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An Updated Survey and Biodiversity Assessment of the Terrestrial Snail (Mollusca: Gastropoda) Species in Marinduque, Philippines

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An Updated Survey and Biodiversity Assessment of the Terrestrial Snail (Mollusca: Gastropoda) Species in Marinduque, Philippines Philippine Journal of Science 143 (2): 199-210, December 2014 ISSN 0031 - 7683 Date Received: ?? ???? 2014 An Updated Survey and Biodiversity Assessment of the Terrestrial Snail (Mollusca: Gastropoda) Species in Marinduque, Philippines Benjamin O. Sosa III1, Gizelle A. Batomalaque1 and Ian Kendrich C. Fontanilla1,2 1Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines 2Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines Marinduque is an island province of volcanic origin and is found in the southern portion of the Luzon Group of Islands. The island has an uneven topography but has experienced drastic deforestation in recent times. Records on the terrestrial snail species diversity in the Philippines in general and Marinduque in particular are sparse in the zoological literature. Previous literature noted only 13 species in Marinduque, which could be a gross underestimation of the terrestrial malacofaunal diversity of the island because the area was not systematically surveyed. This study aimed to assess the malacofaunal biodiversity of Marinduque and prepare a comprehensive list of snail taxa via opportunistic sampling. Sampling was conducted in 12 pre-determined areas of the island, with emphasis on minimally disturbed areas. This study reported ten (10) new records of stylommatophoran species and six (6) new records of terrestrial prosobranch species in Marinduque, which brings a total of 24 terrestrial snail species known to date (or 26 if two previously recorded species that were not encountered in this study are included). Keywords: Marinduque, opportunistic sampling, biodiversity indices, stylommatophoran, terrestrial prosobranch INTRODUCTION includes most species of prosobranchs (Pechenik 2005). The informal group Pulmonata is distinguished by having The Philippine islands serve as haven for a large number of a lining that can be enclosed by a breathing pore called a invertebrate species, including pulmonate stylommatophoran pneumostome (Tucker Abbott, 1989) and includes three main snails, with 88 described species, and terrestrial prosobranch suborders that inhabit different habitats: Basommatophora, snails, with 14 described species (Springsteen & Leobrera Stylommatophora and Systellomatophora (Bouchet & Rocroi 1986). It is highly likely that these numbers could be gross 2005). On the other hand, superorder Caenogastropoda, underestimates of the actual malacofaunal diversity in the which contains almost half of all known gastropod species, Philippines as many more could be undescribed or cryptic includes terrestrial prosobranchs that are grouped into nine species may abound. families, including the Cyclophoridae. They have gills that Terrestrial snails are divided into two large groups, the informal are either reduced or are replaced by oxygen-absorbing group Pulmonata and the superorder Caenogastropoda that mantle tissue (Tucker Abbott, 1989). Springsteen and Leobrera (1986) observed four *Corresponding author: [email protected] [email protected] stylommatophoran families in the Philippines with 199 Philippine Journal of Science Fontanilla et al.: Biodiversity Assessment of Vol. 143 No. 2, December 2014 Terrestrial Snail in Marinduque, Philippines endemic representatives: Bradybaenidae, Camaenidae, Tourism 2009). The total forest cover of Marinduque is Helicarionidae and Trochomorphidae. Bradybaenidae about 15,132 hectares or roughly just 16% of the total is the most speciose stylommatophoran family in the land area (Forest Management Bureau 2010). Philippines, with 56 species from three genera, 54 of which are from the genus Helicostyla alone. The Webb (1948), Parkinson et al (1987), and Springsteen and Camaenidae is comprised of three genera with 16 species, Leobrera (1986) noted only 12 stylommatophoran species while Helicarionidae has eight species from only two and one terrestrial prosobranch species (Cyclophoridae) in genera, Ryssota and Hemiglypta. The Trochomorphidae Marinduque (see Table 1). These figures could be a gross is considered the least speciose, with only three species underestimate of the true malacofaunal diversity in the representing a single genus, Trocomorpha. island, which was not systematically surveyed. This study therefore aimed to (1) obtain an updated list of terrestrial Springsteen and Leobrera (1986) also noted 14 terrestrial snails found in Marinduque using systematic opportunistic prosobranch species from the Caenogastropoda, all belonging to sampling; and (2) determine the degree of richness and the Cyclophoridae, and coming from three genera, Cyclophorus, diversity of terrestrial snail species in the island. Cyclotus and Leptopoma (Springsteen & Leobrera 1986). Marinduque Island (Region IV-MIMAROPA) is typical of many islands in the Philippines in terms of exhibiting METHODOLOGY what Solem (1984) proposed as characteristics for an ideal environment for terrestrial mollusk biodiversity to flourish; these are: (1) isolated environment; (2) Sampling dissected topography; (3) rain shadow effects; and (4) Samples of terrestrial snail species were obtained uneven litter distribution; these make the island a suitable from each of the six municipalities of Marinduque. environment for different adaptations and speciation. Sampling sites per municipality were concentrated in the mountainous barangays of each municipality where Marinduque has a total land area of 960 square anthropological impact was minimal and far from any kilometers divided politically into six municipalities human settlements as compared to most lowland areas, (Boac, Buenavista, Gasan, Mogpog, Torrijos and which have been partially cleared due to logging and slash Sta. Cruz) (Department of Tourism 2009) and with a and burn method of farming. These areas have very thick population of 227,828 (National Statistics Office 2010). to moderately thick forest cover and are near bodies of Marinduque’s main river system is Boac-Makulapnit water such as rivers, streams or puddles. Table 2 lists the that runs through the center of the province. The island sites where sampling of terrestrial snails was done, while experiences rainy seasons from June to October and a Figure 1 depicts these sampling sites. warm, humid climate from December until the third week of May. It is also frequently visited by typhoons The sampling was conducted for a period of six from June to November (Department of Tourism 2009). months by a two-person team on multiple sites for each The highest peak in the province is Mt. Malindig (1,157 municipality. An approximately 500 square meter quadrat m) situated in the town of Buenavista (Department of was established using a tape measure for each sampling Table 1. List of terrestrial snail species found in Marinduque according to Springsteen and Leobrera (1986), Webb (1948) and Parkinson et al (1987). Group Species Stylommatophora Helicostyla subcarinatamoellendorfi (Moellendorff, 1897) Helicostyla bicolorata (Lea, 1840) Helicostyla rufogaster (Lesson, 1831) Helicostyla marinduquensis (Hidalgo, 1887) Helicostyla pithogaster (Ferrusac, 1821) Helicostyla mirabilis (Ferrusac, 1821) Helicostyla quadrasi (Hidalgo, 1886) Helicostyla concinna (Sowerby, 1841) Ryssota quadrasi (Hidalgo, 1890) Ryssota otaheitana (Ferrusac, 1821) Ryssota lamarckiana(Lea, 1852) Ryssota sagittiferacarinata (Moellendorf, 1894) Caenogastropoda (prosobranch) Cyclophorus woodianus (Lea, 1862) 200 Philippine Journal of Science Fontanilla et al.: Biodiversity Assessment of Vol. 143 No. 2, December 2014 Terrestrial Snail in Marinduque, Philippines Figure 1. Map of Marinduque showing the Barangays of Marinduque sampled (source: http://www.maphill.com/philippines/ region-4/marinduque/simple-maps/blank-map/). Table 2. The barangay sampling sites in each of the six municipalities. Municipality Barangay sampling sites Coordinates Boac Boi 130 22' 00" N; 1210 56' 00" E Buenavista Sihi 130 15' 50" N; 1210 59' 41" E Malbog 130 16' 25" N; 1210 57' 10" E Gasan Dawis 130 17' 9" N; 1210 53' 22" E BachaoIlaya 130 18' 30" N; 1210 51' 23" E Tiguion 130 19' 58" N; 1210 51' 44" Gaspar Is., Pinggan 130 14' 57" N; 1210 51' 31" E Mogpog Argao 130 33' 8" N; 1210 51' 57" E Torrijos Tigwi 130 16' 26" N; 1210 1' 59" E Sta. Cruz Taytay 130 25' 6" N; 1220 5' 2" E Napo 130 25' 35" N; 1220 4' 30" E Tawiran 130 26' 48"N; 1220 4' 27" E site. Each quadrat was sampled for 1-2 hours for terrestrial Identification of terrestrial snail species snails; both live specimens and empty shells were gathered. Species identification based on shell morphology was Leaf litter sampling was done to ensure even micromollusks carried out using Springsteen and Leobrera (1986) and would be collected. All samples obtained were placed in Tucker Abbott (1989) as references. plastic container boxes for temporary keeping. 201 Philippine Journal of Science Fontanilla et al.: Biodiversity Assessment of Vol. 143 No. 2, December 2014 Terrestrial Snail in Marinduque, Philippines Statistical analyses Achatina fulica was brought to the Philippines from The study employed the statistical software PAST Taiwan by the Japanese Military during the invasion of (Hammer et al. 2001) in order to determine the following the Philippines in 1942 (Pangga 1949). biodiversity indices for the malacofauna of Marinduque: (1) Shannon’s Index (H), a common biodiversity index A total of ten new records of stylommatophorans were sensitive to both the abundance and evenness of the noted in Marinduque; four
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