) content.

Terrestrial Iron (Fe) From Clark Values Estimation Required Min No. 267/13 Blaafjeld Greenland Percentage % in crust

SiO2% 10.97 - 28.2 Fe % 79.06 93.16 06.3 Ni% 0.16 2.01 0.0089 Co% 0.08 0.80 0.003 Cu% <0.01 0.12 0.0068 P% <0.10 0.32 0.099 Cl-1% 0.56 0.02 0.017 S% 1.11 0.41 0.042

1989). Finally classification was done with help of Contents of iron (Fe) sample were determined by using “MAGMA SOFTWARE” by putting values of major wet chemical analysis technique. Only carbon and oxides (Table 2). For this purpose fresh, unaltered and sulfur contents were determined by using carbon/ representative rock samples were selected to get sulfur analyzer. These contents were compared with

11 Khan et al. /Int.J.Econ.Environ.Geol.Vol. 8(2) 9-20, 2017 terrestrial iron (Fe) from Blaafjeld Greenland with the help of “Pro-trace software” in order to know (Anthony et al., 1990). Clark values are also listed in earth (REE) / trace element contents. For this purpose, Table 1. the rock samples were crushed and grinded up to -200# mesh size with jaw crusher and finally the materials

Table 2. Classification based on chemical analyses (CIPW norms). Sample SiO TiO Al O Fe O FeO MnO CaO MgO Na O K O P O CO LOI Classification No. 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 5 2 18/12 75.82 0.18 15.87 2.25 0.61 0.02 0.40 1.05 0.35 1.91 0.01 1.42 0.10 Alkali Rhyolite 40/12 76.69 0.18 15.03 2.53 1.73 0.03 0.11 0.86 0.43 2.16 0.01 0.13 0.11 Alkali Rhyolite 59/12 76.41 0.15 14.99 3.79 1.71 0.12 0.1 0.65 0.16 1.83 0.01 0.01 0.11 Alkali Rhyolite 84/12 72.13 0.11 12.19 0.44 3.04 0.05 1.04 0.76 1.85 3.52 <0.01 1.47 3.49 Rhyolite 85/12 73.12 0.1 11.68 1.56 2.57 0.02 0.99 0.45 1.83 3.78 0.01 1.58 2.39 Rhyolite 86/12 75.88 0.17 11.07 1.34 1.45 0.05 0.8 1.09 2.2 1.96 <0.01 1.06 3.04 Rhyolite 89/12 75.37 0.15 11.49 0.70 0.84 0.02 0.90 0.94 0.65 3.23 0.02 1.37 4.30 Alkali Rhyolite 42/13 77.12 0.20 16.04 0.90 0.31 0.01 0.20 0.72 0.35 3.30 0.07 0.67 0.10 Alkali Rhyolite 46/13 72.55 0.11 12.47 1.8 0.94 0.01 0.2 0.56 3.1 1.88 0.02 0.44 0.1 Alkali Rhyolite 67/13 74.61 <0.10 13.44 0.71 0.1 0.02 0.21 <0.10 6.34 0.1 0.19 0.86 0.1 Alkali Rhyolite 22/12 45.93 1.53 14.59 1.69 8.8 0.15 6.69 3.05 1.48 0.55 0.05 7.02 0.1 Basalt 76/13 45.22 0.52 17.22 4.52 1.53 0.17 8.25 5.87 0.51 2.06 0.10 13.92 0.10 Basalt 91/12 43.25 1.29 13.25 3.22 9.42 0.09 5.86 3.43 2.92 0.73 0.18 7.17 9.4 Latite-Basalt 20/12 55.14 0.23 24.53 2.13 0.39 0.01 0.13 1.46 0.16 2.59 0.01 1.19 0.1 Basaltic Andesite 52/12 52.92 0.37 28.39 2.34 0.6 0.01 0.1 1.14 0.15 2.53 0.01 0.96 0.1 Basaltic Andesite 19/12 58.81 0.24 22.53 2.73 0.67 0.01 0.18 1.87 0.19 1.54 0.01 1.16 0.1 Andesite 32/13 62.88 0.1 7.73 2.6 1.74 0.09 7.17 2.97 0.35 1.87 0.02 9.96 0.1 Andesite 79/13 61.96 0.17 15.87 4.56 0.55 0.08 0.84 1.08 1.7 3.57 0.16 0.55 0.1 Andesite 49/12 65.81 0.29 20.04 1.77 1.08 0.03 0.1 0.68 0.19 3.32 0.01 0.15 0.1 Dacite 50/13 66.5 0.1 12.51 1.56 3.58 0.08 2 0.63 2.83 3.2 0.11 3.26 0.1 Dacite 68/13 64.82 0.1 11.92 8.99 1.17 0.02 1.57 0.13 0.19 0.82 0.11 0.98 0.1 Dacite 29/13 5.12 0.11 5.53 11.17 0.10 0.34 33.94 4.61 0.44 0.12 0.01 35.06 0.10 Carbonate Rock 30/13 1.68 0.10 0.47 14.08 0.10 0.29 46.23 2.28 0.33 0.10 0.01 34.21 0.10 Carbonate Rock 31/13 1.40 0.10 0.41 0.10 20.42 0.84 36.36 11.25 0.55 0.10 0.01 28.35 0.10 Carbonate Rock

Table 3. REE / Trace elements.

Rock Names and Estimations of Elements Alkali Alkali Vein Filling Quartzofeldspathic Only XRD & Clark Sr. No. Elements Rhyolite Rhyolite Material Material Chemical Analyses Values Min. No. Min. No. Min. No. 87/13 Min. No. 100/13 Min. No. 259/13 53/12 63/13 1 Cr (ppm) 243 341 433 433 439 102 2 Ni (ppm) 5 21 519 14 160 84 3 Cu (ppm) 31 30 165 36 215 (malachite) 60 4 Zn (ppm) 1097 468 681 476 486 70 5 Y (ppm) 502 66 8 101 20 33 6 Zr (ppm) 706 295 6 407 29 165 7 Nb (ppm) 73 13 ND 29 <1 20 8 Mo (ppm) ND 5 1 2 10 1.2 9 Ag (ppm) ND 2 3 ND ND 0.075 10 Cs (ppm) 15 8 3 8 3 3 11 La (ppm) 112 36 7 45 191 39 12 Ce (ppm) 114 41 5 53 207 66.5 13 Sm (ppm) 24 ND 15 ND 34 7.05 14 Yb (ppm) 33 ND ND ND ND 3.2 15 W (ppm) 211 1 ND 4 ND 1.25 16 Pb (ppm) 450 8 118 4 20 14 17 Bi (ppm) 2 <1 3 3 <1 0.0085

Few samples of alkali rhyolite and vein filling material were grounded with disc pulverizer to make the sample were also subjected to non-destructive technique by homogenous. Pellets of powder samples were made Max using Panalytical XRF spectrometer (Axios Mineral) using hydraulic assembly (ENERPAC) by applying a

12 Khan et al. /Int.J.Econ.Environ.Geol.Vol. 8(2) 9-20, 2017 pressure of about 700 bar / 8000 psi. Afterwards, textures are aphyric, porphyritic and micropoikilitc pressed pellets of required dimensions were presented (Fig. 5: a, b, c). Moreover, some rhyolites also show for analysis through X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) flow texture and spherulitic texture (Fig. 5 e, f), which Spectrophotometer. Some anomalous values of are either cryptocrystalline to microcrystalline or different rare earth element have been observed compared microcrystalline to cryptocrystalline. However, glassy

Fig. 3 Field photographs showing a) greenish grey rhyolite at SE of Buland Hill (Pen for scale). b) Brown colored boulder of rhyolite at SE of Buland Hill. c) Core sample showing black color mineral “Chevkinite”, confirmed through XRD in rhyolite at SE of Buland Hill. d) Core sample showing wavy shape, brown color material; identified as “Goethite”, through XRD in rhyolite at SE of Buland Hill. e) Dendritic Pyrolusite in rhyolite boulder at SE of Buland Hill (Pen for scale). f) Outcrop view of the slate at Machh Hill. with Clark values, which are listed in Table 3. material has not been observed in any thin section so far due to devitrification. Hydrothermal alterations are Results and Discussion also very common in rhyolites. Common observed minerals are quartz, orthoclase, sericite, calcite/ Rhyolite ankerite, hematite/ goethite, pyrite, iron (Fe) and minor amount of sodic plagioclase, which have been Rhyolites are light grey, greenish grey and light brown reported from the outcrops as well as sub crops of in color (Fig. 3 a, b). The observed microscopic South East of Buland Hill, Chak #120B, Shaikh Hill,

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Buland Hill, Sharaban Hill, South of Chak # 59, Hachi andesite is reported from South of Chak # 59, Buland Hill and Shaheen Abad. Hill and Hachi Hill, Sargodha (Fig. 6 c, d).

Rhyodacite/ Dacite Altered Dolerite/ Basalt

Microscopic texture is weakly aphyric. The rock The dolerites are generally fine to medium grained and consists mostly of plagioclase laths, which are dark green to dark grey in color, which have been randomly oriented and exhibit alterations into epidote / extensively altered due to hydrothermal activity. The zoisite, chlorite, and muscovite at some places. observed microscopic textures are interstitial and Pyroxene shows alterations into chlorite (Fig. 6 a, b), weakly doleritic (Fig. 6e). In doleritic texture, which are reported from Mach Hill, Sargodha. Dacite plagioclase join each other and interstitial spaces are is reported from South East of Buland Hill, Chak# 120, filled with high temperature minerals (olivines, and South of Chak # 59. pyroxenes, amphiboles), while intersertal texture is

Fig. 4 Field photographs showing (a) Xenolith in rhyolite at Shaheenabad. (b) Outcrop view of milky white colored pegmatitic veins of Quartzofeldspathic material (south of Chak #59). (c) Ankeritic vein in boulder. (Geological hammer for scale) (d) Outcrop view of dark grey colored dolerite at Buland Hill.

Andesite/ Basaltic Andesite characterized by filling interstitial spaces with low temperature minerals such as epidotes and chlorites Andesites are dark grey in color and exhibit mainly (Bard, 1986). The rock consists mainly of plagioclase porphyritic texture, but aphyric texture has also been laths, chlorite, epidote and ilmenite. Pyroxene includes observed in few samples. They are intermediate hypersthene and augite. Few augite grains show volcanic rocks, hence felsic minerals as well as mafic concentric zonation. Carbonate minerals, pyrite and minerals have been observed. Phenocrysts consist of uralite (fibrous actinolite) have been observed in minor plagioclase laths of oligoclase to andesine composition amount. Olivine and hornblende are occasionally and minor biotite is present in some samples. observed in few samples. Plagioclase laths show Groundmass includes chlorite, quartz, sericite/ hydrothermal alterations into sericite, epidote and muscovite, hematite/ goethite, calcite, pyrite and iron sodic plagioclase. Chlorite and carbonate are formed (Fe), which have been reported from the Buland Hill, by the alteration of pyroxene as well as other core samples of hole drilled at Chak #120B. Basaltic ferromagnesian minerals. Dolerites have been reported from the core drilled at South East of Buland Hill,

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Fig. 5 Photomicrographs showing a) aphyric texture dominantly cryptocrystalline material of felsic nature in rhyolite. (XPL) b) Porphyritic texture (quartz and orthoclase phenocrysts are embedded in groundmass) in rhyolite (Min No. 85/13A). (XPL) c) Micropoikilitic texture in rhyolite. Optically continuous quartzofeldspathic patches with boundaries clearly defined by the concentration of sericitized feldspar (Min No.76/12). (XPL) d) flow texture in rhyolite (Min No. 49/12). Cross Polarized light (XPL) e) Another photomicrograph showing flow texture in rhyolite (Min No. 49/12). (XPL) f) spherulitic texture in rhyolite at high magnification (Min No. 70/13). (XPL)

Chak #120B and Buland Hills, Sargodha. Scapolite cryptocrystalline material and phenocrysts. and vermiculite have been reported from highly altered Phenocrysts include i.e. quartz, orthoclase, lithic metamorphosed dolerite exposed at North eastern part fragments, perthite, magnetite and hematite. Lithic of Shaheenabad. Basalt has been reported from Chak # fragments are rhyolitic in nature. Lithic tuff consists of 59, south of Chak # 59. It consists dominantly of lithic fragments are usually of cognate pyroclasts cryptocrystalline material, while quartzofeldspathic (juvenile fragments derived from solidified parts of the material occurs in very minor amount (Fig. 6 f). It has erupting magma), occasionally fragments of country also been reported from Shaikh Hill, Sargodha. rocks, dislodged from the conduit walls and vent during explosion/eruption are also seen. These Tuff fragments are consolidated with ferruginous clays / hematite/goethite (Fig. 7 a, b). Tuffs have been Two types of tuffs have been observed i.e. lithic crystal reported from Chak#120, Hachi Hill, Sargodha. Tuffs tuff and lithic tuff. Lithic crystal tuff consists of

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Fig. 6 Photomicrographs showing a) rhyodacite, plagioclase laths are seen in the thin section, epidote / zoisite are visible in upper left corner (Min No. 79/12). (XPL) b) Intense muscovitization in dacite (Min No. 86/13). (XPL) c) Andesite, feldspar laths, chlorite and cryptocrystalline material are clearly visible (Min. No. 43/13). (XPL) d) plagioclase and ferromagnesian minerals (hornblende and biotite) in basaltic andesite (Min No. 72/13). (XPL) e) altered dolerite, plagioclase laths and epidote can be seen (Min. No. 41/13) (XPL) f) plagioclase laths embedded in groundmass in basalt (Min No. 27/13). (XPL) are classified on the basis of their fragmental Quartzo feldspathic and Carbonate Veins composition (Fig. 9) Two types of veins of quartzo feldspathic and Slate carbonate material have been observed, which are normally cutting the host rock. Quartzofeldspathic Slates are grayish in color and fine grained in nature material consists of quartz and orthoclase, while with slaty cleavage. The thin section studies reveal that carbonate consists mainly of calcite (Fig. 7 e, f). the rocks consist of quartz, muscovite, feldspar Major rock types are rhyolites, while minor rock types (orthoclase), hematite and carbonaceous matter. Clay are basalts/ dolerites, andesites and slate. Rhyolites of minerals/chlorite occur as minor minerals. The Kirana Hills are holocrystalline i.e. no glassy material alignment of carbonaceous matter in one direction has has been observed. The observed microscopic textures been observed (Fig. 7 c). It has been reported from are aphyric, porphyritic, micropoikilitc and flow Hachi Hill and Mach Hill, Sargodha. texture. Moreover, some rhyolitic rocks also show Ankerite spherulitic texture. They are either crypto crystalline to microcrystalline or microcrystalline to crypto Ankerite gives reddish coloration in thin section study crystalline. Porphyritic texture originates in different due to iron content (Fig. 7 d). It has also been ways (polygenetic). Probably the most common origin confirmed through X-ray diffraction analysis involves two stage cooling history for the melt. An

16 Khan et al. /Int.J.Econ.Environ.Geol.Vol. 8(2) 9-20, 2017 initial episode of slow cooling rate results in relatively chemical composition of the crystal (Mackenzie and large phenocrysts. After this the magma experiences an Adams, 2003). Slates are normally considered to be episode of relatively rapid heat loss in a small intrusion formed by low grade metamorphism of mudstone. in the shallow cool crust, which creates aphanitic However, some may also be derived from low grade matrix around phenocrysts (Best, 2003). Spherulitic metamorphism of volcaniclastic rocks. Evidences of and micro poikilitc textures are characteristic product metamorphism have been observed such as of high-temperature devitrification of silicic glass development of scapolite, vermiculite and occasionally (Lofgren, 1971 a, b). The rate of devitrification is green schist facies. The igneous rocks of the Kirana dependent on temperature and on the presence and Hills exhibit sub-alkaline trend and range in composition of aqueous solutions (Marshall 1961, composition from tholeiite basalt, basaltic andesite, Lofgren, 1970). Minerals observed in rhyolites during andesite and dacite to rhyolite. However, the laboratory analyses are quartz, orthoclase, sericite, intermediate rocks are a minor component and the calcite/ ankerite, chlorite, hematite/ goethite, pyrite, complex falls into two distinct sets of rocks i.e. mafic iron (Fe) and minor amount of sodic plagioclase. suit (dolerite/ basalt) and felsic rocks (dacite and rhyolite). Thus, the volcanics show bimodality of Mafic rocks are characterized by the presence of dolerite-rhyolite association (Ahmad and Chaudhry, chlorite, hypersthenes, augite and occasional olivine 2008). and ilmenite usually associated with plagioclase. Amphibole {hornblende, fibrous hornblende (uralite)} Petrographic studies and comparison of lithologies in is also encountered in basalts/ dolerites. Uralitic geological map of Kirana Hills, reveal that quartzite hornblende is derived from the pyroxene (Moorhouse, has not been observed in the samples collected from 1959). Buland, Hachi, Shaheen Abad, Shaikh and Machh hills, although it was reported by Ahmed et al (2007). Andesites exhibit mainly porphyritic texture, but aphyric texture has also been observed in few samples. Phenocrysts are of plagioclase, ranging from oligoclase to andesine in composition with minor biotite in some samples. Its groundmass includes chlorite, quartz, sericite/ muscovite, hematite/ goethite, calcite, pyrite and iron (Fe).

Minor rock assemblages identified during laboratory studies from Kirana area include: tuffs i.e. (lithic crystal tuff and lithic tuff), basaltic andesite, rhyodacite/ dacite, slate/ phyllite, ankeritic rocks/ veins and quartzo feldspathic veins. Davies and Crawford (1971) have interpreted that Fig. 8 Q-A-P-F Normative classification of volcanic rocks ankeritic carbonate bodies are produced by late stage based on IUGS (after Le Maitre, 1989). autometasomatic concentrations developed by the cooling doleritic magmas. Studies were carried out to determine the possibility that the ankeritic carbonate bodies may have been carbonatites but according to authors 87Sr/86Sr ratios determined, were very important from those in typical carbonatites.

Sericitization, carbonatization and chloritization have been observed in rhyolites. The alterations observed in andesites and dolerites include i.e. sericitization, carbonatization, chloritization, albitization and saussuritization. These alterations are either deuteric or hydrothermal. In dolerites, occasionally metamorphism has also been observed, which resulted in vermiculite Fig. 9 Classification and nomenclature of tuffs and ashes based and scapolite minerals. In intermediate and mafic on their fragmental composition (after Schmid, 1981). rocks, carbonate and chlorite formed from the alteration of pyroxene, as well as from other Economic Significance ferromagnesians. Olivine shows alteration into chlorite. Ilmenite shows alteration into leucoxene and Kirana Hill rocks are economically very important uralitic hornblende is derived from the pyroxene. because iron has been observed in most of the samples Zoned plagioclases have been observed in a few rock i.e. maximum up to 10% in thin section study. It can be samples. Zoning in augite has also been observed mined from Kirana Hills economically, for steel occasionally, it usually indicates a change in the making and other purposes. Copper minerals have also

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Fig. 7 Photomicrographs showing a) cognate pyroclasts embedded in goethite / hematite in lithic tuff (Min No. 221/12). (XPL) b) lithic fragments of rhyolitic composition (volcaniclastic texture) in “Lithic Crystal Tuff/ Rhyolitic Tuff” (Min No. 84/13). (XPL) c) slaty texture, alignment of clay minerals and carbonaceous matter is clearly visible (Min No. 94/12). (XPL) d) ankerite (Min No. 31/13). (XPL) e) vein of quartzofeldspathic material (Min No. 186/12). (XPL) f) cryptocrystalline material and carbonate veins (Min No. 32/13). (XPL) been identified through XRD analysis which needs not meteoritic due to fact that meteoritic origin iron has further geological investigation to know its potential in high contents of Ni (Riyabov and Lapkovsky, 2010). the area. Some anomalous values of REE/ trace However, in present study iron has very low content of elements have been reported in chemical analyses. Ni, as found by chemical analysis of the samples Rare earth elements are being used in hybrid vehicles (Table 1). Due to strong magnetic property, iron is and electronic devices. Kirana Hill rocks, especially easily separated from rock samples by using magnetic dolerites are most suitable as aggregate/road separation technique. Pure iron particles are collected. construction material in terms of durability, strength Observed colors of the grains are metallic black with against abrasive wear and disintegration. bluish tinge (Fig. 8 a, b). Native iron has been confirmed through X-ray diffraction studies (XRD). In Native Iron (Fe) few samples, iron shows alteration into hematite (Fig. 8 c, d). First time in Pakistan, native iron is discovered from Kirana Hills, Sargodha area. The source of this iron is

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Copper Minerals collected from these areas. The presence of iron (Fe) suggests magma / lava from deep mantle instead of Three types of copper minerals have been identified crustal melting/anataxis. Systematic sampling is through XRD from Kirana Hill area, Sargodha, i.e. proposed for exploration of REE/ trace elements. Chalcopyrite (primary mineral), and two secondary Kirana Hills shield rocks are very important for the minerals (atacamite, and malachite) (Fig. 8 e, f). exploration of different economic minerals/ metals. Atacamite is dark green in color, while malachite is light green in color under stereomicroscope. Acknowledgement

Conclusion The authors would like to cordially express gratitude to Director General (exploration) for providing Variety of textures has been observed in rhyolite, opportunity for research work. Authors also indicating multi phase volcanic eruptions. Although,

Fig. 8 Photomicrographs showing a) twisted lamellar shaped native iron (Fe), under stereomicroscope (Min No. 93/12). (Reflected light) b) another view showing twisted lamellar shaped native iron (Fe), under stereomicroscope. (Reflected Light) c) Iron (Fe) in the form of lamellae in rhyolite. (XPL) d) alteration of native iron (Fe) into hematite. (PPL) e) dark green colored “Atacamite” under stereomicroscope (Min No. 266/13). (12.5 times magnification) f) light green colored “Malachite” under stereomicroscope (Min No. 259/13) (10 times magnification). quartzite has been reported by Ahmed et al. (2007). In acknowledge suggestions and comments made by some of above mentioned areas of Kirana, but no reviewers to improve the quality of manuscript. evidence of quartzite has been found in the samples Messers Ahsan Amin Bhatti and Adrees Safdar are

19 Khan et al. /Int.J.Econ.Environ.Geol.Vol. 8(2) 9-20, 2017 acknowledged for their contribution in chemical of Hachi volcanics, Kirana Hills area, Pakistan. analyses. We also appreciate Syed Irfan Ali Zaidi and Geol. Bull. Punjab Univ., 44, 55-67. Mr. Sadakat, AEMC Lahore, for their constant help during field work. Khan, Z. K. (2004). Classification of base and sub- base of road aggregates in Kirana area, districts References Jhang and Sargodha, Punjab. Workshop on Geological Materials/ Aggregates of Pakistan. Ahmad, S. A. (2000). Geology and geochemistry of Neoproterozoic Kirana volcanic, Sargodha Le Maitre, R.W. (1989). A classification of igneous district, Pakistan. Geol. Bull. Punjab Univers., rocks and glossary of terms. Oxford, Blackwell 35, 59-71. Scientific, 232 pages.

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Khan, Z. K.., Ahsan, N., Mateen, A., Chaudhry, M. N. (2009). Petrography and mineralogy of dolerites

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