Muinaisjäännös Ympäristön Muutoksessa Arkeo Ympäristön Muutoksessa Muinaisjäännös

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Muinaisjäännös Ympäristön Muutoksessa Arkeo Ympäristön Muutoksessa Muinaisjäännös MUINAISJÄÄNNÖS MUUTOKSESSA YMPÄRISTÖN Pirkanmaan maakunnassa suojeltiin hallinnollisin keinoin 2000-luvun ensimmäisellä vuosikymmenellä lähes kahtatuhat- ta rauhoitettua kiinteää muinaisjäännöstä. Vireä maankäyttö vaikutti merkittävästi muinaisjäännöskannan kasvuun ja levin- tään suojeltujen kohteiden määrän karttuessa lähes tuhannella MUINAISJÄÄNNÖS aiemmin tuntemattomalla jäännöksellä. asutushistoriallisesti rikkaassa maakunnassa arkeologiset muistot sijaitsivat vuo- situhannen alussa samoilla alueilla, missä moderni monimuo- YMPÄRISTÖN toinen maankäyttö muutti ja muovasi ympäristöä. minkälaiset maa- ja vesialueiden hankkeet kohdistuivat tutkimusajanjak- MUUTOKSESSA son aikana arkeologisiin suojelukohteisiin ja miten muutos vai- kutti arkeologiseen perintöön? Tutkimus analysoi maakunnan muinaisjäännösten säilymistä, uhanalaisuutta sekä vahingoit- tumista vuosituhannen alussa. ARKEO l O g IA | T URUN Y l IOPISTO K AR h UN h AMMAS 18 HISTORIAN, KULTTUURIN JA TAITEIDEN TUTKIMUKSEN LAITOS TURUN YLIOPISTO Ulla Lähdesmäki MUINAISJÄÄNNÖS YMPÄRISTÖN MUUTOKSESSA Modernin alueidenkäytön vaikutuksia Pirkanmaan muinaisjäännöskantaan AKATEEMINEN VÄITÖSKIRJA Esitetään Turun yliopiston humanistisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi Geotalon luentosalissa 404 lauantaina 17. helmikuuta vuonna 2018 kello 12. TURUN YLIOPISTO Humanistinen tiedekunta Historian, kulttuurin ja taiteiden tutkimuksen laitos Arkeologia LÄHDESMÄKI, ULLA: Muinaisjäännös ympäristön muutoksessa. Modernin alueidenkäytön vaikutuksia Pirkanmaan muinaisjäännöskantaan Väitöskirja, 379 s., 37 liitesivua Tohtoriohjelma Juno Helmikuu 2018 Asutushistoriallisesti rikkaassa Pirkanmaan maakunnassa alueidenkäyttö muuttaa ym- päristöä usein siellä, missä muinaismuistolailla rauhoitetut kiinteät muinaisjäännökset sijaitsevat. Väitöskirja käsittelee maakunnassa vuosina 2000–2010 suojeltua muinais- jäännöskantaa, siihen kohdistuneita modernin alueidenkäytön haitallisia vaikutuksia ja haittojen taustalla vaikuttaneita tekijöitä. Tutkimuksessa muodostetaan kokonaiskuva 150 vuoden kuluessa karttuneesta maakunnan muinaisjäännöskannasta. Tutkimusajan- jaksona muinaisjäännösten määrän runsastumiseen ja levintään vaikutti etenkin vireä maankäyttö jäännösten määrän karttuessa lähes tuhannella kohteella. Ympäristön muutoksen arkeologisessa tutkimuksessa analysoidaan muinaisjään- nösten säilymistä ja alueidenkäytöstä johtuvia muutoksia suojeltuihin jäännöksiin sekä tunnistetaan modernista alueidenkäytöstä seuraavia haitallisia vaikutuksia jäännösten fyysisiin ja aineettomiin ominaisuuksiin. Tutkimuksessa tulkitaan muinaisjäännösten uhanalaisuuden ja vahingoittumisen ilmenemistä ja alueidenkäytön vaikutusten taustoja. Tutkimusaineistona ovat 2000-luvun ensimmäisellä vuosikymmenellä Pirkanmaalla vi- reillä olleiden maa- ja vesialueiden hankkeiden suunnitelmat sekä kulttuuriympäristön suojelun alueellisen viranomaisen, Pirkanmaan maakuntamuseon, alueidenkäytön hank- keista antamat lausunnot. Hankkeita ja lausuntoja analysoidaan laadullisin tilastollisin menetelmin. Haitat ilmenivät esimerkiksi muinaisjäännösten luvattomana kajoamisena. Aluei- denkäyttö lisäsi paikoitellen jäännöksen vahingoittumisen riskiä ja se saattoi margina- lisoida muinaisjäännöksen ympäristössään. Jäännöksen kertovuus ja arvokkaina pidetyt aineettomat ominaisuudet heikkenivät tai ne menetettiin. Maankäyttöön liittyneet arke- ologiset kaivaukset ja kohteissa pysyvästi vallitseva maankäyttö aiheuttivat osaltaan hai- tallisia muutoksia. Haittojen syntymiseen vaikuttivat varsinkin informaatioon sekä suo- jelun ja alueidenkäytön toimijoiden käytäntöihin ja menettelytapoihin liittyneet tekijät. Tutkimuksen tulokset hyödyttävät maakuntaa kehitettäessä kulttuuriperinnön hallinnan tapoja ja vahvistettaessa arkeologisen kulttuuriperinnön merkitystä nyky-yhteiskunnassa sekä laajemminkin uudistettaessa arkeologisen perinnön lainsäädäntöä Suomessa. Asiasanat: kiinteä muinaisjäännös, arkeologinen kulttuuriperintö, ympäristö, alueiden- käyttö, muinaismuistolaki, museoviranomainen, uhanalainen kulttuuriperintö. University of Turku Faculty of Humanities School of History, Culture and Art Studies Archaeology LÄHDESMÄKI, ULLA: Archaeological Sites and Monuments in Changing Environment. The Impact of Modern Land Use on the Protected Archaeological Heritage in the Tampere Region, Finland Doctoral dissertation, 379 pages, 37 appendix pages Doctoral programme Juno February 2018 The Tampere Region (Pirkanmaa) is an administrative region in Finland with a long settle- ment history. The dissertation draws an overall picture of the region’s protected archaeolog- ical sites and monuments in the first decade of the 21st century. The main focus is to analyze how modern land use practices influence protected archaeological sites and to interpret why and how environmental changes appear on the sites. The number of known archaeological sites is the result of archaeological survey and data collection during last 150 years. At the beginning of the 21st century the amount of protected archaeological sites increased signifi- cantly. At the end of the decade the number of sites protected by Antiquities Act had in- creased by almost a thousand sites and monuments. The main cause was the large number of land use projects which consequently increased the number of archaeological surveys. In the dissertation the preservation of archaeological sites and monuments is analyzed as well as alterations they face due to modern land use. The main research sources are vari- ous land use and building plans and related official supervising statements given by the re- gional heritage authority, Pirkanmaa Provincial Museum, in the first decade of the 21st cen- tury. The land use projects and statements are analyzed with qualitative statistical methods. In some instances land use increased the risk for damage and marginalized archaeologi- cal heritage by diminishing the significance of a site. Sites’ heritage values and expressiveness declined or were lost completely. One example of the negative impact was illicit violations of archaeological sites. Archaeological excavations connected to land use projects and prevail- ing land use caused regular damage to protected sites. Negative impact was derived especially from information availability and usage but also from the practices of numerous land use actors. The research results can be applied regionally in the development of principles and practices for heritage management as well as nationwide in the renewal of Antiquities Act. Keywords: archaeological sites and monuments, archaeological heritage, environment, land use, development, Antiquities Act, antiquarian authority, endangered heritage. The originality of this thesis has been checked in accordance with the University of Turku quality assurance system using the Turnit OriginalityCheck service. MUINAISJÄÄNNÖS YMPÄRISTÖN MUUTOKSESSA MODERNIN ALUEIDENKÄYTÖN VAIKUTUKSIA PIRKANMAAN MUINAISJääNNÖSKANTAAN ULLA LäHDesmäki Historian, kuLttuurin ja taiteiDEN tutkimuksen Laitos ArkeoLOGia | Turun YLiopisto TURUN YLIOPISTO Historian, taiteiden ja kulttuurien tutkimuksen laitos Tohtoriohjelma Juno Arkeologia Tutkimuksen ohjaajat: professori Jussi-Pekka Taavitsainen, professori Markus Hiekkanen, tutkija Sirkku Pihlman Esitarkastajat: apulaisprofessori Visa Immonen, dosentti Juhani Kostet Vastaväittäjä: dosentti Juhani Kostet Turun yliopiston laatujärjestelmän mukaisesti tämän julkaisun alkuperäisyys on tarkastettu Turnitin OriginalityCheck -järjestelmällä. KARHUNHAMMAS 18 Toimituskunta: Jussi-Pekka Taavitsainen, Valter Lang, Henrik Asplund Toimitus: Ulla Lähdesmäki Taitto ja kannen suunnittelu: Liina Luoma ISBN 978-951-29-71707-7 (painettu) ISBN 978-951-29-718-4 (PDF) ISSN 0356-8601 Eräsalon Kirjapaino Oy, Tampere Etukansi: Pirkanmaan maakuntamuseon MapInfo-tietokannan kartta Pirkanmaan muinaisjäännösten levinnästä. Takakannen kuvat Ulla Lähdesmäki. ESIPUHE Arkeologia on mahdollistanut minulle ammatin, jossa olen voinut toimia sekä korkeakoulu- että museolaitoksessa. Kummastakin osa-alueesta ja kertyneis- tä kokemuksista on ollut hyötyä tehdessäni tutkimusta arkeologiseen kulttuu- riperintöön kohdistuneista alueidenkäytön vaikutuksista. Nykyaikaan sijoittu- va arkeologinen ympäristötutkimus ei ole tyypillinen tutkimusaihe Suomessa. Tähän työhön kannusti professori Jussi-Pekka Taavitsainen, joka aikaisemmin hallintovirkamiehenä toimittuaan ymmärsi arkeologisen perinnön hallinnan tieteellisen tutkimuksen tarpeellisuuden. Työni Pirkanmaan maakuntamuseon suojelu- ja tutkimusarkeologina on kahden vuosikymmenen aikana ohjannut kiinnostustani arkeologisten kohteiden säilymiseen. Hallintoarkeologiaan suun- tautumistani muovasi aikoinaan myös professori emeritus Unto Salo. Tutkimustyön tekeminen päätoimesta vapaana mahdollistui ensin Hämeen Museoseuran myöntämällä työskentelyapurahalla. Museoseura sujuvoitti siten työn alkuvaiheen sujumista ja tuki uudelleen työn päättyessä väitöskirjan pai- natusta. Suomen Kulttuurirahaston Pirkanmaan rahasto ja Emil Aaltosen Säätiö tukivat ratkaisevalla tavalla tutkimustani myöntämällä työskentelyapurahat hal- lintoarkeologisen tutkimusaiheen työstämiseen. Esitän parhaat kiitokset kaikille työtäni rahallisesti tukeneille. Kiitän Jussi-Pekka Taavitsaista ohjauksesta, Visa Immosta ja Juhani Kostetia hyödyllisistä ja rakentavista huomioista työn esitarkastuksessa. Lisäksi kiitän niitä henkilöitä, jotka ovat eri vaiheissa omalla tavallaan edistäneet tai tukeneet työtäni: Markus Hiekkasta työn varhaisvaiheen kommenteista, Sirkku Pihlma- nia
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