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Annexe 2 Revue De Littérature Sur Le Portrait Des Moyens Visant À Atteindre La Carboneutralité Annexe 2 Revue de littérature sur le portrait des moyens visant à atteindre la carboneutralité Préparé pour GNL Québec Chaire en éco-conseil Université du Québec à Chicoutimi 3 mai 2019 Auteurs Claude Villeneuve Professeur titulaire Directeur de la Chaire en éco-conseil Département des sciences fondamentales Hélène Côté Coordonnatrice Membre de la Chaire en éco-conseil Département des sciences fondamentales Pierre-Luc Dessureault Professionnel de recherche Membre de la Chaire en éco-conseil Département des sciences fondamentales Patrick Faubert Professeur chercheur sous octroi Membre de la Chaire en éco-conseil Département des sciences fondamentales Rémi Morin Chassé Professeur Département des sciences économiques et administratives Avec la participation de M. Olivier Fradette, professionnel de recherche pour l’infrastructure de recherche Carbone boréal. Chaire en éco-conseil Département des sciences fondamentales Université du Québec à Chicoutimi 555, boul. de l'Université Chicoutimi (Québec) G7H 2B1 Canada Citation de ce document : Villeneuve C, Côté H, Dessureault PL, Faubert P, Morin Chassé R. 2019. Identification de moyens crédibles pour un grand émetteur final canadien de s’affirmer carboneutre au Québec. Chaire en éco-conseil, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Canada. 1 Tables des matières 1. Mandat et contenu du livrable .............................................................................................................. 5 2. Revue de littérature .............................................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Moyens de réduction des GES : principaux secteurs économiques .............................................. 5 2.1.1 Moyens de réduction des GES en agriculture ..................................................................... 10 2.1.2 Moyens de réduction des GES pour les bâtiments ............................................................. 14 2.1.3 Moyens de réduction des GES pour l’énergie ..................................................................... 16 2.1.4 Moyens de réduction des GES applicables par la foresterie ............................................... 24 2.1.5 Moyens de réduction des GES applicables à l’industrie ...................................................... 26 2.1.6 Moyens de réduction des GES pour le transport ................................................................ 28 2.1.7 Moyens de réduction des GES pour les autres secteurs ..................................................... 30 2.2 Méthodes d’élimination du CO2 de l’atmosphère ....................................................................... 32 2.2.1 Méthodes d’élimination du CO2 basées sur les puits de carbone naturels – les écosystèmes terrestres 33 2.2.2 Méthodes d’élimination du CO2 basées sur la technologie ................................................ 37 2.2.3 Méthodes d’élimination du CO2 combinant les puits de carbone naturels et la technologie 40 2.2.4 Conclusion sur les méthodes d’élimination du CO2 ............................................................ 40 3. Le choix des moyens de réduction et d’élimination : aspects et enjeux économiques ...................... 40 4. Les méthodologies de réduction et de séquestration des GES ........................................................... 43 4.1 Programmes pour des réductions de GES ................................................................................... 43 4.1.1 Verra - The VCS Program ..................................................................................................... 43 4.1.2 Climate Action Reserve ....................................................................................................... 43 4.1.3 American Carbon Registry ................................................................................................... 44 4.1.4 Nations Unies - Mécanisme de Développement Propre ..................................................... 44 4.1.5 Gold Standard ...................................................................................................................... 44 4.1.6 CSA - GES ÉcoProjets® ......................................................................................................... 45 4.1.7 Alberta Carbon Registry ...................................................................................................... 45 4.2 Synthèse des registres pour les principaux protocoles de réduction des GES ............................ 45 Références ................................................................................................................................................... 50 Annexe 2.1 – Registres pour les principaux protocoles de réduction des GES ........................................... 67 Annexe 2.2 – Recueil de publications portant sur des moyens de réduction de GES ................................. 98 AGRICULTURE - GÉNÉRAL ............................................................................................................................ 99 2 AGRICULTURE - BIOCHAR .......................................................................................................................... 107 MICROALGUES ........................................................................................................................................... 130 ÉNERGIE ..................................................................................................................................................... 144 BIOÉNERGIE ............................................................................................................................................... 176 FORÊTS ...................................................................................................................................................... 192 INDUSTRIE ................................................................................................................................................. 197 TRANSPORT ............................................................................................................................................... 203 RÉCUPÉRATION DES GAZ D’ENFOUISSEMENT .......................................................................................... 206 AUTRES - GÉNÉRAL ................................................................................................................................... 210 AUTRES – MARCHÉS POUR LE CO2 OU UTILISATION POUR LE MÉTHANE ................................................ 218 GÉOINGÉNIERIE ......................................................................................................................................... 232 ASPECTS ÉCONOMIQUES POUR L’ATTEINTE DE LA CARBONEUTRALITÉ .................................................. 260 3 Liste des tableaux Tableau 1. Émissions mondiales annuelles totales de gaz à effet de serre (GES) en 2030 selon différents scénarios, les incidences sur les températures et les écarts d’émissions à combler entre les besoins et les perspectives en matière de réduction afin de limiter le réchauffement en deçà d’un seuil de température donné. Ce tableau est tiré du Emission Gap Report (UNEP 2018). ............................................................... 7 Tableau 2. Compilation des réductions potentielles d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) selon les principaux secteurs économiques. Ce tableau est tiré du Emission Gap Report (UNEP 2017). ................... 8 Tableau 3. Compilation des moyens de réduction potentiels d’émissions des gaz à effet de serre (GES) pour le secteur de l’agriculture. Une partie de l’information présentée dans ce tableau est tirée du Emission Gap Report (UNEP 2017). ............................................................................................................. 11 Tableau 4. Compilation des moyens de réduction potentiels d’émissions des gaz à effet de serre (GES) pour le secteur des bâtiments. Une partie de l’information présentée dans ce tableau est tirée du Emission Gap Report (UNEP 2017). ............................................................................................................. 15 Tableau 5. Compilation des moyens de réduction potentiels d’émissions des gaz à effet de serre (GES) pour le secteur de l’énergie. Une partie de l’information présentée dans ce tableau est tirée du Emission Gap Report (UNEP 2017). ............................................................................................................................ 18 Tableau 6. Compilation des moyens de réduction potentiels d’émissions des gaz à effet de serre (GES) pour le secteur de la foresterie. Une partie de l’information présentée dans ce tableau est tirée du Emission Gap Report (UNEP 2017). ............................................................................................................. 25 Tableau 7. Compilation des moyens de réduction potentiels d’émissions des gaz à effet de serre (GES) pour le secteur de l’industrie. Une partie de l’information présentée dans ce tableau est tirée du Emission Gap Report (UNEP 2017). ............................................................................................................. 27 Tableau 8. Compilation des moyens de réduction potentiels d’émissions des gaz à effet de serre (GES) pour le secteur du transport. Une partie de l’information présentée dans ce tableau est tirée du Emission Gap Report (UNEP 2017). ...........................................................................................................................
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