L'immigration Des Azerbaïdjanais En France

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L'immigration Des Azerbaïdjanais En France L’immigration des Azerbaïdjanais en France : histoire et perspectives Vazeh Asgarov To cite this version: Vazeh Asgarov. L’immigration des Azerbaïdjanais en France : histoire et perspectives. Histoire. Université de Strasbourg, 2012. Français. NNT : 2012STRAG024. tel-00834990 HAL Id: tel-00834990 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00834990 Submitted on 17 Jun 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. École doctorale des Sciences Humaines et sociales – Perspectives Européennes Faculté de Sciences Sociales, Pratiques sociales et Développement THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE STRASBOURG Département de Sciences sociales Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Vazeh ASGAROV Le 12 novembre 2012 L’immigration des Azerbaïdjanais en France : Histoire et perspectives Directeur de Thèse : Mr Stéphane De TAPIA, Directeur de recherche, CNRS Jury : Mr Samad SEYIDOV, Recteur de l’Université des Langues de Bakou, Azerbaïdjan Mr Paul DUMONT, Directeur du Département d'Etudes turques, Université de Strasbourg Mr Didier FRANCFORT, Professeur d’Histoire contemporaine, Université de Nancy 2 Mr Arif MAMMEDOV, Ambassadeur d’Azerbaïdjan près le Conseil de l’Europe 2012 2 Tables des matières Table des matières ………………………………………………………………………p 2 Remerciement …...………………………………………………………………………p 6 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………….p 7 1. Choix et problématique du sujet …………………………………………………p 10 2. La migration : principes théoriques du phénomène social ……………………..p 14 3. La sociologie et la pensée sociologique en Azerbaïdjan ………………………...p 23 4. La diaspora azerbaïdjanaise …………………………………………………….p 25 PREMIERE PARTIE 1. De l’émigration à l’intégration ou l’apparition des premières publications dans l’émigration ………………………………………………………………….p 31 1.1. Les premières publications à l’étranger sur l’émigration russe ……………..p 31 1.2. Les recherches et les différentes publications sur les émigrants azerbaïdjanais ………………………………………………………………..p 35 1.3. La littérature azerbaïdjanaise de l’émigration ……………………………...p 43 1.3.1. Le mouvement prométhéen .....................................................................p 47 2. L’émigration azerbaïdjanaise au XIXème siècle : les aspects historiques …...p 51 2.1. Les khanats azerbaïdjanais et la conquête de la Russie impériale …………..p 54 2.2. La Première Guerre russo-iranienne et le traité de paix de Gulistan ………..p 58 2.3. La Deuxième Guerre russo-iranienne et le traité de paix de Turkmentchay...p 60 2.4. L’immigration des Allemands, des Russes, des Arméniens, des Juifs et des Kurdes en Azerbaïdjan ……………………………………. p 63 2.4.1. La création des colonies allemandes en Azerbaïdjan ………………....p 64 2.4.2. Les Arméniens ……………………………………………………......p 67 2.4.3. Les Russes …………………………………………………………...p 69 2.4.4. Les Juifs ……………………………………………………………….p72 2.4.5. Les Kurdes ...………………………………………………………….p 74 2.5. Les révoltes des années 1830-1840 et leurs conséquences migratoires après la colonisation de l’Azerbaïdjan du nord …………………p 75 2.6. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………….p 77 3. Histoire de l’émigration des Azerbaïdjanais entre XIXème et début du XXème siècle ………………………………………………………..p 80 3.1. L’Azerbaïdjan dans la seconde moitié du XIXème siècle ………………… p 80 3.2. Les représentants de l’émigration azerbaïdjanaise jusqu’au XXe siècle …...p 82 3 3.2.1. L'émergence de l'intelligentsia et l’émigration ……………………..p 82 4. L’émigration azerbaïdjanaise au XXe siècle …………………………………...p 86 4.1. L’émigration avant la première indépendance (1918-1920) ………………...p 86 4.1.1. Les révolutions dans la région : Russie...………………………………p 89 4.1.2. Les événements de 1905-1906 entre les Azerbaïdjanais et les Arméniens …………………………………………………………….p 91 4.1.3. La situation politique dans l’Azerbaïdjan du Sud (iranien)……………p 95 4.1.4. La révolution en Turquie et les Jeunes Turcs …………………………p 97 4.1.5. La Première Guerre mondiale et l’Azerbaïdjan ……………………..p 100 4.2. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………….p 102 5. La République Démocratique d’Azerbaïdjan (RDA) : intellectuels d’abord, émigrés économiques ensuite …………………………………… p 107 5.1. La résistance pour l’indépendance …………………………………….p 107 5.2. La déclaration de la République Démocratique d’Azerbaïdjan (Azərbaycan Xalq Cümhuriyyəti) …………………………………………..... 5.3. L'Azerbaïdjan sur l'arène internationale. La conférence de paix de Paris et le traité de Versailles …………………………………………………….p 117 5.4. Conflit national et retour de l’opposition arméno-azerbaïdjanaise …………p 120 5.5. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………...p 124 DEUXIEME PARTIE 1. L’URSS – société enfermée et notion d’émigration. La politique sécuritaire de l’époque soviétique et la raison des tendances à émigrer ………..p 127 1.1. La situation politique de l'Azerbaïdjan à la veille de l'occupation par la XIème Armée rouge …………………………………………………… p 127 1.2. Les relations turco-soviétiques …………………………………………….p 132 1.3. L’installation du nouveau régime, l’indigénisation (korenizasia) et le fonctionnement des partis politiques clandestins en Azerbaïdjan ………...p 135 1.4. Les raisons politiques des grandes répressions de l’époque soviétique et l’Azerbaïdjan …………………………………………………….p 139 1.5. Conclusion …………………………………………………………………p 148 2. La période de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale et la formation des Légions azerbaïdjanaises ………………………………………………….p 154 2.1. La formation des camps des prisonniers soviétiques en Allemagne et la création de l’Armée Vlassov ……………………………………………..p 158 4 2.2. Le rapatriement des citoyens déplacés soviétiques ou le retour des peuples punis …………………………………………………………...p 163 2.3. Transmigration ou déportation ? La migration forcée des travailleurs azerbaïdjanais entre 1948-1953. L’idée de la création de la Grande Arménie sans Turcs ………………………………………………………………...p 169 2.4. Des époques du Dégel (Ottepel) et de la Stagnation (Zostoï) jusqu'à la Pérestroïka ……………………………………………………………...p 175 2.5. Les caractéristiques principales de l'émigration de la période soviétique pendant la Guerre froide …………………………………………………...p 181 2.6. Conclusion …………………………………………………………………p 184 3. La question de l’émigration après la restauration de l’indépendance en 1991 …………………………………………………………p 189 3.1. Les raisons politico-sociales et économiques ……………………………….p 189 3.2. Le conflit du Haut-Karabakh : hier et aujourd’hui ……..………………….p 194 3.3. Les minorités nationales en quête de sécurité et d’un bon niveau social : les familles mixtes ………………………………………………….p 204 3.4. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………….p 208 TROIXIEME PARTIE 1. L’histoire de l’immigration des citoyens d’Azerbaïdjan en France ………….p 215 1.1. Une brève histoire des relations franco-azerbaïdjanaises …………………...p 215 1.2. La France : nouvelle destination des migrants azerbaïdjanais – les raisons et les perspectives .........................................................................................p 218 2. Les grands noms de l’immigration azerbaïdjanaise …………………………p 222 2.1. Des personnes de même destin …………………………………………….p 222 2.2. Les précieuses découvertes de Ramiz Aboutalibov ……………………….p 223 2.3. Ali Mardan bey Toptchibachi ……………………………………………...p 225 2.4. Djeyhoun bey Hadjibeyli …………………………………………………..p 230 2.5. Umm El Banu Assadoullayev – Banine …………………………………...p 233 2.6. Irène Mélikoff …………………………………………………………….p 237 2.7. Les premiers étudiants azerbaïdjanais en Europe durant la période de la République Démocratique d’Azerbaïdjan ……………………………….p 242 2.8. Togrul Narimanbeyov …………………………………………………….p 248 2.9. Gedir Suleyman ou Suleyman Gedirov? …………………………………….p 250 2.10. Mamed Aliyev …………………………………………………………….p 254 5 3. Les migrations contemporaines et l’immigration en France …...……………p 259 3.1. Le cadre général d’après des sources azerbaïdjanaises ……………………...p 259 3.2. Le cas particulier de la France ……………………………………………..p 266 3.2. Conclusion …………………………………………………………………p 271 4. Les flux migratoires en provenance d’Azerbaïdjan. L’enquête auprès des immigrants azerbaïdjanais en France …………………………………….p 274 4.1. L’objectif, le public et la technique d’entretien ……………………………p 274 4.2. Résultats de l’enquête concernant les motivations des migrants ……………p 277 4.3. Les étudiants et leur intégration à la société française ……………………..p 281 4.4. Histoire et chronique des nouvelles familles azerbaïdjanaises en France……p 284 4.4.1. L’Azerbaïdjan …………………………………………………………p 284 4.4.2. L’Arménie …………………………………………………………...p 287 4.4.3. La Géorgie …………………………………………………………...p 290 4.4.4. La Russie …………………………………………………………….p 293 4.4.5. L’Iran …………………………………………………………… p 296 4.4.6. La Turquie …………………………………………………………….p 299 Conclusion générale …………………………………………………………………..p 302 Bibliographie ………………………………………………………………………….p 317 Annexe ………………………………………………………………………………….p 345 6 Remerciements Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier toutes les personnes qui ont pris part, de près ou de loin, à l’élaboration de cette thèse en accordant leur temps et leur amitié. Mes remerciements vont spécialement à mon directeur de thèse M. Stéphane De Tapia pour son soutien, tous les moments de partages et d’échanges tout au long de la recherche. Sans sa patience et son attention, je n’aurais pu mener
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