5. Stratification and Mobility
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The Influence of Terrorism on Discriminatory Attitudes and Behaviors
Shades of Intolerance: The Influence of Terrorism on Discriminatory Attitudes and Behaviors in the United Kingdom and Canada. by Chuck Baker A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-Newark Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Global Affairs Written under the direction of Dr. Gregg Van Ryzin and approved by ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Newark, New Jersey May, 2015 Copyright page: © 2015 Chuck Baker All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT The Influence of Terrorism on Discriminatory Attitudes and Behaviors in the United Kingdom and Canada by Chuck Baker Dissertation Director: Dr. Gregg Van Ryzin, Ph.D. Terrorism has been shown to have a destabilizing impact upon the citizens of the nation- state in which it occurs, causing social distress, fear, and the desire for retribution (Cesari, 2010; Chebel d’Appollonia, 2012). Much of the recent work on 21st century terrorism carried out in the global north has placed the focus on terrorism being perpetuated by Middle East Muslims. In addition, recent migration trends show that the global north is becoming much more diverse as the highly populated global south migrates upward. Population growth in the global north is primarily due to increases in the minority presence, and these post-1960 changes have increased the diversity of historically more homogeneous nations like the United Kingdom and Canada. This research examines the influence of terrorism on discriminatory attitudes and behaviors, with a focus on the United Kingdom in the aftermath of the July 7, 2005 terrorist attacks in London. -
Module 3 Social Structure and Social Change Lecture 16 Systems Of
NPTEL – Humanities and Social Sciences – Introduction to Sociology Module 3 Social Structure and Social Change Lecture 16 Systems of Stratification Historically, societies have exhibited a variety of stratification systems. A stratification system is the overlapping manner in which societal members are ranked into classes, status groups and hierarchies of power. To distinguish among them, social scientists use models, abstract conceptions that they place on a particular continuum. At one extreme of the continuum is the closed, or caste, stratification system. The middle is represented by the estate system. At the other extreme is the open, or class, system. The Closed Society: Caste Whether a society has an open or a closed stratification system is determined by the way its members obtain wealth, prestige and privilege. In a closed, or caste, stratification system, class, status and power are ascribed, that is, determined strictly on the basis of family inheritance rather than individual effort or merit. In a closed society, the individual is born into a specific social stratum, called a caste, and has no opportunity to move in or out of it. Classical India offers a glaring example of a closed society. The case system that languished in India for centuries was distinguished by the fact that people were divided into a number of castes, representing areas of service to society and ranked in order of their so-called importance to it. Some ranking also resulted from struggles for power or conquest by other groups. Religion and tradition forbade members of one caste to intermarry or interact in any way with members of other castes. -
ONLY ANOTHER WAY STATION: Status Allocation In
ONLY ANOTHER WAY STATION: Status Allocation in Electronic Networks of Practice A Thesis Submitted by Sarah M. G. Otner to the Department of Management in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Subject of Management (Organisational Behaviour) The London School of Economics and Political Science London, England 27 April 2013 COPYRIGHT NOTICE Copyright © 2013 Sarah M. G. Otner All rights reserved. Sarah M. G. Otner asserts her moral right to be identified as the author of this work. In keeping with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, the copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, without prior written consent from the author. The author warrants that, to the best of her belief, this authorisation does not infringe the rights of any third party. - 2 - ABSTRACT The organizational literature concerning status has focused on its consequences more than its antecedents; moreover, the research that has addressed status origins has drawn its evidence from traditional face-to-face organizations, featuring task-focused and/or enduring groups. The present research addresses both of these literature gaps by examining how individuals in global, distributed, electronic networks of practice allocate status in a legitimate hierarchy. Taking as its context one of the first of these organizations – the SAP Community Network – this dissertation employed the DELPHI Method, AllOurIdeas.org, and panel data to leverage a research design that kept distinct status antecedents and outcomes, and yielded five distinct contributions to knowledge. -
Parental Incarceration and Social Status Attainment of Hispanic Young Adults
University of Texas Rio Grande Valley ScholarWorks @ UTRGV Sociology Faculty Publications and Presentations College of Liberal Arts 2-22-2019 Parental Incarceration and Social Status Attainment of Hispanic Young Adults Igor Ryabov The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/soc_fac Part of the Criminal Law Commons, and the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Ryabov, I. (2020). Parental Incarceration and Social Status Attainment of Hispanic Young Adults. Crime & Delinquency, 66(1), 123–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128719833356 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Liberal Arts at ScholarWorks @ UTRGV. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ UTRGV. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Parental Incarceration and Social Status Attainment of Hispanic Young Adults Abstract The fact that parental incarceration has become a common event in the life course of many children is troubling. Using structural equation modeling, the present study investigates how immigrant generational status, family socio-economic background interact with parental incarceration to influence status attainment for Hispanic young adults. Three indicators of status attainment in young adulthood are used as outcome variables ─ educational attainment, wage and job quality. Results indicate that parental incarceration has a strong and negative influence on all three indicators of attained status. Most importantly, we found that parental incarceration mediates influence of immigrant generational status and family socio-economic background on status attainment of Hispanic young adults. -
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION and POLITICAL Behavrori an EMPHASIS \T,PON STRUCTURAL 11YNAMICS
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND POLITICAL BEHAVrORI AN EMPHASIS \T,PON STRUCTURAL 11YNAMICS by Christopher Bates Doob A.B., Oberlin College, 1962 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Oberlin College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Sociology 1964 ~-,-\t ii I," - ~ <" . , Preface There are a number of people whose assistance has made this project possible. Without their aid I literally would have been unable to complete this thesis and obtain my degree. xy" profoundest acknowledgment goes to Dr. Kiyoshi Ikeda, whose knowledge of theory and methodology literally shaped this project. The influence of Professors Richard R. xy"ers, George E. Simpson, .J. Milton Yinger, and Donald P. Warwick is also evident at various points through- out this work. Mr. Thomas Bauer, Dr. Leonard Doob, Miss Nancy Durham, and Miss .June Wright have given valuable assistance at different stages of the process. Christopher B. Doob Oberlin College June 1964 09\,~O\A4 'i::l "\ ~ S iii Table of Contents Page Preface 11 r. Introduction The Problem 1 An Historical Approach to the Dynamics of Social Stratification 2 Broad Sociological Propositions Concerning Social Mobility 3 Empirical Studies 4 Status Crystallization 6 Static Structural Variables in This Study 7 Some Observations on Voting Behavior 11 The Hypotheses 12 II. Methodology The Sample 17 The Major Independent Variables 18 Intermediate Variables 25 The Dependent Variables 26 A Concluding Note 28 III. Description of the Findings The Relationship of Mobility, Class, and Intermediate Variables to Liberalism-Conservatism 30 The Intermediate Variables 31 Status Crystallization, Class, and Liberalism Conservatism • iv III. -
Religious Inequality in America
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Departmental Papers (Sociology) Penn Sociology 6-2018 Religious Inequality in America Melissa J. Wilde University of Pennsylvania Patricia Tevington University of Pennsylvania Wensong Shen University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/sociology_papers Part of the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Wilde, Melissa, Patricia Tevington, and Wensong Shen. 2018. "Religious Inequality in America." Social Inclusion 6 (2): 107-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v6i2.1447 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/sociology_papers/53 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Religious Inequality in America Abstract Sociology has largely ignored class differences between American religious groups under the assumption that those differences “are smaller than they used to be and are getting smaller all of the time” (Pyle & Davidson, 2014, p. 195). This article demonstrates that profound class differences remain amongst American religious groups. These differences are as large as—or larger than—commonly examined forms of inequality such as the gender pay gap and the race achievement gap. Using the most popular categorization of American religious groups, we find that egarr dless of the particular measure examined (years of education, income, socioeconomic index score, and proportion of members with at least a bachelor’s degree) Jews and Mainline Protestants are at the top of the socioeconomic ladder and Evangelical Protestants, both black and white, are at the bottom. Furthermore, religious group significantly predicts both years of education and the overall socioeconomic standing of respondents by itself with basic controls. Likewise, both socioeconomic indicators and education significantly predict the likelihood of being in a specific eligiousr tradition on their own with basic controls. -
Status Inconsistency in an 'Artificial Practice'*
Status inconsistency in an 'artificial practice'* ALBERT JACOB, M.D., M.R.C.G.P. Dundee THE study of the'artificial practice' was a logical development from an earlier study of people who required late calls (Jacob 1963). In that study, the evidence was that people who required non-urgent late calls were more likely to be in the middle intelligence range, to have high neuroticism and to have a high demand for medical attention in general. These results were not in strict agreement with the results of the 'artificial practice'. In the 'artificial practice' I found that low intelligence, introversion and neuroticism are personal characteristics associated with a high demand for medical attention. Demand for medical attention and social class were not associated. Part of the disagreement can be explained by the different method of assessing demand for medical attention between the two studies. In the earlier late call study this was done by an ad hoc classification choosing six items of service in the year as the criterion for high demand. In the 'artificial practice' the criterion was nine items of service and people who had this number or less were called perimean because they fell within the mean figure observed in all the reports which I had been able to consult in the planning stage; those with ten or more items were called supramean because they were above this level. This difference in classification was not sufficient fully to explain the discrepancy between the two results. Another important difference between the two studies was the method of assessing intelligence. -
Complex Religion: Intersections of Religion and Inequality"
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Departmental Papers (Sociology) Penn Sociology 2018 Editorial: "Complex Religion: Intersections of Religion and Inequality" Melissa J. Wilde University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/sociology_papers Part of the Christianity Commons, Inequality and Stratification Commons, Islamic Studies Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies Commons, and the Sociology of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Wilde, Melissa. 2018. "Editorial: "Complex Religion: Intersections of Religion and Inequality"." Social Inclusion 6 (2): 83-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v6i2.1606 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/sociology_papers/54 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Editorial: "Complex Religion: Intersections of Religion and Inequality" Abstract What is complex religion and how does it relate to social inclusion? Complex religion is a theory which posits that religion intersects with inequality, especially class, race, ethnicity and gender. The nine articles in this volume examine a wide array of ways that religion intersects with inequality, and how, as a result, it can create barriers to social inclusion. The issue begins with three articles that examine the role of religion and its intersection with race and racialization processes. It then moves to three articles that examine religion’s intersection with socioeconomic inequality. The issue closes with three studies of how religion’s relationship with the state creates and maintains various status hierarchies, even as some religious movements seek to combat inequality. Together, these articles enrichen our understanding of the complex task before anyone seeking to think about the role of religion in social inclusion. -
December, 1975 How Are Inconsistencies
December, 1975 How Are Inconsistencies Between Status and Ability Resolved?* Morris Zelditch, Jr. Stanford University Patrick Lauderdale University of Minnesota Steven Stublarec Boalt School of Law University of California, Berkeley Technical Report #54 Laboratory for Social Research Stanford University We gratefully acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation (Grant GS34182). 1. Problem. We usually think of status inconsistency theories as either additive or non-additive: Additive theories explain inconsistency effects as a linear combina- tion of the independent effects of inconsistent status characteristics, non-additive theories explain them as a linear combination of independent effects of inconsistent status characteristics and (or only) an effect of some sort of strain towards con- sistency. One example of a non-additive theory is Lenski's theory of status crys- tallization:1 In Lenski's theory a status inconsistent defines a social situation in terms of one or the other of two inconsistent status characteristics but not both. The definition always maximizes status. Others behave in the same way; that is, they define the situation in terms of their highest status. The consequence is always conflict, produced by the differences in the way the situation is defined. The consequence of conflict is strain, i.e. some sort of individual tension. This strain produces symptoms of stress and pressures either to withdraw from the situa- tion or change it in the direction of consistency. This model fits the available 2 data reasonably well, but a decade ago Duncan pointed out that additive models of 3 the same kind of data fit them equally well and are simpler. -
Religion and Attainment
Sociological Focus ISSN: 0038-0237 (Print) 2162-1128 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/usfo20 Religion and Attainment Lisa A. Keister To cite this article: Lisa A. Keister (2011) Religion and Attainment, Sociological Focus, 44:4, 354-383, DOI: 10.1080/00380237.2011.10571403 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2011.10571403 Published online: 19 Nov 2012. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 130 View related articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=usfo20 Download by: [Duke University Medical Center] Date: 11 April 2017, At: 21:06 Religion and Attainment LisaA. Keister" Duke University Religion is an important determinant of social and economic attainment, but the mechanisms that underlie this relationship are not well understood. Early scholars recognized this connection, but their ideas do not ade quately explain contemporary stratification patterns. Recent research doc uments robust empirical relationships between religion and material outcomes but has not yet begun to identify causes of these patterns. I fill this gap by providing a comprehensive, contemporary, theoretical expla nation of the religion-inequality link that synthesizes ideas from early and more recent research. I draw on ideas from status attainment and life course research to develop a synthetic model that includes religion as both a background and a mediating component. I conclude by providing exam ples of implications of the model. These ideas improve understanding of the critical relationship between cultural orientation and material resources. Religion plays an important role in creating and maintaining social and economic inequality, but the mechanisms driving this relationship are not well understood. -
Not in the Same Boat: How Status Inconsistency Affects Research Performance in Business Schools
r Academy of Management Journal 2018, Vol. 61, No. 3, 1021–1049. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2015.0969 NOT IN THE SAME BOAT: HOW STATUS INCONSISTENCY AFFECTS RESEARCH PERFORMANCE IN BUSINESS SCHOOLS MICHAEL JENSEN University of Michigan PENGFEI WANG BI Norwegian Business School This study examines the consequences of status inconsistency for the performance of multi-unit organizations. Status inconsistency refers to the extent to which social actors occupy status positions accorded different amounts of social esteem and prestige in different social systems. Status inconsistency affects the performance of multi-unit or- ganizations by weakening the well-established positive effects of status on performance because it creates status ambiguity that makes external evaluations of the organization and its individual units more difficult. Distinguishing between high-status and low- status multi-unit organizations, we argue further that status inconsistency is par- ticularly problematic for high-status multi-unit organizations, whereas low-status multi-unit organizations may actually benefit from status inconsistency. We test our ar- guments using a longitudinal sample comprised of 109 international business schools and their finance, accounting, marketing, management, and operations departments from 2002 to 2013. Our study concludes with a discussion of the contributions our research makes to status theory and research, and the managerial relevance of our findings. Status is often defined by the hierarchical position them and how to evaluate them (Smith, 2013; Zhang, social actors occupy in a particular social system 2008). Despite the importance of status for organiza- (Gould, 2002; Jensen, Kim, & Kim, 2011), but most tions (Jensen et al., 2011), status inconsistency in social actors participate in multiple social systems organizations remains, with a few exceptions (Kang, simultaneously. -
South Asian Muslim Health Outcomes in Great Britain: the an Tional Health Service and the British National Imaginary Marni P
Macalester College DigitalCommons@Macalester College Religious Studies Honors Projects Religious Studies Department Spring 5-6-2014 South Asian Muslim Health Outcomes in Great Britain: The aN tional Health Service and the British National Imaginary Marni P. Schreiber Macalester College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/reli_honors Part of the Religion Commons, and the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Schreiber, Marni P., "South Asian Muslim Health Outcomes in Great Britain: The aN tional Health Service and the British National Imaginary" (2014). Religious Studies Honors Projects. Paper 13. http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/reli_honors/13 This Honors Project - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Religious Studies Department at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Religious Studies Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. South Asian Muslim Health Outcomes in Great Britain: The National Health Service and the British National Imaginary Marni Schreiber Advisor: Brett Wilson Religious Studies May 2014 Schreiber 2 Abstract Britain’s National Health Service (NHS) ensures equal access care to all British residents. Health outcomes, nonetheless, vary across socioeconomic class, education level, and geographic location, a phenomenon particularly affecting Britain’s South Asian Muslim communities. This paper will contextualize the NHS within the British national imaginary and analyze discursive, social, and economic variables influencing Pakistani and Bangladeshi poor health. I will integrate religious-based analysis into healthcare studies and question if health outcomes act as a marker of distinction between minority and majority populations.