Att Kontrollera Det Heliga Rummet

Att kontrollera det heliga rummet Sigtuna, Trondheim, Slesvig och det nordiska stadslandskapet under äldre medeltid Masteruppsats, 45p, HT 2015 Författare: Michael Otto Handledare: Lars Hermanson, Göteborgs universitet Seminarieledare: Dag Lindström Ventileringsdatum: 21 januari 2016 HISTORISKA INSTITUTIONEN Bild på försättsblad: Gud som världens arkitekt. Från Paris ca 1220-1230. Bible moralisée, Wien, österreichischer Nationalbibliothek. Cod. 2554, fol. 1v. 1 Jag önskar utfärda ett stort tack till forskningsnoden ”Den goda staden” vid Uppsala universitet som bidrog till detta examensarbete genom att finansiera mina studieresor till Trondheim och Slesvig. 2 Abstract The thesis discusses how cities were literarily constructed in relation to concepts of space in early medieval Scandinavia. The period between ca. 900–1200 saw the formation of Scandinavia’s first urban societies. The rise of cities has primarily been explained by increasing trade. This thesis seeks to balance the mercantile understanding of early medieval cities by discussing them as ideological and religious centres. Following the introduction of Christianity in Scandinavia, the landscape was integrated into Christianitas in a physical as well as mental sense. This lead medieval chroniclers to literarily integrate Scandinavia to the Christian ordo. Here, the role of cities within this process is analyzed. The study is mainly based on Snorri Sturluson’s Norwegian kings’ sagas Heimskringla and the Latin chronicles Gesta Danorum by Saxo Grammaticus and Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum by Adam of Bremen. It focuses on three early medieval cities: Sigtuna, Trondheim and Schleswig (Slesvig). Outlooks to other cities are undertaken, and Sigtuna, Trondheim and Schleswig are discussed in relation to the general features of urban landscape manifested in the sources. The thesis states that cities are portrayed as crucial parts in the medieval landscape, although Scandinavia at the time was a de facto decidedly rural society. It is stressed that the intellectual integrating of Scandinavia to Christianitas called for a construction of an urbanized society. It is argued that Sigtuna, Trondheim and Slesvig were constructed as parts of a religious landscape at the time of their foundings. Thereafter, the sources portray the cities as manifestations of the newly introduced Christian ideology, and of royal power. They are ascribed specific functions within the mental landscape. Adam of Bremen ascribes Sigtuna the role of a Christian stronghold against the heathen “temple” at Uppsala, whereas Snorri Sturluson describes the city as an important royal centre in Scandinavia. Saxo Grammaticus and Adam of Bremen conceive Trondheim and Sigtuna as Christian cities on the brink of the civilized world, whereas Snorri seeks to establish links between these cities and classical antiquity. Slesvig is marked by its frontier location between the Christian Danes and the heathen Wends, and is constructed as a frontier society within a crusading context. Saxo Grammaticus also describes Slesvig as an important royal centre for Danish kings. In general, Saxo as well as Snorri connect cities and the founding of cities to concepts of royal power, whereas Adam of Bremen almost exclusively places cities within a religious context. Further, it is suggested that the physical topography of cities was constructed so as to mirror their Christian identities. By erecting churches in places that had been in contact with the body of Saint Olav, the city landscape of Trondheim was constructed as a sacred landscape. Also, by bestowing a city with churches and relics, kings could link the city to a sacred order, thus strengthening their own claims based on Christian ruling ideology. Keywords: medieval, cities, Sigtuna, Trondheim, Schleswig, sacred, space, landscape, frontier 3 Innehåll Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 1. Introduktion ......................................................................................................................................... 6 2. Inledning ............................................................................................................................................... 8 2.1. Uppsatsens syfte .......................................................................................................................... 8 2.2. Medeltida rumsliga föreställningar .......................................................................................... 10 2.2.1. Rum och gränser ............................................................................................................... 10 2.2.2. Föreställda landskap .......................................................................................................... 15 2.2.3. Staden som mental konstruktion .................................................................................... 18 2.3. Nordens första urbaniseringsfas .............................................................................................. 21 2.3.1. Urbaniseringen av Christianitas ....................................................................................... 21 2.3.2. Kategorisering av städer ................................................................................................... 22 2.3.3. Sigtuna, Trondheim och Slesvig ...................................................................................... 26 2.4. Källdiskussion ............................................................................................................................ 30 2.4.1. Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum ............................................................... 31 2.4.2. Gesta Danorum ................................................................................................................. 33 2.4.3. Heimskringla ...................................................................................................................... 34 2.5. Syftesprecisering och frågor ..................................................................................................... 35 3. Undersökning..................................................................................................................................... 37 3.1. Sigtuna ......................................................................................................................................... 37 3.1.1. Staden skrivs in i landskapet ............................................................................................ 37 3.1.2. Konstruktion av stadsrummet ......................................................................................... 42 3.1.3. Staden i Christianitas ......................................................................................................... 45 3.1.4. Sigtunas funktioner ........................................................................................................... 49 3.2. Trondheim .................................................................................................................................. 50 3.2.1. Staden skrivs in i landskapet ............................................................................................ 51 3.2.2. Konstruktion av stadsrummet ......................................................................................... 53 3.2.3. Staden i Christianitas ......................................................................................................... 58 3.2.4. Trondheims funktioner .................................................................................................... 63 3.3. Slesvig .......................................................................................................................................... 64 3.3.1. Staden skrivs in i landskapet ............................................................................................ 65 3.3.2. Konstruktion av stadsrummet ......................................................................................... 70 3.3.3. Staden i Christianitas ......................................................................................................... 74 3.3.4. Slesvigs funktioner ............................................................................................................ 79 3.4. Utblickar mot det nordiska stadslandskapet .......................................................................... 80 3.4.1. Adam av Bremens stadslandskap .................................................................................... 81 3.4.2. Snorri Sturlusons stadslandskap ...................................................................................... 87 4 3.4.3. Saxo Grammaticus stadslandskap ................................................................................... 93 4. Avslutande diskussion .................................................................................................................... 101 5. Källor och litteratur ......................................................................................................................... 105 5.1. Tryckta källor ............................................................................................................................ 105 5.2. Litteratur ................................................................................................................................... 106 6. Bildförteckning ...............................................................................................................................

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