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BOA3.2 Salamander Taxonomy and Biodiversity.Key The Biology of Amphibians Agnes Scott College Mark Mandica Executive Director The Amphibian Foundation [email protected] 678 379 TOAD (8623) Ambystomatidae: Ambystoma tigrinum 3.2: Salamander Taxonomy & Biodiversity Salamandridae: Salamandra salamandra bernardezi Urodela conspicuous tail CLassification of Order: Caudata † Suborders Karaurus Cryptobranchidae Hynobiidae Sirenidae Ambystomatidae Salamandridae Proteidae Ryacotritonidae Amphiumidae Plethodontidae 1 Cryptobranchoidea 2 Salamandroidea † † † † Actinopterygian Coelacanth, Tetrapodomorpha †Amniota *Gerobatrachus 1 2 (Ray-fin Fishes) Lungfish (stem-tetrapods) (Reptiles, Mammals)Lepospondyls † (’frogomander’) Eocaecilia GymnophionaKaraurus Caudata Triadobatrachus Caudata Anura (including Apoda Urodela Prosalirus †) Salientia Urodela Batrachia Lissamphibia *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon Temnospondyls † to Batrachia Tetrapods Osteichthyes Sarcopterygian (Bony Fishes) (Lobe-fin Fishes) Batrachia The Biology of Amphibians amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org Karaurus sp. † CLassification of Order: Caudata † Karaurus Cryptobranchidae Hynobiidae Sirenidae Ambystomatidae Salamandridae Proteidae Ryacotritonidae Amphiumidae Plethodontidae † † † † Actinopterygian Coelacanth, Tetrapodomorpha †Amniota *Gerobatrachus (Ray-fin Fishes) Lungfish (stem-tetrapods) (Reptiles, Mammals)Lepospondyls † (’frogomander’) Eocaecilia GymnophionaKaraurus Caudata Triadobatrachus Caudata Anura (including Apoda Urodela Prosalirus †) Salientia Urodela Batrachia Lissamphibia *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon Temnospondyls † to Batrachia Tetrapods Osteichthyes Sarcopterygian (Bony Fishes) (Lobe-fin Fishes) Batrachia The Biology of Amphibians amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org Caudata tailed Order: Caudata (9 Families, 717 sp.) Family: Cryptobranchidae (3 sp.) Cryptobranchoidea Family: Hynobiidae (67 sp.) Family: Sirenidae (4 sp.) Family: Ambystomatidae (37 sp.) Family: Salamandridae (120 sp.) Salamandroidea Family: Proteidae (8 sp.) 90% of All Salamanders Family: Rhyacotritonidae (4 sp.) Family: Amphiumidae (3 sp.) Family: Plethodontidae (471 sp.) Cryptobranchidae (3 sp.) Giant Salamanders and Hellbender are found in the eastern United States, China and Japan. Genera (2): Andrias Tschudi, 1837 (2 sp.) Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821 (1 sp.) They are the largest living amphibians known today. Synapomorphies Cryptobranchids are specialized suction feeders; due to the presence of flexible symphyseal cartilage at the front of the lower jaw (where both bones meet), they are able to suction feed with the left or right side of their mouth. Males are territorial and make small nests under rocks where eggs are deposited and externally fertilized. Some morphological characters for the group are: 1) ribs unicapitate; 2) operculum fused to the ear capsule (also present in Sirenidae); 3) lacrimals absent; 4) prootic and exoccipitals separate; 5) fleshy skin folds; 6) large size; 7) spiracle remains open in adults. Family: Cryptobranchidae. Fitzinger, 1826 Order: Caudata | Family: Cryptobranchidae Andrias japonicus Order: Caudata | Family: Cryptobranchidae Andrias japonicus Order: Caudata | Family: Cryptobranchidae Andrias japonicus Order: Caudata | Family: Cryptobranchidae Andrias japonicus Order: Caudata | Family: Cryptobranchidae Andrias davidianus Order: Caudata | Family: Cryptobranchidae Andrias davidianus Order: Caudata | Family: Cryptobranchidae GA Native Cryptobranchus alleganiensis Order: Caudata | Family: Cryptobranchidae GA Native Cryptobranchus alleganiensis Family: Hynobiidae. Cope, 1859 Asiatic salamanders found all over Asia, half are unique to Japan Genera (10): Afghanodon Dubois and Raffaëlli, 2012 (1 sp.) Batrachuperus Boulenger, 1878 (5 sp.) Hynobius Tschudi, 1838 (37 sp.) Iranodon Dubois and Raffaëlli, 2012 (2 sp.) Liua Zhao and Hu, 1983 (2 sp.) Pachyhynobius Fei, Qu, and Wu, 1983 (1 sp.) Pseudohynobius Fei and Yang, 1983 (6 sp.) Ranodon Kessler, 1866 (1 sp.) Salamandrella Dybowski, 1870 (2 sp.) Onychodactylus Tschudi, 1838 (10 sp.) Synapomorphies External fertilization, or spawning and males focus on egg sacs rather than females during breeding. The female lays two egg sacs at a time. Parental care is common.Can have very reduced lungs, or no lungs at all. Larvae can sometimes have reduced external gills if they live in cold and very oxygen-rich water. Family: Hynobiidae. Cope, 1859 Order: Caudata | Family: Hynobiidae Batrachuperus karlschmidti Order: Caudata | Family: Hynobiidae Batrachuperus tibetanus Order: Caudata | Family: Hynobiidae Hynobius yiwuensis Order: Caudata | Family: Hynobiidae Cannibal Morph Hynobius retardatus Order: Caudata | Family: Hynobiidae Hynobius kimurae Order: Caudata | Family: Hynobiidae Hynobius nebulosus Order: Caudata | Family: Hynobiidae Iranodon gorganensis Order: Caudata | Family: Hynobiidae Ranodon sibiricus Order: Caudata | Family: Hynobiidae Salamandrella keyserlingii Order: Caudata | Family: Hynobiidae Onychodactylus kinneburi Sirenidae. Gray, 1825 The Sirens are a family of aquatic salamanders from the southeastern US and northern Mexico. Genera (2): Pseudobranchus Gray, 1825 (2 sp.) Siren Österdam, 1766 (2 sp.) Synapomorphies Aquatic. Sirenids have very small fore limbs, and lack hind limbs altogether. In contrast to most other salamanders, they have external gills bunched together on the neck in both larval and paedomorphic adult states. Although they are primarily carnivorous, they are the only salamanders observed eating plant material, and have a keratinized beak. Sirenidae. Gray, 1825 Order: Caudata | Family: Sirenidae GA Native Siren lacertina Order: Caudata | Family: Sirenidae GA Native Siren lacertina Order: Caudata | Family: Sirenidae GA Native Siren lacertina Order: Caudata | Family: Sirenidae GA Native Siren intermedia Order: Caudata | Family: Sirenidae GA Native Siren intermedia Order: Caudata | Family: Sirenidae GA Native Pseudobranchus striatus Order: Caudata | Family: Sirenidae Pseudobranchus striatus GA Native Ambystomatidae. Gray, 1850 (37 sp.) The Mole Salamanders are a family of aquatic, semi-aquatic and terrestrial salamanders from North America. Genera (2): Ambystoma Tschudi, 1838 (33 sp.) Dicamptodon Strauch, 1870 (4 sp.) Synapomorphies Terrestrial mole salamanders are identified by having wide, protruding eyes, prominent costal grooves, and thick arms. Some are facultatively paedomorphic, others are obligates. The majority of ambystomatids metamorphose into terrestrial adults. This is Mark’s favorite group of salamanders. Ambystomatidae. Gray, 1850 (37 sp.) Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae Ambystoma dumerilii Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae Ambystoma mexicanum Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae Ambystoma annulatum Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae Ambystoma annulatum Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae Ambystoma maculatum GA Native Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae GA Native Ambystoma cingulatum Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae GA Native Ambystoma cingulatum Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae Ambystoma gracile Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae Ambystoma rosaceum Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae GA Native Ambystoma tigrinum Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae Ambystoma texanum Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae Ambystoma taylori Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae Ambystoma macrodactylum Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae Ambystoma jeffersonianum Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae Ambystoma laterale Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae Ambystoma jeffersonianum Ambystoma laterale Hybridize for form a unisexual, clonal, sperm parasite = Kleptogen Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae Ambystoma mabeei Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae Ambystoma malvortium Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae Ambystoma malvortium Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae Ambystoma granulosum Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae GA Native Ambystoma talpoideum Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae Ambystoma barbouri Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae Ambystoma rivulare Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae Dicamptodon sp. Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae Dicamptodon ensatus Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae Dicamptodon ensatus Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae Dicamptodon aterrimus Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae Dicamptodon tenebrosus Salamandridae. Goldfuss, 1820 (120 sp.) The salamandrids are the family of true salamanders and newts. They are restricted to the northern hemisphere: North America, Europe, Asia and North Africa. Genera (22): Calotriton Gray, 1858 (2 sp.) | Cynops Tschudi, 1838 (10 sp.) Echinotriton Nussbaum and Brodie, 1982 (3 sp.) | Euproctus Gené, 1838 (2 sp.) Ichthyosaura Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille, 1801 (1 sp.) | Laotriton Dubois, 2009 (1 sp.) Liangshantriton Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 2012 (1 sp.) | Lissotriton Bell, 1839 (11 sp.) Neurergus Cope, 1862 (4 sp.) | Notophthalmus Rafinesque, 1820 (3 sp.) Ommatotriton Gray, 1850 (3 sp.) | Pachytriton Boulenger, 1878 (9 sp.) Paramesotriton Chang, 1935 (14 sp.) | Pleurodeles Michahelles, 1830 (3 sp.) Taricha Gray, 1850 (4 sp.) | Triturus Rafinesque, 1815 (9 sp.) Tylototriton Anderson, 1871 (22 sp.) | Chioglossa Bocage, 1864 (1 sp.) Lyciasalamandra Veith and Steinfartz, 2004 (7 sp.) | Mertensiella Wolterstorff, 1925 (1 sp.) Salamandra Garsault, 1764 (7 sp.) | Salamandrina Fitzinger, 1826 (2 sp.) Synapomorphies Salamandrids are distinguished from other salamanders by the lack of costal grooves along the sides of their bodies and by their rough skin.
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