DOCSLIB.ORG

From Amazonia to Tierra Del Fuego

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
From Amazonia to Tierra Del Fuego Bark-canoes of South America: from Amazonia to Tierra del Fuego (English text without illustrations) Béat Arnold Le tour du monde en 80 pirogues Part Three ARNOLD Béat, 2017. Bark-canoes of South America: from Amazonia to Tierra del Fuego (English text without illustrations). Le Locle, Editions G d’Encre (Le tour du monde en 80 pirogues, Part Three, PDF). Translated by Jane Davis Note: the English translation of the text is without figures (for the latter, see the original version in French). It can be downloaded free of charge from: https://www.alphil.com/index.php/alphil-diffusion/le-tour-du-monde-en-80-pirogues/les-canoes-en- ecorce-d-amerique-du-sud-de-l-amazonie-a-la-terre-de-feu.html Recommended method for quoting the original version: ARNOLD Béat, 2017. Les canoës en écorce d’Amérique du Sud : de l’Amazonie à la Terre de Feu. Le Locle, Editions G d’Encre (Le tour du monde en 80 pirogues, fascicule 3). ISBN 978-2-940501-73-1 © 2017, Béat Arnold (CH-2074 Marin-Epagnier) and the Institutions for their respective original documents Distributed by Éditions Alphil, Neuchâtel www.alphil.ch Printing: Gasser Media SA, Le Locle Béat Arnold, 2017. Bark-canoes of South America: from Amazonia to Tierra del Fuego (English text without illustrations). 1 Contents 00 Foreword 05 South America: a remarkable nautical space 06 Ygat, igáripé, attamanmad, aată, cascara, pakasse, yikchibitiri etc.: bark-canoes of Amazonia and the Guianas 14 Terminology issues 16 Towards a typology of bark-canoes of Amazonia and the Guianas 16 Distribution of canoe types 20 Cultural and dynamic divisions of territorial occupation 21 The canoes of Amazonia and the Guianas 23 Simple bark-canoes with raised or lowered sides 23 Canoes with one folded end 24 Canoes with apical lashings 28 Canoes with pressed and tied ends 30 Woodskin type canoes 31 Bark and structural diversity 46 Paxiuba or palmboats 47 The stipe or false trunk of the palm tree 49 Palmboats 49 The anan and yeni canoes of Tierra del Fuego 53 Yahgan and Alacaluf 55 Scientific expeditions and first detailed observations 56 Extended visits by the Anglican missionaries among the Yahgan 57 Construction of a bark-canoe among the Yahgan, by Martin Gusinde 62 Construction of a bark-canoe among the Alacaluf, by Martin Gusinde 66 Analysis of some Fuegian canoes 68 The Yahgan canoe in the Museum of Santiago 68 The Yahgan canoe in the Museum of London 71 The Alacaluf canoe in the Museum of Bern 72 The Alacaluf canoe in the Museum of Punta Arenas 80 The Yahgan canoe in the Museum of Rome 82 Materials employed 87 In conclusion: what is the origin of the Fuegian canoes? 89 Appendix 1: Inventory of canoes of Amazonia and the Guianas together with their location (fig. 24) 94 Appendix 2: Inventory of the canoes observed 100 Bibliography 102 Index 109 Tribes and indigenous names of the craft 109 Tree species 110 Geographical names 111 Béat Arnold, 2017. Bark-canoes of South America: from Amazonia to Tierra del Fuego (English text without illustrations). 2 List of illustrations Fig. 1 Raft of unprocessed logs of balsa type observed by Joris van Spielbergen in the port of Paita (northern Peru, near Piura), during his voyage between 1614 and 1618. In this illustration, three gouarès – a kind of leeboard – are controlled by three people. Finally, two triangular sails are directly attached to a curved mast (VAN SPIELBERGEN 1620, pl. XII). Fig. 2 Log raft of balsa type, equipped with a square sail stretched over two spars arranged in a cross. The front is shaped into an oblique plane (Puerto Viejo province, Ecuador; BENZONI 1572, p. 165-a). Fig. 3 Balsilla 4-4.5 m long, with their rama (leeboard and rudder, a kind of gouarès) in the port of Yasila (desert coast of Sechura, northern Peru; August 2011). Fig. 4 Caballito de totora consisting of two bundles resulting from the overlapping of two assemblies of different lengths (b). The construction was carried out by Felix Gondillo and Alejandro Urcia, on Huanchaco beach (August 2011). It took 15 minutes to create each bundle, and 10 minutes to assemble them. Length 4.1 m. Duration of use: 2-3 months. The totora (Scirpus sp.) were first dried (a). The two bundles were then created in parallel in order to ensure that they were symmetrical. Finally, the two elements were assembled (j). Transporting a canoe at Pimente (o), and going to sea on the craft, using the traditional bamboo stem paddle, split longitudinally (p). Fig. 5 Adobe bas-relief from Huaca las Balsas (Túcune, Lambayeque civilisation, around 1000-1100 A.D.), illustrating two large rafts consisting of bundles of stems lashed together. The length must have been around 10 m, and they were propelled by 7-8 paddles per side. Fig. 6 Small traditional balsa with raised ends, Lake Titicaca (Huarina, Bolivia; August 2011). The ropes were plaited, with the width prevented chafing of the stems in the outer layers of the bundles. Fig. 7 Sometimes, towards one end or the other, the cross-section of the central bundle suddenly increases to that of the two major bundles, emphasising its function, which is to enable the assembly of the two main parts via two series of ropes. It is also possible to observe this construction principle by dismantling a small-scale model, here intended to be sold to tourists. Fig. 8 A piece of wood acts as the support for the bipod mast. Here the sail is placed in the bottom of the balsa. The bundles are pulled together by means of a plaited plant rope which prevents fraying in the upper layers of the totora, unlike the current nylon cords (Huatajata on the banks of Lake Titicaca, Bolivia; August 2011). Fig. 9 The rivers Saña and Santa, located between Trujillo and Chimbote (north of Lima), are crossed by means of an assembly of calabashes (DE BRY ed. 1601, pl. II). Fig. 10 Balse used along the desert coasts of Chile, consisting of sea lion skins. Length 3 m (FRÉZIER 1716, pl. XVI). Fig. 11 Watertight seam on a balse consisting of sea lion skins and technical drawing by A.-F. FRÉZIER (1716, pl. XVI/F). Fig. 12 “Apical lashing” type canoe of the Arára or Caripúna Indians (Madeira, Caldeirão do Inferno rapids, near the Brazil/Bolivia border; KELLER-LEUZINGER 1874a, fig. p. 101, 1874b, fig. p. 408; KELLER 1875, fig. p. 144). For the location: see fig. 24/52 ; Appendix 1/record 32. Fig. 13 Distribution map for a series of vernacular craft in South America with, in particular the pelota separating the area where bark-canoes were used in Amazonia from that of the more complex canoes in Tierra del Fuego (after HORNELL 1946, extract from world map in Appendix). Fig. 14 Pelota consisting of an envelope formed by one or sometimes two cow skins sewn together (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; CÂMARA 1888, fig. p. 172). Fig. 15 First ethnographic description of the manufacture and use of bark-canoes by H. STADEN, in 1557 (Part 2, chap. 25), and its first translation into French by H. TERNAUX (1837, p. 289-290): “Il y a dans ce pays une espèce d’arbre que l’on nomme yga-ywero; ils en détachent l’écorce depuis le haut jusqu’en bas, et font, autour de l'arbre, une espèce d’échafaudage pour l’enlever d’un seul morceau. Béat Arnold, 2017. Bark-canoes of South America: from Amazonia to Tierra del Fuego (English text without illustrations). 3 Quand ils ont arraché cette écorce, ils la portent au bord de la mer, la chauffent fortement, replient les deux bouts, après avoir eu soin d’y placer des traverses en bois [des varangues plates sur le dessin], et en font ainsi des canots, qui peuvent porter jusqu'à trente personnes. Cette écorce est épaisse d’un pouce, et les canots ont environ quatre pieds de large sur quarante de long : il y en a de plus petits et de plus grands. Ils vont fort vite, et les sauvages font souvent de très-longs voyages dans ces embarcations. Quand la mer devient mauvaise, ils les tirent à terre, et se rembarquent, dès que la tempête est apaisée. Ils ne s’avancent pas à plus de deux milles en mer; mais ils vont quelquefois très-loin le long des côtes.” Fig. 16 Ygat canoes with flat frames for the floor (STADEN 1557, Part 2, fig. chap. 20). Fig. 17 The same canoes as above, but equipped with a tie (DE BRY ed. 1593, pl. p. 52). Fig. 18 Canoe with two folded ends from the Upper Xingú, in central Brazil (QUIRKE 1952, fig. p. 81; after VON DEN STEINEN 1894, pl. X); a type sometimes called the jatobá, named after the tree from which the bark is taken. Fig. 19 Canoe with apical lashings, cascara (MATHEWS 1879, p. 60) or kānāwā’ constructed by the Jamamadí on the rio Marmoreá Mirí (STEERE 1903, p. 386, fig. 12); W. ROOP (1942, p. 399) uses the term of jamamadí to describe this type of canoe. Fig. 20 Canoe with pressed and tied ends, by the Oyampí (CREVAUX 1883a, fig. p. 216). Fig. 21 Open-ended woodskin, or pakasse (SCHOMBURGK 1841a, p. 92), observed among the Carib in the upper stretches of the Barama River; the suspended bench on the right is missing from the drawing (ROTH 1924, fig. 336). Fig. 22 Woodskin with raised ends, or attamanmad, constructed by the Wapisiána (FARABEE 1918, p. 75, fig. 8). At this stage of construction, the stretchers have not yet been incorporated.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cristina Calderón Collecting Mapi (Rushes) for Traditional Basketry
    Langscape Magazine is an extension of the voice of Terralingua. It supports our mission by educating the minds and hearts about the importance and value of biocultural diversity. We aim to promote a paradigm shift by illustrating biocultural diversity through scientific and traditional knowledge, within an appealing sensory context of articles, stories and art. ABOUT THE COVER PHOTOS Front: Caleta Douglas, Navarino Island, Chile. Cristina Calderón collecting mapi (rushes) for traditional basketry. Photo: Oliver Vogel, 2015 Back: North Pindos, Greece The return of the shepherds and their flocks. Photo: Stamos Abatis, 2015 Terralingua thanks the Logan and Kalliopeia Langscape Magazine is a Foundations for their generous support. Terralingua Publication Editor: Luisa Maffi Editorial Assistant: Christine Arpita Graphic Design: Imagine That Graphics Learn about Terralingua www.terralingua.org Receive Langscape Magazine by subscribing or by purchasing single copies. Details at: www.terralinguaubuntu.org Learn about Langscape Magazine www.terralinguaubuntu.org/langscape/home.htm © Terralingua 2016 Cristina Cristina Zárraga CalderónCalderón Cristina and material breakdown of our ancestral Yamana culture Memories of [Ed.: Yamana is another name for the Yagan culture]. The struggle to survive, first in the face of the overwhelming My Yagan presence of alcohol, then under the thumb of the Chilean military authorities. Grandmother “When my mom died in Mejillones and I was left in Tierra del Fuego, Chile orphaned, I went to live with my grandfather and Granny Julia, Karpakolikipa…” was born in Róbalo, on the 24th of May. And they “I say, so tells me my aunt, that when I was born After losing her parents, my grandmother was left under during the night, there was a storm from the south.
    [Show full text]
  • The Spirit of the Southern Wind
    El Espíritu del Viento del Sur The Spirit of the Southern Wind Estrecho de Magallanes, Canal Beagle & Cabo de Hornos Fotografías: Luis Bertea Rojas Textos: Denis Chevallay BOOK SERIES THE STRAIT OF MAGELLAN EXPLORATION CRUISE TO THE REMOTE REGIONS OF TIERRA DEL FUEGO AND STRAIT OF MAGELLAN EXCLUSIVE PHOTO EXPEDITION AND NATURE CRUISE A BOARD THE M/V FORREST [email protected] EXPEDITION CRUISE PHOTOGRAPHY, CIENce & EDUCATION www.patagoniaphotosafaris.com The Spirit of the Southern Wind El Espíritu del Viento del Sur Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel & Cape Horn Photographs by Luis Bertea Rojas - Text by Denis Chevallay Glaciar en Seno Ballena-Isla Santa Ines Glacier on Whalesound-Santa Ines island Fuerte, bravío, impredecible e inclemente. Así es "El espíritu del viento del sur". Un viento que por siglos ha puesto a prueba a innumerables aventureros. Quienes fueron capaces de enfrentarlo, pudieron conocer parte de los misterios que aun encierra este hermoso rincón del planeta. La mayoría de los que embarcaron desde tierras lejanas no lo consiguieron, sin embargo, los vencedores tuvieron la oportunidad de dar a conocer al resto del mundo la belleza inhóspita de estos parajes y el coraje de los habitantes del llamado "fin del Mundo". Strong, fierce, unpredictable and inclement. These are just some words to describe “the spirit of the southern wind”. For centuries this wind has put innumerable adventurers to the test and only those capable of confronting the wind were able to learn a little about the mysteries that are still hidden in this beautiful corner of the planet. The majority of those explorers who set off from distant lands were unsuccessful in their attempts.
    [Show full text]
  • Tierra Del Fuego and Magellan Strait Contacts with Natives Reported in English­Language Newspapers (1851­1900) (Relevant Text Is Shown in Bold Type)
    «Of Sailors and Savages» : Tierra del Fuego and Magellan Strait Contacts with natives reported in English­language newspapers (1851­1900) (relevant text is shown in bold type) PIONEER + SPEEDWELL [1851] Lyttelton Times (NZ), 18 September 1852 A PARTY OF MISSIONARIES STARVED TO DEATH. We have to narrate one of the most appalling stories that has ever appeared in a public journal. An English officer, Captain Gardiner, of the Royal Navy, who was sent out with six companions by the "Patagonian Missionary Society" to the neighbourhood of Cape Horn, has been literally starved to death — he, and his companions with him. The party consisted of Captain Allen Gardiner, R.N., superintendent; Mr. Williams, surgeon and catechist; Mr Maidment, catechist; John Irwin, carpenter; and John Badcock, John Bryant, & Pearce, Cornish fishermen. They left England in September, 1850, in the Ocean Queen; it having been promised that stores should be forwarded to them in June via the Falkland Islands; should they be unable to maintain their position at Picton Island, Beagle Channel, it was supposed that being provided with partially decked launches, they would fall back on Staten Island. The ill­fated party landed on Picton Island towards the conclusion of the year 1850. From the first they seem to have been annoyed in some measure by the natives, and to have been hunted backwards and forwards from the little island to what may be called the mainland of Terra­del­Fuego. About the middle of April, 1851, Captain Gardiner begins to record in his diary, which, has been preserved to us, that they have provisions enough to last for two months, but some are very low.
    [Show full text]
  • Caleta Wulaia Reserva De La Biósfera
    Ruta Patrimonial Nº16 Caleta Wulaia Reserva de la Biósfera Región de Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena tapa.FH11 Tue Dec 04 16:02:54 2007 Page 2 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Ruta Patrimonial CabCab Santiago 80º 05 26º 18 79º 51 26º 27 105º 28 109º 20 68º 44 26º 27 56º 30 33º 37 53º 46 PUERTO NAVARINO PUERTO LAGUNA WILLIAMS ROJAS ISLA C. WULAIA LAGO BUTTON NAVARINO LAGO WINDHOND RIO PTO. TORO DOUGLAS BAHIA WINDHOND PENINSULA SEÑORET Composite tapa.FH11 Tue Dec 04 16:02:54 2007 Page 3 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K abobo dede Hornos:Hornos: WulaiaWulaia Composite tapa.FH11 Tue Dec 04 16:02:54 2007 Page 4 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Ubicación y accesos Location and access ways Ubicación Location La Ruta Patrimonial Cabo de Hornos-Wulaia The Heritage Road Cape Horn - Wulaia se ubica en la isla de Navarino, comuna Cabo is located in Navarino Island, district de Hornos, provincia Antártica perteneciente of Cape Horn, Antarctic Province a la XIIª Región de Magallanes. Se extiende pertaining to Region XII of en el extremo noroeste de la isla, en la ribera Magallanes. It is located in the north- sur del canal Beagle a 10 millas náuticas de east end of the island, in Beagle Usuahía y 55 kilómetros de Puerto Williams, Channel's south bank, 10 nautical miles capital comunal y principal núcleo urbano from Usuahia, and 55 kilometers from de la costa sur de Tierra del Fuego. Puerto Williams, the district capital and main urban community of Tierra Accesos del Fuego's south coast.
    [Show full text]
  • Yaghan's, Explorers and Settlers
    YAGHAN’S, EXPLORERS AND SETTLERS: 10,000 years of Southern Tierra del Fuego Archipelago History The Museum Permanent Exhibit Script Martin Gusinde Anthropological Museum · Puerto Williams - Chile Participants in Initiation Rite in the year 1922. (Martin Gusinde, last row, fourth position from left to right). Anthropos Institut. Sankt Augustin, Germany - Authorized Digital Copying Martin Gusinde Anthropological Museum Introduction INTROUDUCTION The creation of a museum on Navarino Island was an ambitious project that grew out of a deep interest in and concern for the island’s natural and cultural heritage. The initiative was originally proposed by the Chilean Navy, the same institution that built the Martín Gusinde Anthropological Museum (MAMG), which opened its doors in Puerto Williams in 1975. In the 1960s, before the museum was founded, a collection was begun of archeological material from the island’s coastal areas, along with some objects of historical interest from the first occupation by pioneers. This collection was exhibited in the now defunct Mixed School Nº in Puerto Williams. The collection was moved when the Martin Gusinde Museum was established, becoming part of that institution permanent collection. The Museum was named after the Austrian anthropologist and priest Martin Gusinde S.V.D. (1886-1969), who worked among the Yaghan and Selk’nam people from 1918 to 1924. His body of work offers the greatest collection of ethnographic studies about a world that was already on the verge of disappearing. His seminal work “The Indians of Tierra del Fuego” was published between 190 and 1974, and will forever remain the principal source of information we possess about the native people of Tierra del Fuego.
    [Show full text]
  • Charles Darwin Ben Jonson Voyage of the Beagle Ii Love Freed from Ignor
    PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN THERE WAS SOME RISK OF CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN’S 1 TURNING OUT AN IDLE MAN “NARRATIVE HISTORY” AMOUNTS TO FABULATION, THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY 1. In the year that the Beagle sailed, Darwin was regarded as a budding geologist. His geology mentor, Woodwardian Professor of Geology at Cambridge Adam Sedgwick, would write while this young protégé was sailing around the world that: [He] is doing admirable work in South America, and has already sent home a collection above all price.... There was some risk of his turning out an idle man, but his character will now be fixed, and if God spares his life he will have a great name among the naturalists of Europe. HDT WHAT? INDEX THE PEOPLE OF WALDEN: CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN “WALKING”: A tanned skin is something more than respectable, and perhaps olive is a fitter color than white for a man — a denizen of the woods. “The pale white man!” I do not wonder that the African pitied him. Darwin the naturalist says “A white man bathing by the side of a Tahitian was like a plant bleached by the gardener’s art compared with a fine, dark green one growing vigorously in the open fields.” Ben Jonson exclaims,— “How near to good is what is fair!” So I would say— How near to good is what is wild! Life consists with Wildness. The most alive is the wildest. Not yet subdued to man, its presence refreshes him. One who pressed forward incessantly and never rested from his labors, who grew fast and made infinite demands on life, would always find himself in a new country or wilderness, and surrounded by the raw material of life.
    [Show full text]
  • Voyage of the Beagle
    THE VOYAGE OF THE BEAGLE PREFACE I have stated in the preface to the first Edition of this work, and in the Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle, that it was in consequence of a wish expressed by Captain Fitz Roy, of having some scientific person on board, accompanied by an offer from him of giving up part of his own accommodations, that I volunteered my services, which received, through the kindness of the hydrographer, Captain Beaufort, the sanction of the Lords of the Admiralty. As I feel that the opportunities which I enjoyed of studying the Natural History of the different countries we visited, have been wholly due to Captain Fitz Roy, I hope I may here be permitted to repeat my expression of gratitude to him; and to add that, during the five years we were together, I received from him the most cordial friendship and steady assistance. Both to Captain Fitz Roy and to all the Officers of the Beagle [1] I shall ever feel most thankful for the undeviating kindness with which I was treated during our long voyage. This volume contains, in the form of a Journal, a history of our voyage, and a sketch of those observations in Natural History and Geology, which I think will possess some interest for the general reader. I have in this edition largely condensed and corrected some parts, and have added a little to others, in order to render the volume more fitted for popular reading; but I trust that naturalists will remember, that they must refer for details to the larger publications which comprise the scientific results of the Expedition.
    [Show full text]
  • Exotic Vertebrate Fauna in the Remote and Pristine Sub-Antarctic Cape Horn Archipelago, Chile
    -1 Exotic vertebrate fauna in the remote and pristine sub-Antarctic Cape Horn Archipelago, Chile CHRISTOPHER B. ANDERSON1,2,*, RICARDO ROZZI2,3,4, JUAN C. TORRES-MURA2,5, STEVEN M. MCGEHEE2, MARGARET F. SHERRIFFS2,6, ELKE SCHU¨TTLER2,7,8 and AMY D. ROSEMOND1 1Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; 2Parque Etnobota´nico Omora, Puerto Williams, Magallanes, Chile; 3Universidad de Magallanes, Casilla 113-D, Punta Arenas, Magallanes, Chile; 4Department of Philosophy and Religion Studies, University of North Texas, P.O. Box 310980, Denton, TX 76203, USA; 5Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Seccio´n de Zoologı´a, Quinta Normal, Santiago de Chile; 6Center for Population Biology, Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; 7UFZ-Center for Environ- mental Research UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; 8Department of Ecology, Technical University Munique-Weihenstephan, Am Hochanger 6, 85350 Freising, Germany; *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]; phone: +1-706-542-4366; fax: +1-706- 542-4819) Key words: Cape Horn, Chile, Exotic species, Global change, Invasive, Sub-Antarctic Forests, Tierra del Fuego, Wilderness Abstract. Pristine wilderness is a scarce global resource, but exotic species are so common that they constitute a principal component of worldwide ecological change. The relationship between these two topics, invasion and remoteness, was the impetus behind five years of fieldwork aimed at identifying the assemblage and range of exotic vertebrates in Cape Horn, Chile, identified as one of the world’s most pristine wilderness areas. While the archipelago has extremely low human population density and vast tracts of undisturbed land, we discovered that several ter- restrial vertebrate groups were dominated by exotic species.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter X Tierra Del Fuego
    CHAPTER X. Tierra del Fuego, first arrival—Good Success Bay—An account of the Fuegians on board—Interview with the savages—Scenery of the for- ests—Cape Horn—Wigwam Cove—Miserable condition of the sav- ages—Famines—Cannibals—Matricide—Religious feelings—Great gale—Beagle Channel—Ponsonby Sound—Build wigwams and settle the Fuegians—Bifurcation of the Beagle Channel—Glaciers—Return to the ship—Second visit in the Ship to the Settlement—Equality of condi- tion amongst the natives. TIERRA DEL FUEGO. December 17th, 1832.—Having now finished with Patagonia and the Falkland Islands, I will describe our first arrival in Tierra del Fuego. A little after noon we doubled Cape St. Diego, and entered the famous strait of Le Maire. We kept close to the Fuegian shore, but the outline of the rugged, inhospitable Staten-land was visible amidst the clouds. In the afternoon we anchored in the Bay of Good Success. While entering we were saluted in a manner becoming the inhabitants of this savage land. A group of Fuegians partly concealed by the entangled forest, were perched on a wild point overhanging the sea; and as we passed by, they sprang up and waving their tattered cloaks sent forth a loud and sonorous shout. The savages followed the ship, and just before dark we saw their fire, and again heard their wild cry. The harbour consists of a fine piece of water half surround- ed by low rounded mountains of clay-slate, which are covered to the water’s edge by one dense gloomy forest. A single glance at the landscape was sufficient to show me how widely different it was from any thing I had ever beheld.
    [Show full text]
  • Land of Fire Free
    FREE LAND OF FIRE PDF Chris Ryan | 448 pages | 23 Sep 2003 | Cornerstone | 9780099432388 | English | London, United Kingdom Land of Fire - Castle Age Wiki - Quests, Heroes, Orcs, Demi-Gods, Monsters, and more! Tierra del Fuego is divided between Chile and Argentinawith the latter controlling the eastern half of the main island and the former the western half plus Land of Fire islands south of Beagle Channel. Settlement by those of European descent and the great displacement of the native populations did not begin until the second half of the 19th century, at the height of the Patagonian sheep farming boom and of the local gold rush. The earliest human settlement occurred around 8, BCE. The Yaghan were some of the earliest known humans to settle in Tierra del Fuego. Archeological sites with characteristics of their culture have been found at locations such as Navarino Island. The name Tierra del Fuego was given by the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan while sailing for Land of Fire Spanish Crown in ; he was Land of Fire first European to visit these lands. He believed he was seeing the many fires fuego in Spanish of the Yaghan, which were visible from the sea, and that the "Indians" were waiting in the forests to ambush his armada. In Francisco de Hoces was the first to speculate that Tierra del Land of Fire was one or more islands rather than part of what was then called Terra Australis. Francis Drake in and a Dutch East India Company expedition in learned more about the geography. The latter expedition named Cape Horn.
    [Show full text]
  • Myiotheretes, Xolmis, Neoxolmis, Agriornis, Ano Muscisaxicola )
    Volume 5 1994 No.1 ORNITOLOGIA NEOTROPICAL 5: 1- -55.1994 @ The Neotropical Ornithological Socie NESTING, BEHAVIOR, OISTRIBUTION, ANO SPECIATION OF PATAGONIAN ANO ANOEAN GROUNO TVRANTS (MYIOTHERETES, XOLMIS, NEOXOLMIS, AGRIORNIS, ANO MUSCISAXICOLA ) Fran9ois Vuilleumier Depar!men! of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West a! 79!h Street New York, NY 10024, U.S.A. Resumen. La biolog¡a, distribuci6n y evoluci6n de los tiránidos de monte o terrestres {Tyrannidae, subfamilia Fluvi- colinae) es todav¡a poco conocida. Nidos de cuatro especiespatag6nicas {Xolmis pyrope, Neoxolmisrubetra, Neoxol- mis rufiventris, y Muscisaxicola capistrata) fueron estudiados durante expediciones a la Patagonia en 1988 y 1992 y nidos de dos especies altoandinas {Myiotheretes rufipennis y Agriornis andicola) fueron observados durante una expedici6n al Perú en 1975. Los nidos de Neoxolmis rubetra y de Agriornis andicola son aparentemente los primeros señalados para estas dos especies, y aquellos de Neoxolmis rufiventris y Myiotheretes rufipennis los segundos para estasespecies. Los nidos de Xolmis pyrope y Muscisaxicola capistrata demuestran la nidificaci6n de la primera especie en matorral patag6nico fuera del bosque de Nothofagus {Fagaceae),y confirman la nidificaci6n de la segunda en el norte de la Patagonia. Estos datos sobre nidificaci6n son ampliados con observaciones de terreno sobre la con- ducta, los bi6topos, la abundancia relativa y la distribuci6n geográfica de estas seis especies. Además, se analiza de manera comparativa aspectos del comportamiento, de la biogeograña y de la evoluci6n presentados por tiráni- dos terrestres en los géneros Myiotheretes, Xolmis, Neoxolmis, Muscisaxicola, y Agriornis. Se discute especialmente patrones de simpatr¡a, alopatr¡a, y parapatr¡a, y de aislamiento reproductivo.
    [Show full text]
  • The VOYAGE of the BEAGLE by Charles Darwin
    CONTENTS 1 December 27, 1831—March 1832: England to Brazil 1 2 April—]uly 1832: Rio de janeiro, Brazil 13 3 July 1832: Maldonado, Uruguay 31 4 July—August 1833: Argentina: Rio Negro to Bahia Blanca 46 5 August—September 1833: Bahia Blanca 60 6 September 1833: Bahia Blanca to Buenos Aires 71 7 September—October 1833 : Buenos Aires to Santa Fe and Return 83 8 November 1833—]anuary 1834: Uruguay and The VOYAGE of the BEAGLE Patagonia 98 9 April 1834: The Santa Cruz River March 1834: The Falkland Islands 120 by Charles Darwin, 10 December 1832—February 1833 abridged and edited by Millicent E. Selsam February—March 1834: Tierra del Fuego 137 11 May—june 1834: Strait of Magellan to the Pacific 161 Harper's and Row, Publishers 12 July-September 1834: Central Chile 172 1959 13 November 1834-—]anuary 1835: Chiloe and the Chonos Islands 183 14 January—March 1835: Chiloe and Concepcion: Great Earthquake 194 15 March—April 1835: Valparaiso and Across the Andes 207 16 April—]une 1835: From Valparaiso to Lima, Peru 227 17 September—October 1835: The Galdpagos Islands 236 18 October-December 1835: Tahiti and New Zealand 261 19 January—March 1836: Australia and Tasmania 276 20 April 1836: Cocos Islands 290 21 April 29-October 2, 1836: Mauritius to England 305 INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTER ONE 2 The Voyage of the Beagle portunity of improving himself—an opportunity that, he said, December 27, 183l—March 1832 “I threw away whilst at Cambridge.” England to Brazil Darwin found the Beagle “most beautiful” and elegantly fitted out with mahogany.
    [Show full text]