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Vol. 1, No 2, Hal 69-85, September 2020 69 JURNAL WIDYA CITRA P-ISSN 2721-369X WIDYA Vol. 1, No 2, Hal 69- 85, September 2020 E-ISSN 2722-8320 CITRA SISTEM PEMERINTAHAN DEMOKRASI LIBERAL DAN TERCAPAINYA PEMILIHAN UMUM I PADA TAHUN 1955 DI INDONESIA Ketut Sedana Arta Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha [email protected] Abstrak Penulisan Artikel ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui sistem pemerintahan Demokrasi Liberal di Indonesia dan (2) mengetahui pelaksanaan pemilihan umum I pada tahun 1955. Metode yang digunakan pada penulisan artikel ini adalah metode studi pustaka, yaitu dengan mencari sumber melalui literatur-literatur yang relevan dengan tulisan ini. Dari hasil pencarian data, terungkap bahwa Indonesia pernah melaksanakan Demokrasi Liberal yang berlangsung pada tahun 1950-1959, dengan cirinya yaitu sistem pemerintahan berbentuk sistem parlementer dan menganut sistem multi partai. Dalam pelaksanaan demokrasi liberal, Indonesia mengalami tujuh kali pergantian kabinet. Pencapaian terbesar setelah proklamasi diperoleh pada tahun 1955 yaitu dengan tercapainya program pemilihan umum I yang membawa pengaruh cukup besar dalam berjalannya pemerintahan pada waktu itu. Kata Kunci : Demokrasi Liberal, Pemilihan Umum 1955. Abstract The writing of this article aims to (1) find out the Liberal Democracy government system in Indonesia and (2) find out the implementation of the general election I in 1955. The method used in writing this article is the method of literature study, namely by finding sources through relevant literature with this writing. From the results of the search for data, it was revealed that Indonesia had implemented Liberal Democracy which took place in 1950-1959, with its characteristic of being a parliamentary system and adopting a multi-party system. In the implementation of liberal democracy, Indonesia experienced seven cabinet changes. The greatest achievement after the proclamation was obtained in 1955, namely the achievement of the electoral program I which brought considerable influence in the running of the government at that time. Keywords: Liberal Democracy, General Election 1955. Vol. 1, No 2, Hal 69-85, September 2020 69 70 Vol. 1, No 2, Hal 69-85, September 2020 Pendahuluan yang dimana banyak partai yang Proses kembalinya bentuk mencoba silih berganti untuk negara dari RIS menuju NKRI tidak mencoba memegang tampuk bisa dilepaskan dari dinamika dua kekuasaan eksekutif dan legislatif. pendapat pada triwulan kedua di Dalam perjalanan panjangnya tahun 1950, yakni pendapat demokrasi liberal yang diterapkan di SoesantoTirtoprojo dari PNI yang Indonesia telah mengalami tujuh kali menganjurkan agar negara-negara pergantian kabinet, tentu saja sering RISbergabung dengan Republik terjadinya pergantian kabinet ini Indonesia, sedangkan pendapat mengakibatkan terjadinya kedua dari Moh. Natsiryang dikenal kegoncangan atau ketidak stabilan dengan Mosi Integral Natsir yang dalam perjalanan politik Indonesia memberikan pendapat pembentukan saat itu. Adapun kabinet yang pernah negara kesatuan hendaklah memerintah pada saat Demokrasi dilaksanakan tanpa menimbulkan Liberal, yaiyu : Kabinet Natsir (6 konflik baik antara negara-negara September 1950-21 Maret 1951), bagian maupun antara golongan kabinet Sukiman (27 April 1951-3 masyarakat kita padaumumnya April 1952), Kabinet Wilopo (3 (Waluyo, 2009), yang pada akhirnya April 1952-3 Juni 1953), Kabinet Ali pendapat Natsir dipakai sebagai opsi I (31 Juli 1953-12 Agustus 1955), Kembali ke NKRI Kabinet Burharuddin Harahap (12 Pada tahun 1950 Indonesia Agustus 1955-3 Maret 1956), menerapkan sistem demokrasi liberal Kabinet Ali II (20 Maret 1956-4 yang sesuai dengan Undang-undang Maret 1957), dan terakhir Kabinet Dasar Sementara 1950. Demokrasi Djuanda (9 April 1957-5 Juli 1959). liberal berlangsung cukup lama di Meskipun mengalami silih Indonesia, yaitu pada tahun 1950 bergantinya kabinet, namun hingga Juli 1959. Sistem politik pada pencapaian terbesar ke dua setelah demokrasi liberal mendorong untuk Proklamasi Kemerdekaan terlaksana lahirnya partai-partai politik.hal ini pada demokrasi Liberal, yaitu dikarenakan sistem yang dianut pada mengenai Pemilihan Umum pertama masa itu adalah sistem multi partai, 71 Vol. 1, No 2, Hal 69-85, September 2020 yang dilakukan oleh Negara Langsung, Umum, Bebas dan Indonesia. Rahasia (LUBER) (Dzulfikriddin, Pemilihan umum merupakan 2010:106). sebuah sarana demokrasi, yang Lamanya proses pelaksanaan dimana kekuasaan lahir berdasarkan pemilu disebabkan adanya hati nurani dan kehendak rakyat, perselisihan politik antara kabinet oleh rakyat serta untuk rakyat. yang memerintah dengan pihak Pemilihan umum memiliki tujuan oposisi, seperti yang dikemukakan dalam menegakan prinsip kedaulatan oleh Deliar Noer (1987) yang bahwa rakyat (Waridah, dkk, 2003: 7). lamanya proses terjadinya pemilu Pemilihan umum di Indonesia untuk karena kentalnya faktor politik pertama kalinya disiapkan dan seperti adanya pergantian ketua diselenggarakan oleh tiga kabinet Panitia Pemilihan Indonesia (PPI) yang berbeda. Persiapannya dari Assaat yang digantikan oleh dilakukan oleh Kabinet Wilopo, Hadikusumo dari PNI serta tidak sedangkan pelaksanaannya diikutkannya Masyumi dalam PPI, dilakukan oleh Kabinet Ali sementara NU, PSII, dan Perti yang Sastroamijoyo I dan Kabinet merupakan partai politik Islam tidak Burharuddin Harahap. Pemilu tahun melakukan Tindakan protes. 1955 menggunakan UU Nomor 7 Kebijakan tersebut berlanjut dengan Tahun 1953 tentang pemilihan pergantian secara besar-besaran anggota Konstituante dan Anggota terhadap pejabat-pejabat penting DPR, dan dipersiapkan serta baik pusat maupun daerah. dilaksanakan oleh suatu badan Faktor pertentangan politik Pemilihan umum yaitu Panitia terutama pada masa Burhanuddin Pemilihan Indonesia (PPI). Badan Harahap kerap terjadi, PNI sebagai pemilu ini bersifat independen partai oposisi terbesar terus karena semua perwakilan politik melancarkan kritik terhadap mempunyai wakilnya di PPI. pemerintah, yang mencurigai segala Pemilihan umum diselenggarakan persiapan untuk terselenggaranya berdasarkan sistem demokrasi pemilu dituding oposisi sebagai Pancasila dan berlangsung secara upaya pemerintah memenangkan 72 Vol. 1, No 2, Hal 69-85, September 2020 pemilu secara tidak demokratis, serta kostituante (Arta & Margi, 2014: dianggap sebagai suatu ancaman 133) terhadap partai-partai di luar partai Pada pelaksanaan pemilihan Islam. Hal tersebut dapat dimaklumi umum 1955 Indonesia dibagi karena Masyumi adalah salah satu menjadi 16 daerah pemilihan yang partai Islam terbesar di Indonesia. meliputi sebanyak 208 daerah Tugas menyelenggarakan kabupaten, 2139 kecamatan dan pemilu memang merupakan tugas 42429 desa. Pemilihan pertama ini yang dibebankan kepada Kabinet berjalan dengan demokratis (Arta Burhanuddin Harahap mengacu pada &Margi, 2014: 133) diikuti oleh UU Nomor 7 Tahun 1953 yang ultra banyak partai karena pada saat itu demokratis, sehingga Indonesia sedang menganut kabinet konsekwensinya adalah menjamin Multipartai. semua golongan, partai, organisasi Berdasarkan Latar Belakang bahkan perseorangan untuk menjadi di atas, maka rumusan masalah peserta pemilihan umum, Daerah dalam penulisan artikel ini adalah pemilihan terbesar seperti Jawa bagaimana sistem politik pada saat Tengah, pemilihan umum bahkan Demokrasi Liberal hingga diikuti oleh 45 partai politik. terciptanya pemilihan umum I tahun Dengan mengacu pada asas 1955?. Tujuan dari penulisan ini kebersamaan, setiap individu diakui adalah mengetahui sistem politik memiliki kesamaan hak dan pada saat Demokrasi Liberal hingga kedudukannya di hadapan hukum. terciptanya pemilihan umum I pada oleh karena itu pemilihan umum I tahun 1955. tahun 1955 semua wakil rakyat dipilih melalui pemilihan umum `dan METODE tidak ada yang diangkat. Pemilihan Metode yang digunakan umum 1955 diselenggarakan dua adalah metode studi Pustaka yang kali yaitu Pada tanggal 29 September diperoleh melalui Jurnal Penelititian, 1955 untuk memilih anggota DPR Buku, Skripsi, Artikel Ilmiah, dan sedangkan tanggal 15 Desember Internet sebagai sumber dalam 1955 untuk memilih anggota penghimpunan informasi untuk 73 Vol. 1, No 2, Hal 69-85, September 2020 menghimpun fakta-fakta agar memimpin kabinet yang telah menjadi suatu rangkaian tulisan yang disetujui oleh presiden. Akibat dari menyeluruh. sistem kepartaian yang menganut sistem multipartai maka partai- PEMBAHASAN partailah yang menjalankan Demokrasi Liberal di Indonesia kekuasaannya melalui parlemen. dan Sistem Pemerintahannya Pada demokrasi Liberal yang Demokrasi liberal atau terjadi di Indonesia sering (demokrasi konstitusional)adalah mengalami pergantian kabinet. sistem politik yang melindungi Pergantian ini hampir terjadi setiap secara konstitusional hak-hak tahunnya yang menandakan bahwa individu dari kekuasan pemerintah lemahnya kekuatan kabinet sehingga (Arta & Margi, 2014: 130). Ciri dapat dijatuhkan oleh partai ataupun utama dari demokrasi liberal adalah orang lain. sering bergantinya kabinet. Hal ini Berikut kabinet-kabinet pada masa disebabkan oleh jumlah partai yang demokrasi liberal: cukup banyak namun meskipun jumlah partai banyak tidak ada yang Kabinet Natsir memiliki mayoritas mutlak. Sistem Kabinet Natsir merupakan pemerintahan yang dianut dan kabinet pertama yang berlangsung diterapkan pada masa demokrasi pada 6 September 1950- 21 Maret liberal adalah sistem parlementer. 1951. Adapun program kerja dari Sistem parlementer pada demokrasi kabinet Natsir : menggiatkan usaha liberal, Presiden dan wakil Presiden keamanan dan ketentraman, hanyalah sebagai simbol yang tidak mencapai konsolidasi
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