Index

ABC see American Broadcasting Google 252–5; and ideology 75–6; Company industrialization and 69–71; ABCNews.com 222 influence of 76–81; and Internet Abu Ghraib prison 198, 227 239–40; in magazines 73–4, 76; A. C. Milan (football club) 270 Marxist critique of 78, 81; and A. C. Nielsen Company 56 new media 234, 245, 248, 252–5, Acres, Birt 28 257, 261, 263; and newspapers Addison, Joseph 15 10–12, 13, 15, 24, 25, 69–70, 73–4, Adelaide News 271 76, 192, 201, 230, 256, 271, 272, Adorno, Theodor 3 282, 284, 286; and online social Advanced Research Program Agency networking sites 245, 247, 261; Network (ARPANET) 237 and persuasion 70–1, 73–6, 80; advertising 1, 2, 11–12, 13, 15, 24, 25, and product differentiation 71; 53, 54, 56, 58, 60, 65, 66–7, 69–81, and product placement 38, 138, 139, 140–1, 144, 145, 146–7, 149–50, 183; and propaganda 91; 149, 151, 152, 154, 155, 161, 164, and psychology 69, 73; and radio 165, 171–2, 192, 193, 199, 201, 53, 54, 55, 56–7, 58, 66–7, 69, 74–5, 203–4, 205, 206, 253, 261, 272, 76, 203–4, 205–6, 230, 256; and 274–5, 278, 282, 283, 284–5, 286, search media 252–5; television 76, agencies 12, 56, 71, 74, 139, 168; 139, 149–50, 151, 152, 154, 155, and blogs 244; and brand names 161, 172–3, 240; United States of 71, 73, 79, 172; in Britain 69, 72; America and 69, 70–8, 79–80, 139; and cableCOPYRIGHTED television 236; cigarette MATERIALand user-generated content 75, 77, 79–80, 139, 146; classified 251–2; and women 75–6, 79–80 69; and consumer culture 69, Advise and Consent (1962) 181 72–6, 77–8, 80–1; and Affairs of Anatol, The (1921) 42 demographics 147; development Afghanistan Taliban regime 223, war of 69–73; and “false needs” 78, in 164, 196, 197, 198, 209, 221, 80–1; and film industry 259; and 223, 228, 287

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African Americans 46–7, 103, 106–7, Amos ‘n’ Andy 61 110 Anderson, Benedict 288 Agence France-Presse 253, 267, 274 Andy Griffith Show, The 147 Agnew, Vice-President Spiro 164 Anna Christie (1930) 43 Aitken, Hugh G. J. 52–3 Answers 12 Al-Arabiya 222 Antonioni, Michelangelo 186, 188 Alcoa 164 AOL see America Online Alexander Nevsky 90 AOL-Time Warner 269 Alice Doesn’t Live Here Any More Apple 259, 260 (1975) 181 Apple Computer iTunes Music Alice’s Restaurant 181 Store 259 Al-Jazeera 222–3, 281–2, “Al-Jazeera Applebaum, Anne 86, 98 effect” 282 Arbuckle, Roscoe “Fatty” 42 All in the Family 147, 158 Ardenne, Manfred von 137 All Things Considered 205 Arendt, Hannah 226 Allan, Stuart 222, 228 Argentina and Falklands War 215–16 Allen, William S. 91–2 Aristide, President Jean-Bertrand 220 al-Qaeda 196, 221, 223 Armat, Thomas 28 Altavista 252 Armstrong, Louis 132 Althusser, Louis 3–4 Aron, Raymond 133 Altman, Robert 181, 184 Arsenal 89 Amalgamated Press 14, 24 Arto (online social networking Amazon.com 242, 254, 260 site) 246 Amélie 188 As You Desire Me (1931) 43 America (1972) 173 Ascent of Man (1973) 173 America First movement 102–3 Asia, television in 154 America Online (AOL) 237, 240, 252, Associated Newspapers Ltd 13 254 Associated Press 8, 24, 253, 267, 274 America’s Funniest Home Videos 160 AT&T see American Telephone and American Broadcasting Company Telegraph (ABC) 56, 138, 146–7, 149, 150, Atlantic Monthly 15 160, 162, 164–5, 271 Atonement 188 American Business Consultants 124 Auden, W. H. 133 American Colossus 174 “audion” 50 American Graffiti (1973) 181 Australia: and anti-Japanese American Idol 258 propaganda 109–11; Australian American Magazine 15 Broadcasting Corporation American Telephone and Telegraph 249–50; Department of (AT&T) 54, 55, 244, 267 Information 109–10; film in 31, American Tobacco Company 74, 79 36; media industries in 156, 159, Ameritech (telecommunications 188–9, 276; new media in 244, company) 238 246, 247, 248, 249–50, 260–1; and

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Australia and anti-Japanese Berg, Nick 227 propaganda (cont’d) Bergman, Ingmar 186 Second World War 109–11; Bergmeier, Horst J. P. and Lotz, television program exports from Rainer E. 95 156, 159, 276 Berlin, Isaiah 133 Australian, The 271 Berlusconi, Prime Minister Silvio 270–1 Baby Doll (1956) 181 Berners Lee, Tim 239, 241 Back to the Future (1985) 183 Bernhardt, Sarah 31 Badsey, Stephen 19–20 Bertelsmann 237, 269 Baird, John Logie 137 Bertolucci, Bernardo 186, 188 Baldwin, Stanley 6 Beveridge, Lord 143 Balfour, Michael 83 Beveridge Committee 143 Balkan War 220 Beveridge Report 144 Baltimore Sun 200 Beverly Hillbillies, The 147 Bancroft family 200 Beverly Hills Cop (1984) 183 Band Waggon 61 Bicycling News 12 Bara, Theda 32 Big Brother 159, 258 Bardot, Brigitte 187 Big Jim McClain (1952) 126 Barger, Jorn 242 Biltmore Agreement 65 Barnard, Stephen 62–3 Biltmore Conference 65 Barrett, Edward 128 bin Laden, Osama 221, 222 Bataan (1943) 106 Biograph (film company) 31, 32 Batman (1989) 183 Birth of a Nation (1915) 31–2 Battelle, John 252 Black, Conrad 200 “Battle of the Atlantic, The” 108 Blair, Prime Minister Tony 153, Battle of Midway, The (1942) 104 201 Battle of San Pietro, The (1943) 104 Blockbuster 245 Battle of the Somme, The 23 Blockbuster Italia 270 Battleship Potemkin 89 blogs 219, 225–6, 228, 232, 242–3, 244, Baughman, James L. 177 250, 257, 258, 259, 261, 262, 280; BBC see British Broadcasting development of 242–3; and Iraq Corporation War 225, 228, 243; and “9/11” Beaverbrook, Lord 22–3 243; and politics 243; “warblogs” Beaverbrook group 24 225, 228, 243 Bebo (online social networking site) Blonde Venus (1932) 43 242, 244, 246, development of Blow-Up (1968) 188 246, and music 246, and Blue Planet, The 159 traditional media 246 Bob Hope Show, The 61 Bell, Daniel 133 Body and Soul (1925) 46 Ben Casey 140 Boer War 13, 19–20 Ben Hur (1959) 179 Bogdanovich, Peter 181

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Bolshevik Party and propaganda 84, Information (MOI) 101, 107–8; 86–90, 97; see also Russia; Soviet movie theaters in 30; National Union Council of Public Morals 40; Bonanza 140 newspapers in 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, Bonnie and Clyde 181 12–14, 15, 16, 17–18, 19, 20–3, book publishing 2; new media 24–5, 64, 108, 129, 193, 200–3, and 260 285; newsreels in 108; Office of Bosnia 220 Communications 153; Post Office Boston, newspapers in 7, 10, 191 57–8, 59; Postmaster General Boston News-Letter 7 57–8; Press Association 253; Press Bow, Clara 42 Bureau 21; Press and Censorship Boy’s Friend 12 Bureau 108; and propaganda Boyer, Charles 36 20–3, 83, 91, 101, 107–9, 111, 129, Bradford, Andrew 15 130–2; and public-service Brazil, media industries in 276 broadcasting 49, 52, 53–4, 57–60, Breen, Joseph 44 76, 102, 142–5, 151–5, 168, 176, Bridge on the River Kwai, The 205–6, 256, 283, 287; radio in 49, (1957) 188 50–1, 53, 57–60, 61–4, 67, 205–6; Briggs, Asa and Burke, Peter 16–17 Radio Society of Great Britain 57; Brin, Sergey 252, 253 Sound Broadcasting Act (1972) 206; Britain: advertisement duty in 11; television in 136, 137, 142–5, 148, advertising in 69, 72; and 151–4, 156, 158, 159, 160, 162, 163, American film imports 37; and 168, 169, 171, 173–4, 175; Television anti-Japanese propaganda 111; Act (1954) 144; and television Board of Film Censors 41; and program exports 156, 158, 159, 160; Boer War 19–20; Broadcasting Act War Propaganda Bureau 21–2 (1990) 152–3, 206; cable television British Broadcasting Company 57–8, in 235; commercial television in 59; see also British Broadcasting 143–5; Defence of the Realm Act Corporation 21, 22; and Falklands War British Broadcasting Corporation 215–16; film censorship in 41; (BBC) 57, 58, 59–60, 61, 62–3, 64, film industry in 30, 40, 41, 129, 108–9, 129, 130–1, 132, 134, 137, 186, 188–9; and First World War 142–5, 146, 148, 152–4, 162, 173, 20–3; Foreign Office 21, 129, 131; 175, 205–6, 218, 222, 246, 251, General Strike 64; history 256, 257, 287; BBC 1 152; BBC 2 programs on television in 173; 145; BBC News 280; BBC World Information Research 153, 222, 280; BBC World News Department (IRD) 129, 133, 134; 168; and blogs 243–4; and media in 3, 256, 287, see also Cold War propaganda 130–1; Britain, film industry in, Music Department 62; and new newspapers in, radio in, media 256; Symphony Orchestra television in; Ministry of 62; website 153, 225

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British Satellite Broadcasting 272 CBSnews.com 222 British Telecom 268 CCF see Congress for Cultural Brokeback Mountain (2005) 184 Freedom Bronowski, Jacob 173 CD-ROMs 232 Brooks, Jeffrey 86 cellphones see mobile phones Brubeck, Dave 132 censorship: and film industry 41–5, BSkyB 236, 272 287; Internet and 281; and Buñuel, Luis 186 propaganda 102, 104, 105, 108; in Burke, Peter see Briggs and Burke Soviet Union 89–90; in wartime Burns, Ken 148, 174 21, 209, 210, 215–16, 219, 225, 226 Bush, President George 217, 243 Chabrol, Claude 187 Bush, President George W. 164–5, Chancellor Media Corporation 204 170, 172, 196–7, 223, 226 Channel 4 151 Chaplin, Charlie 32, 34 Cabiria (1914) 31 Chariots of Fire 188 Cable News Network (CNN) 165, Charlie’s Angels 147 166–7, 217–18, 219–20, 222, 228, Cheers 150 236, 248, 251, 268, 269, 282; Chevalier, Maurice 36 iReport 251; see also “CNN Cheyenne 140 effect” Chicago, newspapers in 10 cable television 149, 150–1, 152, 153, Chicago Tribune 122, 195, 200 154–5, 156, 158, 165–7, 171, 173, Children’s Hour, The 61 175, 182, 183–4, 185–6, 232, China (People’s Republic of): civil 235–6, 258, 267, 268, 271, 272, war 121; Communist Party, 285, 286; see also Cable News Propaganda Department 194; Network and global media 279–81, 288; Cadbury group 24 and Korean War 117; Internet in Canada: media industries in 276; 237, 238, 280–1; new media in television funding in 148 280–1; newspapers in 194; Cannes film festival 186 television in 138, 146, 154, 163 Capote (2005) 184 Chinatown (1974) 181 Capra, Frank 104–5, 125 Chronicles of Narnia, The (2005–8) 183 Cardiff, David see Scannell and CIA see United States of America, Cardiff Central Intelligence Agency Carroll, John S. 198–9 CIC 235 Casablanca (1943) 106 Cinema Paradiso 188 Caserini, Mario 31 cinématographe 28 Castells, Manuel 4, 234, 262, 277 Cisneros Group (Venezuela) 277 Catholic Legion of Decency 44 Citizen Kane 12 Cayton, Horace 103 Civil War (America) 10, 18 CBS see Columbia Broadcasting Civil War, The (1990) 148, 174 System Civilisation (1969) 173

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Clarin (Argentina) 277 Comic Cuts 12 Clark, Kenneth 173 Cominform see Communist Clarke, Victoria 224 Information Bureau Cleopatra (1963) 180 commercial broadcasting 25, 49, 51, Clinton, President Bill 169–70 52, 53, 60, 66–7, 68, 76, 138–42, Clooney, George 183 146–51, 154–5, 161, 176, 286, 287, Close Encounters of the Third Kind 289; see also networks (1977) 183 commercialization 11, 24–6, 51, 52–7, CNN see Cable News Network 60, 66–7, 136, 140–2, 144–5, CNN.com 225 146–51, 154, 168, 172–3, 176, “CNN effect” 220, 268, 282 198–9, 206, 239–40, 241, 242, 245, “CNN factor” 219–20 247, 249–50, 252–5, 263, 268, 273, Coca-Cola 146, 156, 245, 275 279, 283, 284–5; see also Coen, Joel 184 advertising Coen, Ethan 184 Communist Information Bureau Cold War 113–35, 139, 163, 164, 165, (Cominform) 115–16 180, 195, 210, 236–7, 264, 287; CompuServe 237 blacklisting 115, 123–5, 127, 139, computer software 240, 269 163, 178; and Cuban missile Congress for Cultural Freedom crisis 127, 132; and cultural (CCF) 133–4 diplomacy 115, 127–35, 185; film Conrad, Frank 50–1 industry and 114–15, 123–7, 129, Constant Gardener, The 188 139, 163, 178; intellectuals and consumer culture 4, 5, 69, 72–6, 77–8, 119, 133–5; international 80–1, 172–3, 288–9; see also propaganda 115, 127–35; and advertising Iron Curtain 128, 129, 130, 131, convergence 230, 231–4, 256, 269–70, 133, 135; propaganda 115, 271, 273; definitions of 231–2; see 119–35; and psychological also new media warfare 113–15, 127–35; radio Conversation, The (1974) 181 and 115, 123–7, 129–30, 131–2; Cooke, Alistair 173 Soviet media and 115–19; Coolidge, President Calvin 63 television and 124–5, 126, 127, Cooper, Gary 123, 126 139, 163; United States media Coppola, Francis Ford 181 and 113–15, 119–35, 264 Corporation for Public Broadcasting Collier’s 15, 192 (CPB) 147–8 Columbia 34, 182, 189 Cosmopolitan 15 Columbia Broadcasting System Counterattack: The Newsletter of Facts (CBS) 55–6, 138, 146–7, 149, 162, on Communism 124 163–5, 243, 246, 271 Crash Dive (1943) 106 Columbia Gramophone Company 62 Crawford Committee 58 Columbia-Tristar 235 Crimean War 17–18 Comcast 269 Cripps, Thomas 106

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Crocodile Dundee 188 DeMille, Cecil B. 42, 43 Crossfire 126 Depression, Great 25, 33, 35, 43, 60, Crossley ratings 56 61, 64–5, 74, 125 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon 188 Der Ewige Jude 97 Crying Game, The 188 Der Monat 133 cultural diplomacy 115, 127–35, 185; Des Moines Register 200 and jazz tours 132–3 Desperate Housewives 150 cultural imperialism 4, 155–62, 266, Deutsche Welle 131 273–9, 288, 289; and globalization Dietrich, Marlene 36, 43 273–9; and local/national Dietrich, Otto 94 influences 157, 275–7, 288 digital media see new media Curran, James 171–2, 278 “digital natives” 260 Curran, James and Seaton, Jean 262 digitization 232, 233–4; see also new Current Affair, A 150, 166 media Current TV 258 Dimbleby, Richard 64 cyberspace 4, 239 direct broadcasting by satellite Cyworld (online social networking site) (DBS) 232, 236 246 Dirty Dancing (1987) 183 Czechoslovakia 118 Discovery Channel 173, 175 Disney, Walt 123, 140 Da Vinci Code, The (2006) 183 Disney 149, 182, 254, 260, 269 Daily Advertiser (Philadelphia) 7 Disney Channel 235 Daily Courant (London) 7 Disneyland 140 Daily Express (Britain) 11, 22, 38 Dmytryk, Edward 126 Daily Graphic (New York) 25 Doctor Zhivago (1965) 180, 188 Daily Herald (Britain) 24, 193 Donnersmarck, Florian Henckel von Daily Mail (Britain) 11, 13, 14, 20, 51 185 Daily Mirror (Britain) 11, 14, 25 Don’t Change Your Husband (1919) Daily Record (Britain) 14 42 Daily Telegraph (Britain) 9 “Don’ts and Be Carefuls” 42 Dallas 157 Douglas, Susan 53, 66, 67, 204, 205 Dana, Charles A. 10, 16 Dovzhenko, Alexander 89 Dancing with the Stars 258 Dow Jones and Company 272 Das Leben der Anderen 185 Dower, John 110–11 Davis, Harry 30 Downie, Leonard, Jr and Kaiser, Day, Robin 208 Robert G. 199 Days of Wine and Roses (1958) 140 Dr Kildare 140 De Forest, Lee 50–1, 62 Dr Phil 170 De Havilland, Olivia 37 Dr Strangelove (1964) 127 Deadwood 150 Dragnet 140 Defoe, Daniel 15 DuMont (network) 138, 164 Delane, John Thadeus 13, 17 DVDs 182, 183, 189–90, 232, 259

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Earth 89 European Commission 239 Eastern Europe 118, 127–8, 129–30, 131, European Community 157, 266 135, 145, 162, 197 European Laboratory for Particle Eastwood, Clint 184 Physics (CERN) 239 Easy Rider 181 European Union 160, 254, 276–7, 283 eBay 254 Evening Journal (New York) 12 Edison, Thomas 28, 32 Evening News (London) 12, 13, 14 Edwardian Country House, The 174 Express (Britain) 24 Egypt media industries in 276 Eisenhower, President Dwight D. Facebook 242, 244, 245; advertising 113, 114, 129, 168 245; commercialization of 245; Eisenstein, Sergei 89, 90 development of 245 Electric and Musical Industries Fairbanks, Douglas 32, 34 (EMI) 137 Falklands War 215–16 electricity 53, 60 Fame (1980) 183 Elegant, Robert 211 Far from the Madding Crowd (1967) 188 Eliot, T. S. 3 Fargo (1996) 184 Elizabeth (1998) 188 Fassbinder, Rainer Werner 187 Elizabeth (TV series) 174 FCC see Federal Communications Ellington, Duke 132 Commission Ellul, Jacques 83 Federal Communications email (electronic mail) 237, 238, 241, Commission (FCC) (US) 55, 57, 261, 280; see also Internet 138, 146, 149, 162, 166–7, 204 EMI see Electric and Musical Industries Federal Radio Commission (US) 55 Empire – How Britain Made the Modern Fellini, Federico 186 World 174 Ferguson, Niall 174 Encounter 133 Fessenden, Reginald 50–1 Encyclopaedia Britannica 250 Fibber McGee and Molly 61 Endemol 159 film: as art form 30, 185, 186; “art England: advertisement duty in 9; house” 180, 184, 186, 188; and Education Act (1870) 8; children’s behavior 44; festivals magazines in 15; paper duty in 9; 186, 235; and import quotas Stamp Act (1712) 7; stamp duty 39–40; narrative 29–30, 31; and in 9; see also Britain Nazi ideology 96–7; product English Patient, The 188 placement in 38, 183; and Epstein, Jason 134 propaganda 88–9, 90, 93, 95–6, 97, ER 150 102, 103–6, 112; and race relations ET (1982) 183 46–7, 105–6; projectors 28; and eUniverse 244 sex and violence 41–5; stars 32, Europe: broadcasting systems in 54; 42, 182, 187; and war 23, 96–7, film industry in 36, 37; see also 103–4, 107; see also film industry Eastern Europe; Western Europe Film Europe 37–8, 40

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film industry 1, 2, 3, 24, 25, 27–48, 72, 46–7; and radio 64, 65; and 81, 178–90, 206, 230, 234–5, 256, self-regulation 42–3; and silent 258–60, 271, 273, 274, 275–6, 284, film 29, 38; and sound 32–3, 287; and advertising 259; “Big 37–8, 40, 43; in Soviet Union Five” companies 34–5, 44, 178–9; 88–90, 115; and technological blacklisting in 115, 123–5, 127, change 28, 179 and television 139, 163, 178; and “block 123, 136, 138, 140, 177, 178–85, booking” 179; and 190; in United States of America “blockbusters” 180, 182–3, 190; 27–48, 102, 103–4, 123–7, 178–90, in Britain 30, 40, 41, 129, 186, 207, 259, 274; and US military 188–9; Catholic opposition to 44; cooperation 104; and video and censorship 27, 41–5, 89–90; 234–5; and working class 29, 30, and Cold War 114–15, 123–7, 129, 31; and younger audiences 139, 163, 178; 180–1, 183, 260; see also film; “conglomeratization” of 181–3, Hollywood; media 189; and consumer behavior 190; Finding Neverland 188 and co-production 188; and Fininvest 270 cross-promotion 183; and First Amendment (US cultural integration 29; Constitution) 7, 9 development of 27–48; and First Gulf War see Gulf War (1991) double features 35, and drive-in Flew, Terry 4, 233, 265, 277 theaters 180; economic Flynn, Errol 37 organization of 2, 27, 33, 35, Focus Features 184 178–9, 181–4, 186, 187–8, 189–90, For a Lasting Peace, For a People’s 206–7; and fashion 190; and Democracy! 116 global distribution 35–6; “golden Forbes 270 age” of 182; and ideology 27, Forbidden Fruit (1921) 42 45–8; influence of 35, 38, 40–8, Ford, John 104, 125, 187 186, 287; and international Ford (company) 254 cinema 185–90; Jews and 39; and Forman, Henry James 44 language 190; “Little Three” Forman, Miloš 186 companies 34; and middle class Forman, Peter and Saint John, Robert 29, 31; and movie theaters 30–1, W. 231 35; multiplex cinemas 186, 235, 48 Hours 166 258; and national integration 288; Four Weddings and a Funeral 188 and new media 234–5, 258–60; Fox, William 33 ownership 34–5, 44, 178–9, Fox Broadcasting Company 181–3, 189; and “picture palaces” (network) 149, 150, 271 31, 35; and Production Code 43, Fox Interactive Media 245 44–5, 47, 105, 181, 287; and Fox News 164, 165, 166, 167, 226, 271; propaganda 88–9, 90, 93, 95–6, Fox News Channel, uReport 251 97, 103–4, 112; and race relations FoxNews.com 222

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Fox Searchlight 184 Propaganda 82, 92–3; movie France: film censorship in 41; and theaters in 30; Nazi 82–3, 86, film import quotas 39–40; film 90–7, 99–100, 101; Nazi industry in 35–6, 37, 39–40, 187; propaganda in 82–3, 90–7, new media in 246, 248; New 99–100, 101; and Nazi-Soviet Wave cinema in 187; Revolution Non-Aggression Pact 86; (1789) 17; television in 145, 163 newsreels in 97, 99; Northeim Franco, General Francisco 125 and Nazi propaganda 91–2; “Frankfurt school” 3 Nuremberg party rallies in 91, Franklin, Benjamin 15 95, 96; publishing in 93–4; radio Frasier 150 sets in 94; Reichsfilmkammer Friends Reunited (online social (Reich Film Chamber) 95, 96; networking site) 258 and short-wave broadcasting 95; Friendster (online social networking Social Democratic Party site) 244, 246 (SPD) 92; television in 95, 137, Frontier House, The 174 138, 159; terror in 91, 93, 98, 100; Frontline 168 and Second World War 83, 86, 96–7, 102–3, 107–8 Gable, Clark 45 Ghostbusters (1984) 183 Galbraith, John Kenneth 77, 80–1 Gibson, William 239 Gandhi 188 Gilboa, Eytan 268 Gannett 192, 199 Gillespie, Dizzy 132 Garbo, Greta 36, 42, 43 Glasgow Evening News 14 Gates, Bill 240 global communications, technological General Electric 54, 57–8, 71, 75, 149, change and 266–7; see also new 267, 269 media General Electric Theater 140 globalization: and cultural General Magazine 15 imperialism 273–9; definitions General Motors 254 of 264–6; and media 2, 4, 162, Geneva Convention 227 234, 263, 264–83, 287–9; and Germany: and American films 39; nation state 266, 278, 279, 281 anti-Semitism in 93–4, 95–6, 100, Godard, Jean-Luc 187 107–8; Center Party 92; Cinema Godfather, The (1972) 181 Owners’ Association 95; film Goebbels, Josef 92–4, 95, 97, 108 industry in 95–6; and First World Goede Tijden Slechte Tijden 159 War 20, 22; German Communist Goldhagen, Daniel 100 Party (KPD) 92; German Goldwyn, Samuel 33, 47, 177 Broadcasting Company 94; Gomery, Douglas 34–5 Gleichschaltung policy in 93–4, Good Night, and Good Luck (2005) 95–6; historical programs on 184 television in 175; Ministry for Goodbye, Columbus 181 Popular Enlightenment and Goodman, Benny 133

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Google 231, 240, 242, 245, 246, Harmsworth, Harold see Rothermere, 247–8, 249, 252–5, 260, 261, 263, Lord 288; and advertising 252–5; and Harmsworth, Sir Lester 14 copyright 254; development of HarperCollins 280 252; Google.com 252; and Harper’s 15 Google Earth 253–4; and Harry Potter (2001–8) 183 privacy 255; and traditional Hart, William S. 32 media 254 Havas, Charles 266 Gore, Al 170, 258 Havas (news agency) 8, 266–7 Gowing, Nik 268 Have Gun Will Travel 140 Graduate, The 181 Hawaiian Eye 140 Graham family 199 Hawks, Howard 187 Grapes of Wrath, The 125, 126 Hays, Will 42–3 Great Britain see Britain “Hays Office” 42–3; see also Motion Great Train Robbery, The (1903) 30 Picture Producers and Great War, The 173 Distributors of America Greeley, Horace 10 (MPPDA) Gregory XV, Pope 82 HBO see Home Box Office Grenada 216, 217, 218 Hearst, William Randolph 12, 14, 16, Grierson, John 37 18–19, 25, 122, 195 Griffith, D. W. 31–2, 34 Henie, Sonja 36 Guantanamo Bay, Cuba 197 Henry Wood Promenade Concerts Guardian (UK) website 225 62 Guazzoni, Enrico 31 Hepworth, Cecil 30 Gulf and Western 180 Herald (New York) 8 Gulf War (1991) 209, 217–19, 228, Herald Tribune (New York) 191 236, 287 Herf, Jeffrey 93–4, 100 Gunsmoke 140 hi5 (online social networking site) Gute Zeiten Schlechte Zeiten 159 244, 246 High Noon (1952) 126 Habermas, J. 16 Hilmes, Michele 64, 65–6 Hachette 237 Himmler, Heinrich 97 Hachten, William A. and Scotton, His Master’s Voice 62 James F. 268, 269 History of Britain, A 174 Haiti 220 History Channel 173 Halfpenny Marvel 12 Hitchcock, Alfred 37, 106, 187 Hallin, Daniel C. 212, 213–14 Hitler, Adolf 39, 82, 84, 86, 90–7, 100, Happy Family Plan 160 125; and Main Kampf 91; see also Hard Copy 150, 166 Germany, Nazi Harding, President Warren G. 63 Hitler Youth Quex 96 Harmsworth, Alfred see Northcliffe, Hitler’s Willing Executioners 100 Lord Hohne, Heinz 175

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Hollywood 23, 32–5, 36, 37, 38, 39, Imus, Don 205 40, 41, 42, 43–8, 65, 104–6, 110, In Town Tonight 61 123–4, 125–6, 132, 133, 140, 155–6, Independence Day (1996) 183, 189 161, 173, 177, 178, 179–81, 183–4, Independent Broadcasting Authority 185, 187, 189, 190, 212, 235, 259, (IBA) 144, 151, 206 287; see also film industry Independent Television (ITV) 144, “Hollywood Ten” 123–4, 125, 126 145, 151–3, 162, 258 Holocaust (miniseries) 175 Independent Television Authority Home Box Office (HBO) 150–1, 235 (ITA) 144, 145 Hong Kong, media industries in 276 Independent Television Commission Hook, Sidney 133 (ITC) 153 Hooperatings 56 India, media industries in 156, 276 Hoover, Herbert 49, 74 Indiana Jones (1981–9) 183 Hope, Bob 203 Indonesia, journalism in 194 Horkheimer, Max 3 IndyMedia (independent media) 257 Hoskins, Andrew 223 “information age” 4 Howard, Leslie 37 information and communications Howard’s End 188 technologies (ICTs) 4, 233, 234 HUAC see United States, House of “information operations” 208; see Representatives, House also media, and war Committee on Un-American “information war” 224–5; see also Activities media, and war Hungary 118, 131–2 Intermix Media 244, 272 Huntington, Samuel 223 international cinema 185–90; see also Hurricane Katrina 197 film industry Hussein, Saddam 196–7, 217, 223, International Monetary Fund (IMF) 225, 226–7 268 Huston, John 104 International Telecommunication Huxley, Julian 133 Union 267 International Union of Students 115 I Love Lucy 140, 151 Internet 4, 165, 191, 192, 199, 201–2, I Married a Communist (1949) 126 219, 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, I Was a Communist for the FBI 236–41, 252, 253, 256, 257, 258, (1951) 126 259, 260, 265, 267, 270, 271, 273, IBA see Independent Broadcasting 280–1, 285; access issues 238, 241, Authority 255, 262; in Africa 238; and IBM 240 Application Programming ICTs see information and Interfaces (APIs) 242; in Asia communications technologies 238; censorship on 239; in China “ideological-control” thesis 3–4 238, 280–1; commercialization of Il giornale 270 239–40, 241, 242, 255; I’m No Angel (1933) 43 development of 236–41; domain

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Internet (cont’d) ITV see Independent Television names 237; and “dotcom” crash iVillage 258 230, 241, 252; and “global village” 241; and email 237, 238, 241, 261, Jack Benny Program, The 62 280; impact of 241, 279; and Iraq Jackaway, Gwenyth L. 65 War 225–6, 227; languages and Japan: new media in 260; in Second 238, 265; in Middle East 238; and World War 101, 102–3, 107, “netwars” 281; and “9/11” 222, 109–12, 113; television program 225; newspapers and 191, 192, exports 156, 159–60; television 199, 201–2; and politics 248; and programming in 158 Really Simple Syndication (RSS) Jaws (1975) 182 feeds 242; service providers “jazz journalism” 25; see also (ISPs) 237, 240; and “smart journalism mobbing” 281; and traditional Jazz Singer, The (1927) 33 media 253; and user-generated Jefferson, Thomas 194 content 242–55; and “virtual Jenkins, Charles Francis 28 communities” 239; and “virtual Jenkins, Henry 232 demonstrations” 281; and web Johnson, Hiram 209 application hybrids (“mashups”) Johnson, President Lyndon B. 211, 242; see also new media 214 iPhone 260 Johnson, Samuel 70 iPod 259 Johnston, Eric 125–6 Iraq War (2003) 164–5, 166, 196–8, journalism 6, 8–9, 14–17, 25, 165–6, 208, 221, 223–4, 228, 282, 287; 167, 195, 201, 286; and “citizen blogs and 243; “embedding” of journalism” 226, 227, 257, 258, journalists in 198, 209, 223, 224, 262–3; dangers of 194; and 225, 226; and Gulf War (1991) “embedding” 198, 209, 223, 224, 217; Internet and 225–6, 227; 225, 226; investigative 196, 198–9, “unilaterals” in 224, 225; and 258; professionalization of 195; weapons of mass destruction and war 20–1, 23, 198, 209, 223, (WMD) 196–7, 223 224, 225, 226 Iron Chef 160 Jowett, Garth S. and O’Donnell, Iron Curtain, The (1948) 126 Victoria 83 It Happened One Night (1934) 45 Jud Suss 97 Italy: film in 31; media ownership in Judt, Tony 160 270–1; media and politics in Jurassic Park (1993) 183 270–1; new media in 248; television in 138, 270 Kael, Pauline 183 ITC see Independent Television Kaiser, Robert G. see Downie and Commission Kaiser ITN (Independent Television Kazan, Elia 181 News) 168, 218 KDKA (radio station) 54, 66

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Keillor, Garrison 205 Lean, David 187–8 Kennedy, President John F. 114, 141, Leavis, F. R. 3 169 Leben der Anderen, Das (The Lives of Kerry, John 170 Others) 185 Kershaw, Ian 91, 99 Lee, Spike 184 KGB see Soviet Union, Committee for Leigh, Vivien 37 State Security Leipziger Zeitung 7 Killing Fields, The 188 Lenin, Vladimir Ilich 84, 87 “kinetoscope” 28 Leno, Jay 170 King of Kings (1927) 42 Let There Be Light (1946) 104 Kinney National Services 180 Letterman, David 170 Kirk Kerkorian 180 Levi 275 Knightley, Phillip 209 Levin, Gerald 235 Knight-Ridder 192, 196 Lewis, Justin 224–5 “Know Your Enemy” 109–10 Life 192 Koch, Christopher 185 Life Is Beautiful 188 Koestler, Arthur 133 Lifeboat (1944) 106 Kohlberg, Alfred 124 Lifelounge Urban Market Kolberg 96–7 Research 260 Korean War 117, 120, 121, 210, 213 Liggett and Myers 79 Kosovo 220, 221, 228 Like Water for Chocolate 188 Koster and Bial’s Music Hall (New Limbaugh, Rush 205 York) 28 Linden Research, Inc. 249 Kraft Television Theatre 140 Linotype machine 9 Kronig, Jürgen 172 Lion King, The (1994) 183 Kubrick, Stanley 181 Lippmann, Walter 122 Kuisel, Richard 160–1 Lister, Martin 233, 247 Kurosawa, Akira 186 Listerine 77, 79, 80 Kuwait 217 Little Caesar (1930) 44 Live with Regis and Kelly 170 Laemmle, Carl 33 LiveJournal (online social networking Lambert Company 77 site) 246 Lang, Fritz 37 Lives of Others, The 185 Lang, Jack 157 Lloyd, Selwyn 143 Lasky, Jesse 33 Lloyd George, Prime Minister 22–3 Last Days of Pompeii, The (1913) 31 Loew, Arthur 39 Last Emperor, The (1987) 188 Loew, Marcus 33 Last Picture Shoe, The (1971) 181 Loew’s Inc. 34 Last Tango in Paris (1972) 188 Lolita (1962) 181 Latin America 118, 132, 145, 156, 274 London 7, 12–13, 227–8 Laughton, Charles 37 London Gazette 7 Lawrence of Arabia (1962) 180, 188 Look 192

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Lord of the Rings, The (2001–3) 183 Malle, Louis 187 Loren, Sophia 187 Man about the House 158 Los Angeles Times 195, 197–8, 200 Man Against Crime 139 Lost 150 Man with the Golden Arm, The Lotz, Rainer E. see Bergmeier and (1955) 181 Lotz Manchurian Candidate, The (1962) 127 Loy, Myrna 39 Many Voices, One World 274 Lubitsch, Ernst 37 Marconi, Guglielmo 9, 50 Lucas, George 181 Marconi Wireless Company of Luhrmann, Baz 188 America 50 Lumet, Sidney 184 Marconi Wireless Telegraph Lumière, August 28 Company 50, 51, 54, 57 Lumière, Louis 28 Marcuse, Herbert 3, 78, 80–1 LunarStorm (online social Marshall Plan 120 networking site) 246 Marty (1953) 140 Lux Radio Theatre, The 61, 65 Marx, Karl 3 Lycos 252 Mary Poppins (1964) 180 Lynch, David 184 Mary Tyler Moore Show, The 147 mass communications 1, 3, 135; see M*A*S*H (1970) 147, 181 also media MacBride, Sean 274 mass culture 5, 77, 135, 156–7, 160–2, MacBride Report 274 274 McCabe and Mrs Miller (1971) 181 mass media see media; advertising; McCarthy, Senator Joseph 122, 130, film industry; new media; 163–4, 195 newspapers; radio; television McChesney, Robert W. 277 mass society 3, 47, 77, 256 McClure’s 15 Mastroianni, Marcello 187 McCormick, Robert 122, 195 Matsushita 182 MacDonald, J. Fred 56–7 Matthews, Victor 200 McDonald’s 146, 199, 275 Maude 147 McKibbin, Ross 63, 161 Maxwell, Robert 200 McLuhan, Marshall 241, 277 MBS see Mutual Broadcasting System Macmillan, Prime Minister MCA-Universal 182, 189 Harold 169 Mean Streets (1973) 181 MacNeil-Lehrer NewsHour 148 “media barons” 14; see also “press Mad Max beyond Thunderdome 188 barons” magazines 2, 10, 12, 15, 70, 73–4, 76, “media behemoths” 269; see also 107, 115, 136, 177, 192–3, 206, global media 230, 260, 271, 272, 284, 287; see media imperialism see media, and also media cultural imperialism Mail 24 “media war” 208–9, 225, 226–7; see Male and Female (1919) 42 also media, and war

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media: and access issues 231, 281; 99–100, 101; and new media see Arab 223, 281–2; and audience new media; and “North–South” fragmentation 206, 282, 288; relations 275; ownership 4, 6, business models 260, 261–2, 273; 10–14, 24–6, 32, 34, 181–2, 189, cable systems and 266; and Cold 192, 193, 194, 198–203, 204, 206, War see Cold War; 207, 234, 268, 269, 270–3, 278, commercialization of 11, 24–6, 284, 285, 287; and participation 51, 52–7, 60, 66–7, 136, 140–2, 256, 285; and peacekeeping 144–5, 146–51, 154, 168, 172–3, 219–21; and persuasion 2, 70–1, 176, 198–9, 206, 239–40, 241, 242, 73–6, 80, 82–112, 114, 139, 286; 245, 247, 249–50, 252–5, 263, 268, and politics 2–5, 7, 66, 67–8, 90, 273, 279, 283, 284–5; and 94, 113, 136, 168–70, 193–200, consumer culture 4, 5, 69, 72–6, 202, 231, 244–5, 248, 279–82, 286; 77–8, 80–1, 288–9; and and popular music industry 2; “core”/“periphery” thesis 275; and propaganda see propaganda; and cultural imperialism 4, and psychological warfare 22, 155–62, 266, 273–9, 288, 289; and 23, 82, 113, 127–35, 208, 221, 224; deregulation 149, 166, 182, 204–5, and public-affairs programming 267–8, 275, 288; effects 3, 4; and 120, 136, 141–5, 150, 162–8, 169, freedom of expression 4, 7, 21, 205, 296, 282, 283; and public 23, 77, 102, 194; and global opinion 16–21, 25–6, 117, 120–1, communications 266–8; and 209, 211–15, 219–20, 268; public global corporations 265, 266, 267, trust in 162, 191, 282; and “strong 269–73, 285–6, 287–8; and “global globalization” theory 277–8; and village” 277; and globalization 2, technological change 9–10, 11, 4, 162, 234, 263, 264–83, 287–9; 15, 17, 19, 28, 49, 50, 52–3, 60–1, hegemony 4; and humanitarian 83, 92, 154, 179, 191, 204, 209, interventions 219–21; influence 211, 217–19, 224, 228, 230–1, of 2–3, 4, 35, 38, 40–8, 65–8, 266–8, 285, 288; and total war see 76–81, 136, 170–6, 186, 279, World War, First, World War, 286–7, 288–9; and “infotainment” Second; “traditional” 230, 234–5, 169, 229, 283; and international 247, 253, 254, 273; and war see organizations 268; and war; and younger audiences McCarthyism 122–6, 130, 163–4, 180–1, 183, 190–1, 199, 201–2, 195; “mainstream” 230; of “mass 231, 260–1, 272; see also film conversation” 234, 252, 262; and industry; magazines; new media; “mass self-communication” 234, newspapers; radio; television 262; and mass society 3, 47, 77, Mediaset 270 256; messages 3, 5; and music see Medusa Video 270 music, music industry; and Meet John Doe 125 nation states 266, 278, 279, 281; Melba, Dame Nellie 51 and Nazi propaganda 82–3, 90–7, Méliès, Georges 29–30

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Men Behaving Badly 158 Motion Picture Patents Company Menjou, Adolphe 123 (MPPC) 32, 33 Menuhin, Yehudi 133–4 Motion Picture Producers’ Mercury Theater of the Air 61 Association 125–6 Merholz, Peter 242 Motion Picture Producers and Merridale, Catherine 99 Distributors of America Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) 34, (MPPDA) 38–9, 42–3, 44, 45, 46, 39, 104, 180 47; Studio Relations Committee Metromedia 271 (SRC) 43, 44, 45 Metropolitan-Vickers 57–8 motion pictures see film industry Mexico and American film Moulin Rouge (2001) 188 industry; 38–9, media industries Movie Channel 235 in 156, 276, 277 “movie moguls” 179 Meyer, Louis B. 33 movies see film; film industry MGM see Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer MPPC see Motion Picture Patents Micheaux, Oscar 46 Company Microsoft 240, 245, 255, 269 MPPDA see Motion Picture Producers Microsoft Network 240 and Distributors of America Middle East, media in 222–3 MP3 music players 232, 243, 244, Midnight Cowboy 181 248, 259, 260 Milosevic, Slobodan 221 Mr Deeds Goes to Town 125 Minow, Newton 141, 162 Mr Smith Goes to Washington 125 Miramax 184 MSNBC 167, 257 Mission to Moscow (1943) 125 MSNBC.com 222, 225, 257 Mixi (online social networking MTV 235 site) 246 multimedia see new media mobile phones 233–4, 242, 244, 246, Murdoch, Rupert 149, 181, 193, 247, 248, 250, 253, 260, 261, 280 200–1, 230, 244, 260, 271–3, Monarchy 174 279–80 Mondadore 270 Murrow, Edward R. 163–4 Montand, Yves 187 music: and radio 61–3, 67, 96, 203–4, Montgomery, Robert 123 205, 259 Moon Is Blue, The (1953) 181 Music Hall 61 Moreau, Jeanne 187 music halls 29, 30, 31 Morgan Stanley Company 199 music industry: copyright 259; and Morning Edition 205 Internet 259; and online social Morning Journal (New York) 16 networking sites 246, 259; and Morse, Samuel 9 radio 61–3, 67, 96, 203–4, 205, Morse code 50 259; and television 161, 259 Motion Picture Alliance for the Mutual Broadcasting System Preservation of American (MBS) 56 Ideals 123 My Fair Lady (1964) 180

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My Son John (1952) 126 Neuromancer 239 MySpace (online social networking “new information and site) 242, 244–5, 247, 261, 272, communication order” 274, 275 280; and advertising 245; in “new international economic China 244; commercialization of order” 274 245; and politics 244–5 “new journalism” 15–16; see also journalism Nacos, Brigitte L. 283 New Line 184 Napster 259 new media 1, 2, 4, 5, 230–63, 266, 273, Nasdaq 241 280, 285; access issues 231, 234, Nashville (1975) 181 238, 255; advertising and 234, National Broadcasting Company 245, 248, 252–5, 257, 261, 263; (NBC) 55, 56, 138, 146–7, 149, and book publishing 260; 150, 162, 164–5, 175, 271; NBC business models 273; and citizen News 257; NBC Universal 258, journalism 226, 227, 257, 258, 269 262–3; commercialization of 245, National Public Radio (NPR) 205 252–5, 263, 285; and convergence National soczialistiche Deutsche 230, 231–4, 256, 269–70, 271, 273; Arbeiterparte (National Socialist definitions of 232–3; and film German Workers’ Party/NSDAP) industry 234–5, 258–60; and (Nazi Party) 83, 90–7, 100 globalization see globalization; NATO see North Atlantic Treaty impact of 231, 255, 262–3; Organization newspapers and 256–7; and Nature 250 participation 241–55, 256; and Nazi Party see National soczialistiche politics 231, 248; and privacy Deutsche Arbeiterparte 246–7, 255; and television 258; NBC see National Broadcasting and traditional media 230, 234–5, Company 258–60, 273; and user-generated Negri, Pola 36, 41–2 content 231, 247, 250–2, 261; and Negro Soldier, The (1944) 105 “Web 2.0” 230, 241–55, 258, 262; Netherlands 158, 159 and younger users 260–1; see also networks 4, 55, 60, 65, 66–7, 74, search media 138–9, 140, 141, 144, 146–7, New York: newspapers in 8, 10, 12, 149–51, 155, 164, 165–6, 172, 179, 15, 16, 18–19, 25, 27, 122, 191, 182, 183, 192, 203, 204, 205, 236, 193, 195, 197–8, 199–200, 202, 282, 286; see also American 214; terrorist attacks see “9/11” Broadcasting Company; New York Daily News 25 Columbia Broadcasting System; New York Mirror 191 DuMont; Fox Broadcasting New York Morning Journal 12 Company; Mutual Broadcasting New York Post 122, 271 System; National Broadcasting New York Times 12, 15, 122, 127, 191, Company 193, 195–8, 199–200, 202, 214, 253

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New York World 12 and politics 7, 193–200, 202; and New Yorker 183 press freedom 4, 7, 16, 21, 23, Newhouse 192 102, 194, 202–3; price of 9, 11, 25, news: decline in foreign 191; and propaganda 6, 17–20, coverage 166, 282; declining 21–3, 86–7, 90, 93, 94, 97, 102, audiences 167; as entertainment 112; and public-service role 166; on radio 64–5; in wartime 202–3; and radio 64; in Soviet 108–9 Union 86–7, 115; and Spanish- news agencies 8–9, 16, 115, 253, American War 18–19; and 266–7, 274 technological change 9–10, 11, News Chronicle 193 15, 191; and television 136, 177, News Corporation 181, 200, 201, 236, 191–2, 193, 195; typesetting and 244, 245, 253, 261, 268, 269, 9; transportation and 8, 13, 271–3; in China 272, 279–80, 288; 191–2; in United States of see also Murdoch, Rupert America 6, 7–8, 9, 10–11, 12, 14, News of the World 200, 271 15, 16, 17, 18–19, 23, 24, 25, 64–5, NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, The 148, 102, 190–3, 195–202, 285; and war 168 17–23, 25, 107, 108, 208; and Newspaper Proprietors’ younger readers 190–1, 199, 201–2, Association 64 260; see also journalism; media newspapers 1, 2, 3, 6–26, 70, 81, 162, Newsweek 128, 191, 192, 257 190–203, 206; advertising and Nichols, Mike 181 10–12, 13, 15, 24, 25, 69–70, 73–4, “nickelodeon” 30 76, 192, 201, 230, 256, 271, 272, Nickelodeon (company) 235 282, 284, 286; in Britain 6, 7, 8, 9, “9/11” (terrorist attacks in US) 162, 11, 12–14, 15, 16, 17–18, 19, 20–3, 164–5, 172, 173, 208, 209, 221–2, 24–5, 64, 108, 129, 193, 200–3, 243, 282 285; and Boer War 13, 19–20; 1940s House, The 174 broadsheets 14–15, 24, 193; and 1990 House, The 174 chain ownership 10, 12–13, 24, Nipkow, Paul 137 25–6, 192, 193, 285; and Cold War Niven, David 37 114–15, 129, see also Cold War; Nixon, President Richard 164, 168–9, decline in readership 190–1; 196, 211, 214 development of 6–10; economic Noriega, General Manuel 216 organization of 6, 10–14, 24, North Atlantic Fleet 50 25–6, 192, 193, 285; and film North Atlantic Treaty Organization industry 27; as “fourth estate” 4, (NATO) 120, 220, 221, 228 16, 194, 202–3; and Internet 191, North Korea, newspapers in 194 192, 199, 201–2; and national North Star, The (1943) 125 integration 288; and new media Northcliffe, Lord (Alfred 256–7; ownership 4, 6, 10, 14, Harmsworth) 12–14, 16, 20, 21, 24–6, 32, 192, 193, 194, 198–203; 22–3, 24–5, 51

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“Northcliffe revolution” 12–13, 14, 25 Pacific Bell (telecommunications Notting Hill 188 company) 238 Novaya Gazeta 194 Page, Larry 252, 253 NPR see National Public Radio 205 Pamuk, Orhan 173 NSDAP see National soczialistiche Panama 216, 217 Deutsche Arbeiterparte (National Panorama 270 Socialist German Workers’ Paramount Pictures 34, 39, 104, 105, Party/NSDAP) 180, 182, 259–60 Nye, David E. 80 Paramount Vantage 184 Parkinson, David 183 O’Donnell, Victoria see Jowett and Partrone, Giovanni 31 O’Donnell Passenger, The 188 Ochs, Adolph 12 Pathé 35 October (film) 89 Patriot, The (2000) 189 Office, The 158 Patten, Chris 280 OhmyNews 257 pay television 232, 235–6; see also Old Wives for New (1918) 42 cable television; satellite Olivier, Laurence 37 television Olympia 96 Payne Fund 44 Olympic Games 96, 171 PBS see Public Broadcasting Service online social networking 4, 230–1, peacekeeping, media and 219–21 239, 242, 244–7, 253, 259, 260–1, Pearl Harbor (bombing of) 102–3, 111 262, 272, 280; and advertising Pearl Harbor (2001) 183 245, 247, 261; commercialization Pearson, Drew 122 of 245, 247; and cyberbullying Penn, Arthur 181 247; development of 244; and Pennsylvania Evening Post 7 identity 246–7; and music 246; Pennsylvania Packet 7 259; and politics 244–5; and Pentagon Papers 195–6, 214 privacy 246–7; and social People (Britain) 11 relationships 247; see also new Perry Mason 140 media personal digital assistants “oppositional media thesis” 212–13, (PDAs) 232, 233, 242 219, 228 Pew Research Center 191 Oprah Winfrey Show, The 170 Philadelphia, newspapers in 7, 10, orkut (online social networking 200 site) 244, 246 Philadelphia Inquirer 200 Orwell, George 108 Philco Playhouse 140 Our Movie-Made Children 44 Phoenix television service 272 OWI see United States, Office of War phonograph records 50, 51 Information photojournalism 25; see also Oxford English Dictionary 243, 252 journalism Oz 150 Piano, The 188

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Pickford, Mary 32, 34, 42 Production Code (1930) 43, 44–5, 47, Pilkington Committee 136, 144–5 105, 181, 287; Administration 39, Pilkington Report 145 44, 45 Pirates of the Caribbean (2005–8) 183 Pronay, Nicholas 108 Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s propaganda 1, 2, 6, 20–3, 82–112, Chest (2006) 184 113–35, 209, 286; aims of 84–90, podcasting 232, 242, 250, 256; see also 91, 92–3, 103; and “agitation” 87; new media anti-Japanese 109–12; Britain and Polanski, Roman 181 83, 91, 101, 107–9, 111, 129, 130–2; politics: Internet and 248; media and Cold War 113–35; and and 2–5, 7, 66, 67–8, 90, 94, cultural diplomacy 127–35; 113, 136, 168–70, 193–200, 202, definitions of 82–3; as 231, 244–5, 248, 279–82, 286; “education” 82; effectiveness of new media and 231, 244–5, 248; 83, 97–100, 101, 107, 109, 116–19, newspapers and 193–200, 202; 131–2, 135; film and 88–9, 90, 93, radio and 66, 67–8, 94; television 95–6, 97, 103–4, 112; as and 136, 168–70; YouTube and “information” 82, 101; 248 international 127–35; in Nazi Politkouskaya, Anna 194 Germany 82–3, 90–7, 99–100, 101; Pop Idol 160 newspapers and 86–7, 90, 93, 94, Popstars 160 97, 112; in Pacific War 109–12; popular culture 3, 132, 156–7, 161, posters and 87–8; as 202, 259, 265, 284, 289 “psychological warfare” 22, 23, popular music 2; see also music; 82, 113, 127–35, 208, 221, 224; and music industry racial stereotyping 109–12; and Porter, Edwin S. 30 race relations 103, 105–7; radio posters and propaganda 87–8 and 90, 92, 93, 94, 97, 106–7, 112; Potter, David M. 77–8, 80–1 in Soviet Union 82–90, 97–9, 101, Power, Samantha 220 114, 115–19, 128, 129, 130; and Prairie Home Companion, A 205 “strategy of truth” 101, 107–9; Prelude to War (1943) 105 technological change and 83, 92; Preminger, Otto 181 United States of America and 83, “press barons” 6, 10, 12–13, 14, 22–3, 101, 102–7, 110–11, 114, 119–35; 24, 200–1 and war see war press see newspapers “psychological operations” 208, 221, Press-Radio Bureau 65 224; see also psychological Preuves 133 warfare Price Is Right, The 159 psychological warfare 22, 23, 82, 113, Pride and Prejudice 188 127–35, 208, 221, 224; definitions Printer’s Ink 69 of 128 printing press 6–7, 9, 13 “psyops” see “psychological Prisoner 159 operations”

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Pubitalia 270 community identity 67; and public-affairs programming 120, 136, consumer culture 57, 66–7; 141–5, 150, 162–8, 169, 205, 282, decline of 203–7; and 283, 296 demographics 204; and Public Broadcasting Service deregulation 204–5; (PBS) 142, 147–9, 158, 168, 174, development of 49–51, 52–3; and 205; funding 147–8; programs electricity services 53, 60; and 148–9; ratings 148; structure 148 film industry 64, 65; financing of “public diplomacy” 208, 221 55, 56–7, 58, 76; FM 204; “golden Public Enemy (1931) 44 age” of 25, 49, 60–4; influence of public opinion 16–21, 25–6, 117, 65–8; and maritime 120–1, 209, 211–15, 219–20, 268 communications 50, 51; and public sphere 16, 257–8 music 61–3, 67, 96, 203–4, 205, Publick Occurences 7 259; and national identity 66, 67; public-service broadcasting 49, 52, and national integration 288; in 53–4, 57–60, 76, 102, 136, 142–5, Nazi Germany 94; and networks 151–5, 168, 176, 205–6, 256, 283, 55; and new media 68; and news 287; see also British Broadcasting broadcasting 64–5; and Corporation; Public newspapers 64; ownership 204, Broadcasting Service 206; patents and 55; and politics Pulitzer, Joseph 12, 14, 16, 18–19 66, 67–8, 94; programming 60–4; and propaganda 90, 92, 93, 94, Quadrant 133 97, 102, 106–7, 112; in Soviet Queen, The 188 Union 87, 115; and sport 63; Queen Elizabeth (film) 31 technological change and 49, 50, Quest 133 52–3, 60–1, 204; and television Quo Vadis? (1913) 31 49, 68, 136, 137, 138, 177, 203, Quo Vadis (1951) 179 259; and theater 61, 62; in United States of America 49, 50–1, 52–3, R. J. Reynolds 79 54–7, 58, 59, 60–5, 66–7, 102, race relations 103, 105–7 106–7, 123–7, 203–5; and war 49, radio 1, 2, 24, 25, 49–68, 81, 138, 139, 51, 63, 129–31, 132, 133, 222; and 142, 143, 162, 206, 282, 284, 286; women 67, 75–6, 79–80; and advertising 53, 54, 55, 56–7, 58, younger audiences 260; see also 66–7, 69, 74–5, 76, 203–4, 205–6, commercial broadcasting; media; 230, 256; amateurs and 51, 57; networks; public-service and audience fragmentation 204; broadcasting blacklisting 124–5, 127; in Britain Radio Corporation of America 49, 50–1, 53, 57–60, 61–4, 67, (RCA) 54, 55, 137 205–6; and Cold War 115, 123–7, Radio Free Europe (RFE) 131, 132 129–30, 131–2; commercialization Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO) 34, of 51, 52–7, 60, 66–7; and 104, 178

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Radio Liberation 131 Robe, The (1953) 179 Radio Liberty (RL) 131 Robeson, Paul 46 Radio Luxembourg 63 Rogers, Lela 123 Radio Moscow 130 Rohmer, Eric 187 Radio Normandie 63 Roosevelt, President Franklin D. 63, radio telegraph 9 66, 103, 105 Rambo (1985) 189 Roosevelt, President Theodore 50 Rathbone, Basil 37 Roots 147 Rather, Dan 165, 243 Rosing, Boris 137 ratings 56, 141, 147, 149, 151, 153, Rossellini, Roberto 186 166, 283, 286 Rothermere, Lord (Harold Rawhide 140 Harmsworth) 12, 14, 22–3 Ray, Nicholas 187 Russell, Bertrand 133 Ray, Satyajit 186 Russell, William Howard 17 RCA see Radio Corporation of Russia: All-Russian Telegraph Agency America (ROSTA) 86; Civil War 84, 88; Reader’s Digest 77, 157 journalists in 194; literacy in 83, Reagan, President Ronald 123, 164, 84, 87; newspapers in 194; 169 Petrograd Telegraph Agency 86; Red Channels: The Report of Communist radio in 87; Revolution 84, 85, 86; Influence in Radio and television news in 163; see also Television 124 Soviet Union Red Menace, The (1949) 126 Rwanda 220 Reed, Carol 186 Reith, Sir John 59–60, 62, 63, 108, 143 Sacred Congregation for the Remains of the Day, The 188 Propagation of the Faith 82 Remington, Frederick 18 Sahara (1943) 106 Report from the Aleutians (1943) 104 Saint John, Robert W. see Forman and Rescued by Rover (1905) 30 Saint John Resnais, Alain 187 “Salam Pax” (blog) 225, 243 Restless Years, The 159 San Francisco Examiner 12 Reuter, Paul Julius 266 Sanford and Son 158 Reuters 8, 266–7, 274 Santis, Giuseppe De 186 Review (England) 15 Sarnoff, David 55 RFE see Radio Free Europe satellite broadcasting 219, 230, 265, Rhoda 147 267 Richardson, Tony 187, 188 satellite television 152, 153, 154, 156, Riefenstahl, Leni 96, 104–5 160, 171, 186, 232, 235–6, 258, “Riverbend” (blog) 225, 243 271, 272, 279, 285, 286 Rivette, Jacques 187 Saturday Evening Post (US) 15, 30, 192 RKO see Radio-Keith-Orpheum Saturday Night Fever (1977) 183 RL see Radio Liberty Saving Private Ryan (1998) 189

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Savoy Orpheans 62 Sklar, Robert 32 Scannell, Paddy and Cardiff, Sky 246; Sky News 251; David 58–9, 67 Sky Television 272 Scarface (1932) 44 Skyblog (online social networking Schama, Simon 174 site) 246 Schindler’s List (1993) 175 Smulyan, Susan 53, 55, 57 Schlesinger, John 187 Soap 147 Schudson, Michael 79–80, 81 social media 4; see also online social Schwarzenegger, Arnold 183 networking Scorsese, Martin 181, 184 social networking see online social Scotton, James F. see Hachten and networking Scotton social psychology 135 Seagram 182 sociology 135 search media 231, 240, 243, 252–5, Soderbergh, Steven 184 261; see also Google; new media Somalia 220 Seaton, Jean 66; see also Curran and Song of Russia (1944) 125 Seaton Sons and Daughters 159 Second Life 249–50, 261; Sony 182, 260, 269; Sony Classics 184, commercialization of 249–50; 185; Sony Pictures 245, 259 development of 249 Sopranos, The 150 Secret Organization Group of Sound of Music, The (1965) 180 Al-Qaeda of the Jihad South Korea, citizen journalism Organization in Europe 227–8 in 257 See It Now 163–4 South Park 150 Seinfeld 150, 151 Soviet Union 82–90, 97–9, 101, Senator Was Indiscreet, The (1947) 126 113–19, 121–2, 125, 127–8, 129–30, Serbia 220, 228 131, 135, 264; American films in Sesame Street 148 88; anti-religious propaganda in 77 Sunset Strip 140 117; Central Committee of the Sex and the City 150 Communist Party 87; and Cold She Done Him Wrong (1933) 43 War 113–19, 121–2, 125, 127–8, Shine 188 129–30, 131, 135; collectivization Ship, The 174 of agriculture in 84–5, 88, 98, 118; Sica, Vittorio De 186 Committee for State Security Sidle Commission Report 216 (KGB) 116; cult of personality in Sign of the Cross (1932) 43 85–6, 90; Department of Simpsons, The 150 Agitation and Propaganda Sinclair Broadcasting Group 164 (Agitprop); Central Committee Six Feet Under 150 of the Communist Party 87, 115; 60 Minutes 166, 243 and Eastern Europe 118; film Skladanowsky, Emil 28 industry in 88–9; Five-Year Plans Skladanowsky, Max 28 in 84–5, 88; and “great patriotic

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Soviet Union (cont’d) Stanton, Frank 142 war” 86; Gulag/Main Camp Star Television (StarTV) 272, 280 Administration in 85, 87, 88, Star Trek (1979) 183 98–9; industrialization in 84–5, Star Wars (1976, 1980, 1983) 182, 183 88; Komsomol/Young Starkey, David 174 Communist League 87; labor Steele, Richard 15 camps in 85–6, 88, 98–9, 118; Steger, Manfred B. 278 literacy in 83, 84, 87–8; Steptoe and Son 158 magazines in 115; Ministry of Stern, Howard 205 Foreign Affairs 115; and Nazi- Sternberg, Joseph von 37 Soviet Non-Aggression Pact 86, Stewart, Jon 170 90; New Economic Policy in 84, Story of the Kelly Gang, The (1906) 85, 88; newspapers in 86–7, 115; 31 People’s Commissariat of Stroheim, Erich von 37, 42 Internal Affairs (NKVD) 85; Suharto, President 194 popular culture in 98; Sulzberger family 199 propaganda in 82–90, 97–9, 101, Sun (New York) 8, 10, 16 114, 115–19, 128, 129, 130; radio Sun (Britain) 200, 201, 271 in 87, 115; radio sets in 87; show Sunday Mail (Britain) 14 trials in 86, 87, 88, 98; Sunday Pictorial (Britain) 14 Stakhanovite campaign in 88, 98; Sunday Times (Britain) 200, 271 Tass newsagency 115; television Superman (1978) 183 in 115, 146, 153, 154; terror in 85, Surfside 6 140 86, 98; and Third World 118–19; Survivor 160 see also Russia Susan Lennox (Her Fall and Rise) (1931) Spanish–American War 18–19 43 Spanish Civil War 125 Swanson, Gloria 42 Spectator (England) 15 Sweden, television in 145, 158 Spider-Man (2002–7) 183 Swinton, A. A. Campbell 137 Spider-Man 3 259 Sykes Committee 58 Spielberg, Steven 175, 183 “spin” 221, 265 tabloid journalism 150, 162, 166, 167, sponsorship 55, 56, 60, 65, 66–7, 139, 201 140–1, 144; see also advertising tabloid newspapers 12, 14–15, 24, 25, Sprint (telecommunications 73, 74, 193, 287 company) 238 Tait, Charles 31 Spurgeon, Christina 234, 245, 261, Taiwan, media industries in 276 262 Tatler (England) 15 Sputnik 117, 237 Taxi Driver (1976) 181 Stalin, Joseph 84–6, 88, 89–90, 98–9, Taylor, A. J. P. 173 113, 115, 116, 118, 119, 125 Taylor, Richard 89 Stallone, Sylvester 183 Taylor, Robert 123

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technological determinism 52; see 136, 161, 170–6, 279; and also media, and technological magazines 192–3; and music 161, change 259; and national identity 172; Technorati (blog search engine) 243 and national integration 288; in telegraph 9, 50–1, 52 Nazi Germany 95, 137, 138, 159; telephony 9, 50–1, 52, 55 and new media 258; and news Televisa (Mexico) 276, 277 141–2, 143, 150, 153, 159, 162, television 1, 2, 49, 53–4, 55, 60, 67, 168, 195, 211; and newspapers 123, 136–76, 206, 207, 230, 256, 136, 177, 191–2, 193, 195; 273, 274, 275–6, 282, 284, 286, ownership 268, 269–73, 278, 284, 287; advertising 76, 139, 149–50, 285, 287, see also commercial 151, 152, 154, 155, 161, 172–3, broadcasting, public-service 240; audience sizes 151; broadcasting; and politics 136, blacklisting 124–5, 127, 139, 163; 168–70; and public-service model in Britain 136, 137, 142–5, 148, see public-service broadcasting; 151–4, 156, 158, 159, 160, 162, quiz shows 141, 159, 160; and 163, 168, 169, 171, 173–4, 175; in radio 49, 68, 136, 137, 138, 177, China 138, 146, 154, 163; and 203, 259; “reality” programs 150, Cold War 124–5, 126, 127, 139, 159, 160, 174, 229, 283; and 163; and collective memory remote control devices 149; and 173–5; color 137, 145, 179; “sitcoms” 142, 147, 150, 159; and commercial model see soap opera 61, 63, 67, 144, 156, commercial broadcasting; 159, 201, 276; and socialization commercialization of 136, 140–2, 136, 170–6; in Soviet Union 115, 144–5, 146–51, 154, 168, 172–3, 146, 153, 154; and sport 142, 159, 176; and cultural imperialism 170–1; state control of 146, 154, 155–62, 274, 276; and 171; in Sweden 145; deregulation 149, 166; technological change and 154, development of 136–45; 211; in Third World 154, 156–7; documentary 163, 164, 173; “trash” programs 150; in United drama 139–40, 150–1, 159; and States of America 136, 137, film industry 123, 136, 138, 140, 138–42, 146–51, 155–8, 160–70, 177, 178–85, 190; financing of 171–3, 175, 207, 210–15, 236, 274; 138–9, 141, 142–3, 144, 145, and war 208, 210–15, 217–19; in 151–2, 154; and foreign news Western Europe 146; and coverage 159, 167–8, 282; in younger audiences 260; see also France 145, 163; global 155–62, cable television; commercial 268; “golden age” of 139–40, 145, broadcasting; media; networks; 150, 151, 163, 287; impact on pay television; public-service cultural isolation of 171; impact broadcasting; satellite television on fashion of 161; impact on Ten Commandments, The (1924) 42 language of 161; influence of 3, Ten Commandments, The (1956) 179

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terrorist attacks (September 2001) 20th Century Fox 34, 39, 104, 180, see “9/11” 181, 188, 189, 235, 271 Thames Television 173 24 150 Thatcher, Prime Minister 20/20 166 Margaret 152, 169 Twittervision.com 246 Third World 118–19, 121, 154, 156–7, 2LO (radio station) 57, 58 173, 274–5 typewriter 9 Thomson Corporation 269 Three’s Company 147, 158 Ukraine 85, 98, 118 Tianmanmen Square (China) 162, UNESCO 274, 275; International 279, 280 Commission for the Study of Till Death Us Do Part 158 Communications Problems 274 Time 191, 192, 250 United Artists 34, 180, 187 Time Inc. 182, 235 United Nations (UN) 217, 220, 266, Time Warner AOL 253 274 Time Warner Inc. 150, 182, 267, United Press International 267, 274 269 United States of America (US): Times, The (London) 13–14, 15, 17, 20, advertising in 69, 70–8, 79–80, 38, 200, 271 139; anti-communism in 119–35, Times, The (New York) 8 163, 165; and anti-Japanese Times Mirror 192 propaganda 110–11; anti-trust Titanic (ship) 50 suit 105, 123, 178–9, 182; Titanic (1997) (film) 183 audience fragmentation in 171–2; Tobacco Road 125, 126 blacklisting in 115, 123–5, 127, Tobis-Klangfilm 40 139, 163, 178; black press in 10–1; Tom Jones (1963) 188 boycott on French films 39–40; Tomlinson, John 277 Central Intelligence Agency Towering Inferno, The (1974) 182 (CIA) 126, 128–9, 133–4, 197; and TransAmerica 180 Cold War 113–15, 119–35, 264; Tribune (New York) 8, 10 and commercial broadcasting Triumph of the Will 96, 105 model see commercial Trotsky, Leon 40 broadcasting; and cultural Troy (2004) 183 imperialism 155–62, 273–9, 288, Truffaut, François 187 289; decline of interest in Truman, President Harry S. 113, 122, international affairs in 229; 128–9 Department of Defense 120, Trumbo, Dalton 106 195–6, 218, 237; Advanced tsunami (December 2004) 162 Research Projects Agency 237; Turner, Ted 235, 236 Espionage Act 23; ethnic press in TV Globo 276, 277 10–11; film imports to 186; film TV Guide 192 industry in 27–48, 102, 103–4, Twelve Angry Men (1954) 140 123–7, 178–90, 207, 259, 274; and

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First World War 21–2, 23; global 103, 105–7; and racism 110–11, influence of 2–3, 27, 155–62, 133; radio in 49, 50–1, 52–3, 54–7, 288–9; Government 58, 59, 60–5, 66–7, 102, 106–7, Accountability Office 165; and 123–7, 203–5; radio sets in 54, Grenada 216, 217; and Gulf War 60–1; radio stations in 54, 203; 217–19; history programs on Screen Actors’ Guild 123; Screen television in 173; House of Writers’ Guild 123; Sedition Act Representatives, House 23; Smith-Mundt Act 128; and Committee on Un-American Spanish–American War 18–19; Activities (HUAC) 123–6, 178; State Department 126, 129, 130, Internet in 238; investment in 132–3; Telecommunications Act European film production by (1996) 204; television in 136, 137, 187–8; isolationism of 21, 102–3, 138–42, 146–51, 155–8, 160–70, 213; Joint Chiefs of Staff 126; and 171–3, 175, 207, 210–15, 236, 274; Kosovo 221; McCarthyism in and television exports 136, 122–7, 130, 163–4, 178, 195; 155–62; television and national media in 2–3, 257, 267–8, 269, identity in 172; television and 271–3, 288–9, see also United politics in 168–70; television States of America, film industry program imports to 158; in, newspapers in, radio in, television sets in 138, 211; television in; movie attendances television and socialization in in 178; movie theaters in 30; 171–2; and terrorist attacks National Board of Censorship 41; (September 2001) 162, 164–5, 172, National Board of Review 41; 173, 208, 209, 221–2, 243, 282; National Science Foundation Trading with the Enemy Act 23; 237, 238; National Security US Army Signal Corps 50, 210; Agency 197; National Security War Department 107 Council (NSC) 129; New Deal 66, United States Information Agency 125; NSC 68 120, 128–9; (USIA) 129, 130, 132 newspapers in 6, 7, 8, 9, 10–11, United States v. Paramount 178–9, 182 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18–19, 23, 24, Universal 34, 104, 126, 182 25, 64–5, 102, 190–3, 195–202, urbanization 8, 10, 24, 27, 52 285; newsreels in 104; Office of US see United States of America Censorship 104; Office of War US News & World Report 192 Information (OWI) 101, 102–7, USA Today 199 110; Operations Coordinating USIA see United States Information Board 129; and Panama 216, 217; Agency and propaganda 83, 101, 102–7, 110–11, 114, 119–35; Valentino, Rudolph 42 Psychological Strategy Board Van Sant, Gus 184 (PSB) 129; Public Broadcasting Vasey, Ruth 45 Act (1967) 142; race relations in vaudeville theater 29, 30, 31, 61, 138

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Venice film festival 186 102–7, 111–12, 197–8, 208–29, 287; Vessy Jr, General 216 newspapers and 17–23, 208; and Viacom 149, 182, 269 “oppositional media thesis” video 182, 183–4, 185, 189–90, 232, 212–13, 219, 228; and “pool” 234–5, 236; piracy 235; rentals system 216, 218–19; radio and 49, 149, 234–5 51, 63, 129–31, 132, 133, 222; video cassette recorder (VCR) 149, television and 208, 210–15, 152 217–19; and “Vietnam Vietnam War 120, 127, 147, 164, syndrome” 215, 216, 217; see also 195–6, 208, 210–15, 217, 228, 287; Afghanistan, war in; Boer War; My Lai massacre 214; Tet Cold War; Crimean War; Gulf offensive 213–14 War; Iraq War; Korean War; “virtual communities” 239 Spanish-American War; Vietnam virtual cultures 4 War; “war on terror”; World War, “virtual war” 221 First; World War, Second “virtual worlds” see Second Life war correspondents 17–18, 209, 215; Visconti, Luchino 186 see also journalists; media, and Vise, David 254 war Vitascope 28 “war on terror” 165, 167, 196–7, 187, Vivendi 182 196, 208, 209, 221–9, 265, 283, Vivendi Universal 182, 269 287; and “axis of evil” 223; see VOA see Voice of America also Afghanistan, war in; Iraq Vodafone 244 War Voice of America (VOA) 129–31, 132, War of the Worlds 63 133, 222 Ward, Ken 14, 22, 55, 58, 59 Warner, Albert 33 Wakuwaku Animal Land 160 Warner, Harry 33 Wales, Jimmy 250 Warner, Jack 33, 123 Walk the Line (2005) 184 Warner, Samuel 33 Walking with Dinosaurs 159 Warner Bros. 33, 34, 140, 180, 181–2, Walkman 259 235 Wall Street Journal 193, 199, 200, 272 Warner Independent 184 Walt Disney 269 Warren, Robert Penn 133 war: blogs 225–6, 228, 243; Washington, newspapers in 10, 193, censorship during 21, 209, 210, 199–200, 257; terrorist attacks on 215–16, 219, 225, 226; and see “9/11” “citizen journalism” 226, 227–8; Washington Post 193, 196–7, 199–200, and “embedding” of journalists 257 223, 224, 225, 226, 228; and global Washington Post company 257 television 217–18; and “hotel Watergate 164, 195, 196 warriors” 218–19; Internet and WEAF (radio station) 54 225–6, 227; media and 2, 23, 82, Weakest Link, The 160

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“Web 1.0” see Internet; World Wide Wire, The 150 Web Wolff, Bernard 266 “Web 2.0” 230, 241–55, 258, 262; see Wolff (news agency) 8 also blogs; Internet; online social Woman on Pier 13, The (1949) 126 networking; podcasting; search women: advertising and 75–6, 79–80; media; social media magazines 15; newspapers and Web application hybrids 12; radio and 67, 75–6, 79–80; (“mashups”) 232 and women’s rights movement WebCrawler 252 147, 195 Weekly/Sunday Dispatch (Britain) 13, World Bank 266 14 World Cup (soccer) 171 Weigall, Arthur 38 World Federation of Trade Welch, David 83, 94, 100 Unions 115 Welles, Orson 12, 61, 63 World News for Public Television 168 Wenders, Wim 187 World Peace Council 115 West, Mae 43 World Trade Organization West Side Story (1962) 180 (WTO) 239, 257, 268 West Virginia (ship) 50 World at War, The 173 West Wing, The 150 World War, First 14, 17, 19, 20–3, Western Electric 57–8 36, 51, 52, 59, 60, 69, 73, 79, 82, Western Europe: film imports 185; 91, 101, 107, 209, 213; film and newspaper subsidies in 202; 23; newspapers and 14, 17, 19, state broadcasting in 145–6, 154, 20–3; and radio development 51, 171, 185–6; television in 146, 154, 52 172; television program imports World War, Second 48, 60, 61, 68, 72, to 157, 158 77, 83, 86, 90, 96–7, 100, 101, Westinghouse Corporation 51, 54, 102–12, 113, 127, 185, 190, 206, 149 209, 213; film in 48, 61, 68, 103–6; Westminster Press 24 propaganda 83, 86, 90, 96–7, 101, Whale Rider 188 102–12; radio in 49, 106–7 Wheel of Fortune 159 World Wide Web 230, 232, 239–40, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? 160 241; browsers 239; development Why Change Your Wife? (1920) 42 of 239–40; and Hypertext Why We Fight 104 Markup Language (HTML) 239; WiFi (wireless networking) 233 and Hypertext Transfer Protocol Wikimedia Foundation 250–1 (HTTP) 239 Wikipedia 231, 244, 250–1 WTBS (television station) 235 wikis 232, 242, 250 Wild Bunch, The 181 Yahoo! 240, 254, 255 Wilder, Billy 37 “yellow journalism” 16, 27; see also Williams, Kevin 1, 3, 201 journalism Williams, Raymond 140, 162, 284–5 Yeltsin, President Boris 163

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YouTube 247–9, 253, 262; Yugoslavia 220 commercialization of 248; controversial content on 249; Zabriskie Point (1970) 188 copyright and 249; development Zeman, Z. E. B. 92 of 247–8; and politics 248; Zukor, Adolph 33 YouTubeTV 248 Zworykin, Vladimir 137

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