Family Names and Their Story
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J \ "^ / „.. u- -:.,-. .. Of TAIIMM'-JI* r, V)(W9«V'a V1N»; -- 1 ., — /i'',m.*i-Ji jm; / \ \. !/^-" cr> ?^!S / ./ G Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/familynamestheirOObariiala >>','•* t IJfl'V! .VIA / JiA ft Ui BjJ Din \ y/ / / \. / / UIG \ 1 Y' FAMILY NAMES AND THEIR STORY FAMILY NAMES AND THEIR STORY BY S. BARING-GOULD, M.A. AUTHOR OF "THE TRAGEDY OF THE CAESARS," " CURIODS MYTHS OF THE MIDDLE AGES," &-C. " I do beseech you (Chiefly that I may set it in my prayers) What is your name?" Tempest, Act III., Sc. i LONDON SEELEY y CO. LIMITED 38 Great Russell Street 1910 ; PREFACE Mr. M. a. Lower was the first in modern times to break ground in the domain of family nomenclature— in 1842, when he published his iirst edition of " English Surnames." There were in it many mistakes, and the work was tentative. A better book of his was " Patronymica Britannica," a dictionary of family names that appeared in i860. But the share of scientific research first entered the soil with Canon Isaac Taylor's " Words and Places," 1864. Since then there have been various works on the subject, some good, some bad, some instructive, others misleading there have been treatises on Irish and Scottish, and on particular county names. Mr. R. Ferguson, in his " English Surnames and their Place in the Teutonic Family," 1858, and " Surnames as a Science," 1883, and *' The Teutonic Name-System applied to Familv Names in France, England, and Germany," 1864, went too far in deriving most surnames from Teutonic roots, led thereto by Forstemann's " Alt- deutsches Namenbuch " (Nordhausen, 1856), a vast work that has been condensed by Heintze in *' Die Deutschen Familien- namen " (Halle, 1882).^ Mr. Bardsley, in his " English Sur- names," dealt almost wholly with those found in the * There is also Dr. F. Tetzner's " Namenbuch " (Leipzig, 1S93). The most exhaustive German work on names is Pott, " Personennamen,', (Leipzig, 1859). vii ^ PREFACE Hundred Rolls, 1273, and other documents of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Dr. Barber, in " British Family Names " (London, 1894), gives perhaps excessive pre- eminence to Scandinavian and Flemish names, to such an extent that he derives the family name Bevan from the Flemish Bevenot, whereas it stands for Ap Evan. Carter according to him, comes from the Norse Kottr, and Child from skjoldr, a shield. Shepherd he cannot deduce from a sheep-herd, but derives it from a place called Chebbard. The book has, " therefore, to be used with caution. Ludus Patronymicus ; or, The Etymology of Curious Surnames," by Richard Stephen Charnock, 1868, as the author is a scholar, may be consulted with advantage. " Homes of Family Names in Great Britain," by H. Bing- ham Guppy, M.B., 1890, is a scholarly work, the result of much research, and evincing a wide knowledge of names, if not of their meanings. Its great value is in the location of family names. There are many other books whose titles and the names of their authors I refrain from giving, as they are often misleading—the blind leading the blind into pitfalls. In treading the mazes of English nomenclature, one is surrounded by such pitfalls ; it is like the road to Plessis " " " Castle, according to Scott in Quentin Durward : Every yard of this ground is rendered dangerous by snares and traps and caltrops, and pitfalls deep enough to bury you in for ever." One has to walk warily. It is noticeable enough where others have slipped and fallen in or been caught ; and I cannot flatter myself that I have myself wholly escaped. But it must be borne in mind that some names may have distinct derivations, though identical in sound and spelling. For instance, Tozer signifies one who dresses cloth in a fulling- mill with teazles, to bring up the nap. But at the Revocation PREFACE of the Edict of Nantes, a family of Thorzeau, Huguenots, settled in Plymouth, let fall the r out of their name, and accommodated it to Tozer. The Dacres no doubt in some cases derive from a crusading ancestor who won distinction at Acre, but in most instances take their name from a village near Penrith so-called ; and a Ranulph de Dacre, co. Cumberland, who figures in the " Placita quo Waranto," in the reign of Edward I., certainly was designated after this village. What is the true origin of the surname Kaye ? Sir Kay was one of the Knights of the Round Table, and King Arthur's Seneschal ; and the romances of the Middle Ages furnished names adopted by people in England and in France. But John del Kai, Sheriff of London in 1207, obviously took his name from the Quay, near which he lived. And Kay is a common pronunciation of Key, and a man who had a key for his shop-sign may have by this means acquired his name. How can we decide whether the family of Kewe derives from the parish of that name or from a Cook ? The same individual is described in the Parliamentary Writs for 1301 and 1302 as William le Keu and William Cocus. Some names are supposed to be derived from seasons, as Noel, Pask, Lammas; it may be so in some cases, but Noel may come from Noailles, or be a form of Nigel ; and when one finds the same man registered in 1273 as Richard Lammesse, and Richard de Lammesse, and when one knows that there is a parish of Lammas in Norfolk, one is disposed to doubt the temporal derivation of some of these names. But a good many such season-names were given to found- lings. A Leach is unquestionably a physician, and the horrible creature that was formerly supplied to suck one's blood was so named because it served as a useful doctor in cases of inflammation. But the surname Blackleach does not PREFACE derive from one of these. Such an entry in the Hundred Rolls for 1273 as that of William le Leche undoubtedly describes a physician. But Henry del Lache, in 1397, indicates that Henry lived by a Lache, or lake, or pool ; and Blackleach means the man living at or by Blackpool. " What variety of herbs soever are shuffled together in the dish," says Montaigne, " yet the whole mass is swallowed up in one name of a salad. In like manner, under the con- sideration of names, I will make a hodge-podge of differing articles." CONTENTS CHAl'TER I'AGE " I. INTRODUCTORY - - - - '3 II. THE TATTOO AND TRIBAL NAME - - - 28 " III. SIRE-NAMES - - - - - 3^ IV. TOTEMISM AND NAMES - - - - 74 V. THE CASTLE AND THE MANOR - - "99 VI. THE VILLAGE - - - - - - II4 VII. THE TOWN: TRADE-NAMES - - - - 1 26 VIII. PLACE-NAMES - - - - - "154 - IX. ANGLO-SAXON NAMES : DOMESDAY - - 1 84 X. SCANDINAVIAN NAMES: THE " LIBER VITM" - - I9I XI. THE ROLL OF BATTLE ABBEY - - - "199 - XII. FRENCH NAMES : I. EARLY - - - 248 - XIII. FRENCH NAMES : II. THE HUGUENOT REFUGEES 277 XIV. NICK- AND DESCRIPTIVE NAMES - - - 295 XV. PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES .... ^iS XVI. NAME STORIES -....- 328 XVII. THE EVOLUTION AND DISINTEGRATION OF SURNAMES - 345 - XVIII. SCOTTISH AND IRISH SURNAMES - - 370 XIX. CHANGED NAMES ... - - 350 . XX. COMPOUND NAMES . - 402 xi xii CONTENTS PAGE APPENDIX TO CHAPTER IX. : ANGLO-SAXON AND DANISH NAMES IN DOMESDAY ------ 408 APPENDIX I. TO CHAPTER X. : SCANDINAVIAN NAMES- - 4IO APPENDIX II. TO CHAPTER X. : SURNAMES OF THE FIFTEENTH " CENTURY IN THE "LIBER VIT^E - - - 412 APPENDIX TO CHAPTER XI. : LIST OF THOSE WHO ATTENDED WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR TO ENGLAND, ACCORDING TO THE "ROMAN DE ROU " - - - - - 412 APPENDIX TO CHAPTER XII. : HUGUENOT IMMIGRANTS* SUB- SCRIPTIONS TO A LOYAL ADDRESS, 1 744 - - 414 ; FAMILY NAMES AND THEIR STORY CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY We cannot deduce our English surnames from the nomen- clature of any single people, for the English of to-day are an amalgam of many races that have been fused into one. We have among us British names as Wynne (white) ; Hoel, that has become Howell ; Caradog, now Craddock ; Morgan, Madoc, now Madox ; Gruffydd, that has become Griffith and perhaps Coel, that is now Cole. There are well Algar oil ; Saxon names as — ; J Eadmund, become Edmunds ; Godwin, now Goodwin ; Godric, now Goodridge. Mr. R. Ferguson wrote three books on the subject of Anglo- Saxon names, and their survival in English nomenclature. But a great gap intervenes between the use of Anglo-Saxon names before the Conquest and the adoption of surnames by the conquered ; and Anglo-Saxon Christian names, as shall be shown later on, died almost completely out before the assumption of family nomenclature became general ; and their existence among us is due to a cause to be noted in the sequel. Scandinavian surnames based upon personal designations are more numerous in England, but these come nearly all, if not all, from ancient Northumbria, which included Yorkshire. 13 — INTRODUCTORY There the descendants of the old Danish and Norse settlers clung to their ancient nomenclature later than elsewhere indeed, till the fashion of adopting surnames prevailed. We have such names. Bard has become Barth, unless it be a contraction, as is probable, of Bartholomew ; Jokull yields Jekyll, Halfdan is now Haldane, Sweyn is Swayne, Olafr yields Oliver—but this comes to us through Normandy. Ragnar is now Rayner, and this, again, comes in a roundabout fashion through the Regnier of the Conqueror. Havar'S is Howard, HjorvarS is Harvey, Steinarr we recognize in Stoner, Ketill is Kettle, Grimm is Grymes, Hdmund is Hammond, Fri^estan is Featherstone, Thortin is Turpin. But it is in Yorkshire, East Anglia, Durham, and Northum- berland, that these are mainly found.