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The B&C Kinematograph Company and British Cinema The B&C Kinematograph Company and British Cinema This book sheds new light on the under-researched subject that is early British cinema through an in-depth history of the British and Colonial Kinematograph Company—also known as B&C—in the years 1908– 1916, the period of its foundation and rapid growth, when it became one of Britain’s leading film producers. It examines the company’s development; changing production policies and practice; the genres produced; how the biographies of its personnel contributed to the material; ‘staging’ and the films’ formal properties; as well as methods of distribution and publicity. Gerry Turvey has been involved in film education since the 1960s, including a Principal Lectureship in Film Studies at Kingston University, and a long association with the Phoenix Cinema Trust in North London. He continues to research early film. Exeter Studies in Film History Series Editors: Richard Maltby, Matthew Flinders Distinguished Emeritus Professor of Screen Studies, Flinders University Helen Hanson, Associate Professor in Film History at the University of Exeter and Academic Director of the Bill Douglas Cinema Museum Joe Kember, Professor in Film Studies at the University of Exeter Exeter Studies in Film History is devoted to publishing the best new scholarship on the cultural, technical and aesthetic history of cinema. The aims of the series are to reconsider established orthodoxies and to revise our understanding of cinema’s past by shedding light on neglected areas in film history. Published by University of Exeter Press in association with the Bill Douglas Centre for the History of Cinema and Popular Culture, the series includes monographs and essay collections, translations of major works written in other languages, and reprinted editions of important texts in cinema history. Previously published titles in the series are listed at the back of this volume The B&C Kinematograph Company and British Cinema Early Twentieth-Century Spectacle and Melodrama GERRY TURVEY First published in 2021 by University of Exeter Press Reed Hall, Streatham Drive Exeter EX4 4QR UK www.exeterpress.co.uk Copyright © Stewart Gerald Turvey 2021 The right of Stewart Gerald Turvey to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Exeter Studies in Film History A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library. Hbk 978-1-905816-64-4 ePub 978-1-905816-65-1 PDF 978-1-905816-66-8 This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 International licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). This license requires that reusers give credit to the creator. It allows reusers to copy and distribute the material in any medium or format, for non-commercial purposes only. If others remix, adapt, or build upon the material, they may not distribute the modified material. Further details about Creative Commons licences are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Any third-party material in this book is published under the book’s Creative Commons licence unless indicated otherwise in the credit line to the material. If you would like to reuse any third-party material not covered by the book’s Creative Commons licence, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. https://doi.org/10.47788/SGOE1157 Cover image: still from B&C film The Battle of Waterloo. The Pictures, June 1913. British Library: Shelfmark LOU.LON 330 Typeset in Adobe Caslon Pro by Palimpsest Book Production Ltd, Falkirk, Stirlingshire For Hazel, with love Contents List of Figures ix List of Tables xii 1. Introduction: Rediscovering British and Colonial 1 Part I: British and Colonial—A Company History, 1908–1918 2. The Bloomfield Years: Period One at B&C, 1908–1912 15 3. McDowell in Charge: Period Two at B&C, 1913–1918 38 Part II: Plant, Studios and the Production Process 4. Making Films at East Finchley and On Location, 1911–1914 73 5. The Endell Street Plant and the Walthamstow Studio, 1913–1917 102 Part III: Personalities and Their Biographies 6. On Screen: Performers and Picture Personalities 127 7. Behind the Screen: Policy-makers, Directors and Writers 157 Part IV: The B&C Film 8. Comics, Dramas and Series Films: The B&C Film in Period One 189 9. Spectacle, Sensation and Narrative: The B&C Film in Period Two 222 vii The B&C Kinematograph Company and British Cinema Part V: Distribution, Promotion and Publicity 10. From the Open Market to the Exclusives System 257 11. Promoting B&C and Its Films 286 12. Conclusion: Godal, Aspiration and Bankruptcy—Period Three at B&C, 1918–1924 302 Notes 329 Bibliography 411 British and Colonial Films Held at the BFI National Archives 421 Index 423 viii Figures 2.1 Cartoon of B&C’s John Benjamin McDowell and Albert Henry Bloomfield The Bioscope, 5 October 1911. British Library: Shelfmark HUI.LON 278 2.2 Three-Fingered Kate encounters danger in The Case of the Chemical Fumes The Pictures, 17 August 1912. British Library: Shelfmark LOU.LON 330 2.3 Advertisement for B&C’s 1913 Cup Final topical The Cinema, 9 April 1913. British Library: Shelfmark LOU.LD 181 3.1 Lillian Wiggins in James Youngdeer’s sensational The Water Rats of London The Cinema, 28 May 1914. British Library: Shelfmark LOU.LD 181 3.2 Advertisement for Dicky Dee’s Cartoons The Cinema, 26 August 1915. British Library: Shelfmark LOU.LD 181 3.3 B&C promotes its services to the industry in November 1915 The Kinematograph and Lantern Weekly, 25 November 1915. British Library: Shelfmark MFM.MLD 94 4.1 The B&C organization: ‘A Leading British Film Company’ The Kinematograph and Lantern Weekly, 21 September 1911. British Library: Shelfmark MFM.MLD 94 4.2 Destruction at the East Finchley studio after James Youngdeer’s explosion for The Black Cross Gang Pictures and the Picturegoer, 4 July 1914. British Library: Shelfmark MFM.MFICHE 5 4.3 A B&C company touring North Wales in spring 1912 The Pictures, 11 May 1912. British Library: Shelfmark LOU.LON 330 4.4 A B&C location film: The Battle of Waterloo Illustrated Film Monthly, October 1913. British Library: Shelfmark P.P. 1912ff ix The B&C Kinematograph Company and British Cinema 5.1 Interior of B&C’s studio at Hoe Street, Walthamstow Pictures and the Picturegoer, 27 June 1914. British Library: Shelfmark MFM.MFICHE 5 5.2 Elizabeth Risdon in Florence Nightingale filmed at Hoe Street The Kinematograph and Lantern Weekly, 1 April 1915. British Library: Shelfmark MFM.MLD 94 5.3 Jimmy, one of B&C’s last wartime films made at Hoe Street The Kinematograph and Lantern Weekly, 24 February 1916. British Library: Shelfmark MFM.MLD 94 5.4 A studio interior for The Life of Shakespeare (1914) Collection of Sally Freytag 6.1 B&C publicity postcard for Ivy Martinek Collection of Sally Freytag 6.2 B&C publicity postcard for Gladstone Haley or ‘Snorky’ Author’s collection 6.3 B&C publicity postcard for Percy Moran as Lieutenant Daring Author’s collection 6.4 B&C publicity postcard for Dorothy Foster Author’s collection 6.5 Dorothy Batley, B&C’s leading child performer The Pictures, 29 November 1913. British Library: Shelfmark LOU. LON 330 6.6 B&C publicity postcard for Elizabeth Risdon Author’s collection 7.1 John Benjamin McDowell, Managing Director of B&C, in uniform as a war cinematographer Collection of Sally Freytag 7.2 Ernest Batley as Napoleon in The Battle of Waterloo Illustrated Film Monthly, October 1913. British Library: Shelfmark P.P. 1912ffg 7.3 Advertisement for Maurice Elvey’s The Bells of Rheims Moving Picture Offered List, 17 April 1915. British Library: Shelfmark LOU.LON 386 7.4 Advertisement for Harold Weston’s Shadows The Kinematograph and Lantern Weekly, 6 May 1915. British Library: Shelfmark MFM.MLD 94 8.1 Lieutenant Daring in trouble in Lieutenant Daring and the Ship’s Mascot The Pictures, 27 April 1912. British Library: Shelfmark LOU.LON 330 x Figures 8.2 Percy Moran and Ernest Trimmingham in The Adventures of Dick Turpin No.3: Two Hundred Guineas Reward The Pictures, 14 September 1912. British Library: Shelfmark LOU. LON 330 8.3 Charles Raymond as Don Q with the author Hesketh Pritchard The Bioscope, 5 October 1911. British Library: Shelfmark HUI.LON 278 9.1 Dramatic studio lighting in Maurice Elvey’s Florence Nightingale The Kinematograph and Lantern Weekly, 1 April 1915. British Library: Shelfmark MFM.MLD94 9.2 Spectacle in The Battle of Waterloo ThePictures , June 1913. British Library: Shelfmark LOU.LON 330 9.3 A B&C melodrama: poster for Her Nameless (?) Child The Kinematograph and Lantern Weekly, 24 June 1915. British Library: Shelfmark MFM.MLT94 10.1 A Motion Picture Sales Agency poster for Dick Turpin No.4: A Deadly Foe, A Pack of Hounds and Some Merry Monks TheTop-Line Indicator, 18 December 1912. British Library 10.2 Davison’s Film Sales Agency advertisement for The Broken Chisel Moving Picture Offered List, 6 September 1913. British Library: Shelfmark LOU.LON 620 10.3 Advertisement for Maurice Elvey’s It’s a Long, Long Way to Tipperary The Cinema, 3 December 1914. British Library: Shelfmark LOU.LD 181 11.1 B&C promotes itself TheKinematograph Year Book 1914. Author’s collection 11.2 Percy Moran promoting Lieutenant Daring outside B&C’s head- quarters in Endell Street The Kinematograph and Lantern Weekly, 21 December 1911. British Library: Shelfmark MFM.MLD 94 xi Tables 1.1: Annual Output of New Film at B&C, 1909–1917 2.1: British Companies Releasing Ten or More Fiction Films in 1910 3.1: British Companies Releasing Ten or More Fiction Films in 1915 (plus Davidson) 3.2: Companies Specializing in Longer Films in 1915 7.1: B&C Directors and Fiction Films, 1909–1917 8.1: B&C’s Fiction, Actuality and Animated Films, 1909–1917 8.2: B&C’s Comics, Dramas, Series Films and Exclusives, 1909–1917 8.3: Average Duration of B&C’s Comics, Dramas, Series Films and Exclusives, 1909–1917 10.1: Ideal’s Exclusive Releases of B&C Films, 1914–1915 12.1 Annual Film Production, 1919–1924 xii 1 Introduction: Rediscovering British and Colonial In the summer of 1914, the fan magazine Pictures and the Picturegoer ran a series of enthusiastic articles under the general title ‘Birthplaces of British Films’.
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