19 PENDAHULUAN Partai Masyumi Merupakan

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19 PENDAHULUAN Partai Masyumi Merupakan PASANG SURUT PERAN POLITIK MASYUMI DALAM PEMERINTAHAN (1945-1960) Insan Fahmi Siregar -XUXVDQ6HMDUDK),6811(6 Abstract 0DV\XPL3DUW\ 3DUWDL0DMHOLV6\XUR0XVOLPLQ,QGRQHVLD ZDVDPDMRU,VODPLFSROLWLFDOSDUW\LQ ,QGRQHVLD,WZDVRULJLQDOO\HVWDEOLVKHGE\WKHRFFXS\LQJ-DSDQHVHLQLQDQDWWHPSWWRFRQWURO,VODPLQ ,QGRQHVLD,Q1DKGODWXO8ODPDVHFHGHGIURP0DV\XPLDQGFUHDWHWKHQHZSDUW\EDVHGRQWUDGLWLRQDO VRFLHW\7KHSDUW\FDPHVHFRQGLQWKHHOHFWLRQZLWKRIWKHSRSXODUYRWH'XULQJWKHSHULRGRI liberal democracy era, Masyumi members had seats in parliament and the party supplied prime ministers VXFKDV0XKDPPDG1DWVLUDQG%XUKDQXGGLQ+DUDKDS7KHJURXS¶VOHDGHUVFDPSDLJQHGIRUDQ,VODPLF VWDWHLQWKH¶VQRWRXWRIDUHDOFRQYLFWLRQEXWPDLQO\IURPIHDURIEHLQJRXWÀDQNHGE\WKHODUJHU DQGPRUHDJJUHVVLYH0DV\XPL8QGHUWKHGLFWDWRUVKLSVWKHJURXSZLWKGUHZIURPSDUWLVDQSROLWLFVEXW ZLWKWKHUHVWRUDWLRQRIGHPRFUDF\LWIRUPHGDQHZSDUW\1DWLRQDO$ZDNHQLQJRSHQWRDOOUHOLJLRQVDQG FRPPLWWHGWRDVHFXODUVWDWH,QVRPH0DV\XPLPHPEHUVMRLQHGWKH355,UHEHOOLRQDJDLQVW6XNDUQR 7ZR\HDUVODWHULQ6XNDUQREDQQHG0DV\XPLDQG6RFLDOLVW3DUW\DQGVHQW0DV\XPLOHDGHUVWRMDLO Key words: 0DV\XPL3DUW\RSSRVHVGHPRFUDF\JRYHUQPHQW PENDAHULUAN politik di Indonesia. Bahkan peran politik Masyumi sangat besar pengaruhnya terhadap Partai Masyumi merupakan salah satu perpolitikan Indonesia. Hal itu tidak terlalu partai politik yang lahir dari rahim proklamasi mengherankan karena Masyumi merupakan kemerdekaan Indonesia. Partai Masyumi salah satu partai besar di Indonesia. Selain GLGLULNDQSDGDWDQJJDO1RSHPEHU itu, Masyumi juga memiliki kader-kader melalui Muktamar Umat Islam di Gedung yang cukup cerdas dan ahli dalam bidangnya, Muallimin Yogyakarta. Masyumi merupakan serta mempunyai pengaruh besar dalam satu-satunya partai yang berazaskan Islam masyarakat. Kondisi seperti itulah yang yang lahir pada awal kemerdekaan. Partai mengatarkan Masyumi selalu terlibat dalam Masyumi didukung oleh organisasi-organisasi kehidupan bernegara dan berbangsa. Dengan keagamaan yang sudah ada sebelumnya kata lain, setiap akan membicarakan politik VHSHUWL1DKGDWXO8ODPD0XKDPPDGL\DK Indonesia sejak awal kemerdekaan hingga Persis dan lain-lain. Banyaknya dukungan demokrasi terpimpin tidak akan sempurna dari berbagai organisasi tersebut yang tanpa melihat peran politik Masyumi. mengantarkan Masyumi berkembang dengan Partai Masyumi telah memainkan cepat. perannya dalam setiap persoalan kebangsaan Kehadiran Masyumi sebagai partai dan kenegaraan. Ketika Indonesia masih politik telah ikut mewarnai kehidupan Forum Ilmu Sosial, Vol. 35 No. 1 Juni 2008 dibawah bayang-bayang kembalinya penjajah sebagai menteri atas nama pribadi, dan untuk menguasai kembali Indonesia, Masyumi bukan mewakili Partai Masyumi. Sekalipun turut serta membendung dan melalukan demikian, terbentuknya Departemen Agama perlawanan, baik melalui jalur perang SDGDWDQJJDO-DQXDULWLGDNOHSDVGDUL sebagaimana yang diperjuangkan barisan peran politik yang dijalankan Masyumi, dan Hizbullah sebagai underbou w Masyumi \DQJPHQMDGLPHQWHULQ\DDGDODK05DV\LGL maupun melalui jalur diplomasi melalui 1RHU WRNRKWRNRKQ\DVHSHUWL0RK5RHP%HJLWX Masyumi bersikap kritis terhadap Kabinet juga halnya ketika masyarakat menuntut untuk Syahrir, dan tidak jarang bertentangan mengembalikan bentuk negara Indonesia dengan pemerintah, seperti dalam menyikapi ke dalam negara kesatuan, Masyumi juga permasalahan imperialis. Partai Masyumi berperan aktif untuk memperjuangkannya, tidak setuju dengan sikap pemerintah VHEDJDLPDQD\DQJGLSHUDQNDQ01DWVLU yang lebih mengedepankan perundingan PHODOXLPRVLQ\DXQWXNPHQJJDQWL1HJDUD dalam menghadapi Belanda. Sikap itulah 5,6PHQMDGL1HJDUD.HVDWXDQ5HSXEOLN yang membuat Masyumi bersikap oposisi. ,QGRQHVLDSDGDWDKXQ Bahkan Masyumi menuntut Syahrir untuk Disamping itu, Masyumi juga berperan mengembalikan mandatnya kepada presiden, aktif dalam parlemen dan konstituante, GDQWXQWXWDQLWXSXQGLSHQXKLQ\D1DPXQ terutama pada masa demokrasi parlementer. Presiden Sukarno menujuk kembali Syahrir 1DPXQGDODPWXOLVDQLQLSHPEDKDVDQSHUDQ untuk membentuk kabinet baru. politik Masyumi hanya difokuskan pada Kabinet yang dibentuk dalam Kabinet peranannya dalam pemerintahan, mulai dari Syahrir II terdapat kader-kader Masyumi, masa awal kemerdekaan sampai pada masa seperti Arudji Kartawinata sebagai menteri demokrasi parlementer. PXGDSHUWDKDQDQ01DWVLUVHEDJDLPHQWHUL penerangan, Mr. Syafrudin Prawiranegara MASYUMI SEBAGAI PARTAI KRITIS sebagai menteri muda keuangan, dan M. TERHADAP PEMERINTAH PADA 5DV\LGLVHEDJDLPHQWHULDJDPD%HJLWXMXJD MASA REVOLUSI halnya dengan Kabinet Syahrir III, kader- Seminggu setelah Masyumi didirikan kader Masyumi masih tetap menduduki DWDXWHSDWQ\DSDGDWDQJJDO1RSHPEHU beberapa jabatan menteri seperti Mr. Moh. Kabinet Syahrir dilantik. Kabinet Syahrir 5RHP VHEDJDL PHQWHUL GDODP QHJHUL merupakan kabinet pertama di Indonesia Harsono Tjokroaminoto sebagai menteri dalam sistem pemerintahan parlementer. PXGDSHUWDKDQDQ01DWVLUVHEDJDLPHQWHUL Ketika Syahrir membentuk kabinetnya yang penerangan, Mr. Syafrudin Prawiranegara pertama, Partai Masyumi tidak diikutkan VHEDJDLPHQWHULNHXDQJDQ<XVXI:LELVRQR duduk dalam pemerintahan. Meskipun dalam sebagai menteri muda kemakmuran, K.H. NDELQHW6\DKULUWHUGDSDWQDPD05DV\LGL Faturahman sebagai menteri agama, dan sebagai menteri negara, tetapi keberadaaanya .+:DKLG+DV\LPVHEDJDLPHQWHULQHJDUD Meskipun ada kader Masyumi yang duduk Forum Ilmu Sosial, Vol. 35 No. 1 Juni 2008 dalam kabinet, Partai Masyumi tetap bersikap Kabinet Amir Syarifuddin. Akibatnya Kabinet kritis terhadap pemerintah. Bahkan sikap Amir Syarifuddin pun jatuh. Masyumi semakin keras, terutama setelah Setelah kabinet Amir jatuh, Sukarno adanya Persetujuan Linggarjati. menunjuk M. Hatta sebagai perdana menteri. Persetujuan Linggarjati ditandatangani Pada masa kabinet Hatta, beberapa kader SDGDWDQJJDO0DUHWROHK6XWDQ6\DKULU Masyumi duduk kembali dalam pemerintahan. dari pihak Indonesia, dan Schermerhorn dari Diantaranya adalah Sukiman sebagai menteri pihak Belanda. Persetujuan Linggarjati dalam negeri, Mr. Syarifuddin Prawiranegara tidak hanya ditentang oleh orang Belanda sebagai menteri penerangan, dan K.H. di Belanda, tetapi juga oleh sebagian Masykur sebagai menteri agama. PDV\DUDNDW,QGRQHVLD /DSLDQ Ketika kabinet Hatta menjalankan Partai Masyumi sendiri menolak Persetujuan pemerintahannya, meletus pemberontakan Linggarjati karena merugikan kedaulatan 3.,GL0DGLXQSDGD6HSWHPEHU 5HSXEOLN,QGRQHVLDGLPDQD%HODQGDKDQ\D Pemberontakan itu dapat ditumpas dengan mengakui kekuasaan de facto 5,DWDV-DZD mengirim pasukan Siliwangi dan dibantu oleh Madura dan Sumatera. Padahal sikap politik umat Islam. Belum lama menghadapi musuh Masyumi jelas, yakni menuntut Belanda dari dalam, tiba-tiba Belanda melakukan harus mengakui kedaulatan Indonesia seratus DJUHVLPLOLWHUNHGXDSDGD'HVHPEHU persen. Meskipun menolak Linggarjati, $JUHVLLWXPHQJDNLEDWNDQGLWDZDQQ\D Masyumi tidak akan berdiam diri, dan akan beberapa pemimpin Indonesia, seperti membantu pemerintah jika timbul akibat dari 3UHVLGHQ6XNDUQRGDQ:DNLO3UHVLGHQ0 SHUVHWXMXDQLWX 1DVXWLRQ Hatta. Ketika pemimpin nasional ditawan Sikap kritis Masyumi terhadap pemerintah Belanda, Syafrudin Prawiranegara membentuk terus berlanjut hingga masa Kabinet Amir 3HPHULQWDK'DUXUDW5HSXEOLN,QGRQHVLD Syarifuddin I. Pada masa kabinet Amir 3'5, GL%XNLW7LQJJJLSDGD'HVHPEHU Syarifuddin, tidak ada satu pun kader Masyumi 3HPEHQWXNDQ3'5,PHQXQMXNNDQ yang duduk dalam kabinet. Kader Masyumi kepada dunia internasional bahwa pemerintah baru duduk kembali dalam kabinet Amir Indonesia tetap ada. Adapun yang menjadi 6\DULIXGGLQ,,1DPXQSDGDWDQJJDO-DQXDUL ketua adalah Syafrudin Prawiranegara 3DUWDL0DV\XPLPHQDULNNDGHUQ\D\DQJ 6RHUMRPLKDUMGMR 6\DIUXGLQDGDODK duduk dalam kabinet. Sikap itu diambil orang pertama dari Masyumi yang menduduki VHEDJDLUHDNVLWHUKDGDS3HUMDQMLDQ5HQYLOOH posisi puncak pemerintahan. yang ditandatangani Perdana Menteri Amir Ketika Syafrudin menjalankan roda Syarifuddin. Masyumi menolak perjanjian SHPHULQWDKDQ 3'5, 0U 0 5RHP tersebut karena lebih menguntungkan mengadakan perundingan dengan pihak Belanda. Sikap Masyumi tidak hanya menarik %HODQGD\DQJGLZDNLOLROHK9DQ5R\HQ kadernya dari kabinet, tetapi juga melakukan Perundingan itu menghasilkan Van Royen- demonstrasi dengan tuntutan pembubaran Roem Statements 3HUQ\DWDDQ9DQ5R\HQ Forum Ilmu Sosial, Vol. 35 No. 1 Juni 2008 5RHP SDGDWDQJJDO0HL Statement simpati dari berbagai kalangan, termasuk LWXEHULVLSHQJHPEDOLDQSHPHULQWDK5HSXEOLN dari Presiden Sukarno. Presiden Sukarno Indonesia di Yogyakarta. Selain itu akan NHPXGLDQPHQXQMXN1DWVLUXQWXNPHPEHQWXN GLDGDNDQ.RQIHUDQVL0HMD%XQGDU .0% NDELQHW1DWVLUEHUKDVLOPHPEHQWXNNDELQHW yang membahas proses penyerahan kedaulatan WDQSDPHQJLNXWVHUWDNDQ31,GDQ3., yang benar-benar dan tanpa syarat kepada .DELQHW1DWVLUWHUGLULGDUL3HUGDQD0HQWHUL 5HSXEOLN,QGRQHVLD6HULNDW 5RHP 01DWVLUGDQGLEDQWX:DNLO306XOWDQ Hamengkubuwono IX serta beberapa Berdasarkan pernyataan itu maka PHQWHULGDUL0DV\XPLVHSHUWL05RHP diadakanlah KMB di Denhaag. Konferensi itu sebagai menteri luar negeri, Mr. Syafrudin menghasilkan keputusan untuk memberikan Prawiranegara sebagai menteri keuangan, dan NHGDXODWDQNHSDGD5,6$NKLUQ\D%HODQGD .+:DKLG+DV\LPVHEDJDLPHQWHULDJDPD mengakui kedaulatan Indonesia pada tanggal .DELQHW1DWVLUGLODQWLNSDGD6HSWHPEHU 'HVHPEHU 5RHP )HLWK .DELQHW1DWVLUPHUXSDNDQ Seiring dengan pengakuan itu, berakhirlah kabinet pertama setelah Indonesia kembali SHULRGHUHYROXVLGDODPVHMDUDK,QGRQHVLD PHQMDGL1.5,-DGLSHUDQDQ0DV\XPLGDODP Setelah adanya pengakuan tersebut, dan pemerintahan sangat besar pada masa awal NHPEDOLQ\D,QGRQHVLDVHEDJDL1.5,SDGD Demokrasi parlementer. WDQJJDO$JXVWXV6HMDNVDDWLWX .DELQHW1DWVLUWLGDNEHUWDKDQODPD Indonesia
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