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Phd Dissertation 07/ 2009 American mink ... PhD Dissertation 07/ 2009 Population ecology, impact and social acceptance of American mink (Mustela vison), a recent invasive species on Navarino Island, Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile I Elke Schüttler I Population ecology, impact and social acceptance of I Elke Schüttler Population ecology, Elke Schüttler 2009 / Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Permoserstraße 15 I 04318 Leipzig I Germany Internet: www.ufz.de PhD Dissertation 07 PhD Dissertation ISSN 1860-0387 TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN Lehrstuhl für Landschaftsökologie Population ecology, impact and social acceptance of American mink (Mustela vison), a recent invasive species on Navarino Island, Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile Elke Schüttler Vollständiger Abdruck der an der Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Univ.-Prof. Dr. J. Pfadenhauer Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. apl. Prof. Dr. K. J. W. Jax 2. Univ.-Prof. Dr. L. Trepl 3. Ass. Prof. R. Rozzi, Ph.D., University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA (schriftliche Beurteilung) Die Dissertation wurde am 16.02.2009 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt am 26.05.2009 angenommen. Mustela vison Acknowledgments This dissertation was only possible due to the support and enthusiasm of all people involved, supervisors, colleagues, field assistants, volunteers, friends, my family, and due to the stable financial support throughout the project. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Kurt Jax who warmly received me in the German- Chilean research project BIOKONCHIL from which this work arises. He thoroughly supported me scientifically, financially and personally from the very beginning to the end of this study being responsive to every question and concern. I am very grateful to Prof. Ricardo Rozzi who guided me through all my work in Chile. I owe him being part of a team of international researchers working in a very remote region of the world. Apart from learning from his biocultural and interdisciplinary vision of conservation he was especially important in giving me encouragement. Many thanks to Steven McGehee, Uta Berghöfer, Jana Zschille and Dr. Christopher Anderson, who helped me to get the project well started. Many colleagues, volunteers and friends significantly supported and inspired field work and well- being on Navarino Island: José Llaipén, Steven McGehee, Melisa Gañan, Claire Brown, José Tomás Ibarra, Francesca Pischedda, Annette Guse, Julia and Germán Gonzáles. I am grateful to Jorge, Patricio and Fidel Quelín for their hospitality during field work and their support in the film project “Mink invasion”. I also thank the local community of Puerto Williams for their willingness to participate in my interviews. The University of Magallanes hosted me during my laboratory analyses, and particularly Jaime Cárcamo from the Intituto de la Patagonia contributed to the success of my tasks there. Many thanks also to Carlos Soto and Alex Muñoz for providing me their laboratories, to Eduardo Faúndez who identified the insects and to Jorge Gibbons for scientific advice. I am indepted to Nicolás Soto and José Cabello from the Chilean Agriculture and Livestock Service (Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero, SAG) who were very cooperative with respect to the integration of science and management. The Chilean Navy kindly facilitated meteorological data. I wish to thank many colleagues at the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ for their scientific advice and support in statistics during the planning of field work and data analysis, particularly Dr. Reinhard Klenke, Dr. Bernd Gruber, Dr. Klaus Henle, Dr. Carsten Dormann and Michael Gerisch. Prof. Christoph Görg was an important advisor for the social sciences part of my thesis from the design of the study to the analysis and paper writing. My colleagues at the Department of Conservation Biology provided me with friendship and advice in many ways. Many special thanks to Prof. Ludwig Trepl, Tina Heger and the colleagues from the Lehrstuhl für Landschaftsökologie at the Technische Universität München, who welcomed me at their institute and improved this work through discussions and manuscript reading. I also acknowledge the efforts André Künzelmann and Peter-Hugo Scholz put into the wonderful film project “Mink invasion”. This was a very special experience. Thanks to Doris Böhme from the Public Relations Department of the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ for enabling the realization of this film. Finally, I am very grateful to my parents who made my studies possible and who I owe having a profession I love. The financial support for this dissertation was provided by several sources. The Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ financed the majority of my research through my Ph.D. position, including much of the travel and material costs. During my fieldwork in Chile I had a living stipend and travel fund from the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD, D/04/38329). The preparation of this study was supported by the project BIOKONCHIL funded by the German Ministry of Education and Research (FKZ 01LM0208). Further funding was kindly provided by the Omora foundation with respect to field assistants and facilities. CONICYT supported the participation in an international congress on ecology held in Chile. Contents Summary 1 Zusammenfassung 2 Resumen 3 CHAPTER ONE General introduction 5 Biological invasions 5 The American mink 6 The study area 8 Aims of the dissertation 9 Methods 9 Integrating science with management 11 Structure of the thesis 11 CHAPTER TWO Exotic vertebrate fauna in the pristine sub-Antarctic Cape Horn Archipelago 14 CHAPTER THREE Abundance and habitat preferences of the American mink on Navarino Island 26 CHAPTER FOUR Diet of the American mink and its potential impact on the native fauna 41 CHAPTER FIVE Vulnerability of ground-nesting waterbirds to predation by invasive 54 American mink CHAPTER SIX Do you like the mink? Public perceptions of invasive mammals in the Cape 70 Horn Biosphere Reserve CHAPTER SEVEN Synthesis 90 Key findings 90 Practical significance of the thesis 92 References 94 List of figures 107 List of tables 108 Populärwissenschaftliche Zusammenfassung 109 APPENDIX 115 Summary The earth’s biota is greatly altered by the increasing shifting of species distributions. Biological invasions and their impacts are of major conservation concern particularly in island ecosystems. Despite its geographic isolation the pristine sub-Antarctic Cape Horn Archipelago is replete with non-native species. Among these, the most recently arrived mammal is the American mink (Mustela vison), a North American mustelid that is currently establishing its southernmost feral population on Navarino Island within the young Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve. Here, mink represent a new guild of terrestrial mammalian predators, among which the island lacks native species. This thesis aims at broadening the basic knowledge of the population ecology and impacts of the mink on Navarino Island. It specifically addresses relative abundance and habitat use of mink, their diet, the ecological impacts on the nest survival of ground-nesting waterbirds, as well as public perceptions and acceptance of control measurements. Thus, a broad and interdisciplinary approach is attempted that offers results of practical relevance for an integrative management of invasive species in the Cape Horn region. Sign surveys and trapping detected that mink had spread to adjacent islands (Navarino, Hoste) from its source population on Argentine Tierra del Fuego, but its presence in other parts of the biosphere reserve was not proved. Sign surveys on Navarino Island revealed that mink have colonized the entire island only one decade after it had been first registered. 79 % of surveys in 68 sites in different semi-aquatic habitats (marine coasts, river, lake and pond margins) contained scats of mink. The relative abundance of mink measured with capture-mark-recapture was estimated to be 0.75 mink/km of marine shoreline. Habitat models revealed that mink preferred shrubland over meadows and forested habitat, coastal areas with rocky outcroppings over flat beaches and interestingly, mink avoided habitats strongly modified by invasive beavers (Castor canadensis). Regarding the potential ecological impact of mink, the main prey groups were defined through diet analysis. On average, these were mammals (37 % of the biomass), birds (36 %) and fish (24 %). During spring and summer, however, the consumption of birds at marine coasts was twice as much compared to the cool season when migratory birds had left the region. Adult Passeriformes, and offspring of Anseriformes and Pelecaniformes were a frequent prey. Regarding mammals, mink basically preyed upon muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus, invasive) and yellow nosed grass mice (Abrothrix xanthorhinus, native). Mink predation on ground-nesting waterbirds was evaluated for different breeding strategies, habitats and nest characteristics by monitoring nests of (i) solitary nesting birds (Chloephaga picta, Tachyeres pteneres, n=102 nests), (ii) colonial birds (Larus dominicanus, Larus scoresbii, Sterna hirundinaceae, n=361), and (iii) of 558 artificial nests. Discriminant analyses revealed that solitary nesting waterbirds
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