AMERICAN SAMOA Summary of species on the 2008 IUCN Red List

The Pacific islands of Oceania cover almost 15% of the linked to conservation priority setting schemes. IUCN has world’s surface and are characterised by a high degree of therefore produced a set of regional guidelines for the ecosystem and species diversity. The region is characterised assessment of endemic and non-endemic species at country or by thousands of isolated small coral atolls and higher regional levels. volcanic islands, which has led to the high diversity of species found today. In fact, the number of plants and In order to begin the process of creating a Regional Red List for found nowhere else on earth (endemic species) is the Pacific islands, the current number and status of species extremely high - often up to 90% for particular groups. Often, listed on the Red List and found in the Pacific islands must be these rare and endemic species are adapted to specialised known. habitats and limited to small areas of a few islands. With economic and cultural dependence on the natural This summary sheet provides a snapshot of the number of environment very high in the Pacific islands, along with a species in American Samoa documented in the 2008 IUCN Red rapidly expanding human population, there are ever List. increasing demands on the region’s natural resources. Plant and species are therefore vulnerable to extinction The summary sheet is part of the larger document, “The Pacific from climate change, competition from introduced (invasive) islands: An analysis of the status of species as listed on the species and human impacts such as habitat destruction, 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™, which can be over-harvesting of species and pollution. obtained from the IUCN Oceania Regional Office. Data sources and references used in this summary sheet can be found in the In order to make informed decisions to deal with these full analysis document. The analysis also contains a 2008 Red challenges, a sound knowledge of species found in the List for Pacific islands Animals and Plants. This allows us to see region and information on their conservation status and the current status of all the species in the Pacific islands, which distribution is needed. A growing number of national and have been assessed using the IUCN Red List categories and international conventions and agreements now exist, criteria. concerned with conserving biodiversity, preserving wetlands and migratory species, and regulating trade in endangered The 2008 Red List provides the most up-to-date collated species. Governments and decision-makers need reliable information for American Samoa. However, this analysis and quality information on the status of biodiversity, in order indicates that our knowledge and information on the biodiversity to work together to meet targets set by these agreements, of American Samoa and the Pacific islands as a whole, is and ultimately stem the extinction crisis. generally either limited in accuracy and scope, out of date, or poorly documented. For instance, only mammals, amphibians However, there are currently many gaps in the knowledge of and birds have been completely assessed according to IUCN species in American Samoa and the rest of the Pacific Red List criteria at the global scale. Gaps exist at the global and islands. At present, there is no regional resource regional level for reptiles, fishes, invertebrates (aside from hard documenting which species exist and/or are threatened in corals) and all plants. Freshwater species are under- American Samoa or the Pacific islands. Data is often represented, as are marine species, especially when compared dispersed, taxonomic expertise is absent, and nomenclature to the estimated number of described species. and classification systems often disputed for various species. For a region known for its biodiversity hotspots, data is The creation of a Regional Red List for the Pacific islands will lacking and there are few links to regional and national form a baseline to help in determining the conservation status policies. and trends of species in American Samoa and the Pacific islands in general. It will help to identify species or ecosystems The threatened status of animals and plants is one of the under greatest threat; assist in conservation planning and most useful signs for assessing the condition of an priority setting; and raise awareness of threatened species ecosystem and its biodiversity. The IUCN Red List of throughout American Samoa and the Pacific islands. The list will Threatened Species™ (IUCN Red List) is widely recognized also enable the monitoring of biodiversity, determination of the as the most comprehensive, apolitical approach for success of conservation initiatives, and reporting to various assessing and monitoring the status of biodiversity. It Conventions (e.g. the Convention on Biodiversity), on trends in provides taxonomic, conservation and distribution data on biodiversity. taxa that have been evaluated using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Volunteer experts of IUCN’s Funding is currently being sought by IUCN Oceania in order to Species Survival Commission (SSC), Birdlife International, begin the process of Regional Red Listing in the Pacific islands. the Center for Applied Biodiversity Science of Conservation The findings of the document, “The Pacific islands: An analysis International and NatureServe, supply and collate of the status of species as listed on the 2008 IUCN Red List of information on a species’ , ecology, distribution, Threatened Species™, indicate the current taxonomic and conservation status and use and access their relative threat geographic gaps in our knowledge. Prioritising research efforts according to the IUCN guidelines. This information can then in these areas will enable us to conduct regional assessments be disseminated to governments and decision-makers and gather relevant data to produce a comprehensive Regional throughout the world. There is strong support in the region Red List for the Pacific islands. for updating and improving the information in the Red List as a foundation for conservation work.

The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria were developed for applying at the global level. As a result, any regional level assessments of non-endemic species based on these criteria could result in incorrect or misleading listings. This in turn could have adverse consequences if the listings are

AMERICAN SAMOA Summary Percentage of assessed species listed as threatened (CR, EN, VU categories) Estimated number of described and assessed species

Estimated Number of Amphibians n= 0 Taxonomic number of Sub group Species Group species Assessed described* Mammals n=22 Mosses 40 0 Ferns 1 0 Fishes n=56 Cycads 0 0 Invertebrates Conifers 0 0 n=298 Plants Dicots 27 5 Taxonomic Group Plants n=5 Monocots 54 0 Algae 35 0 Birds n=46 Fungi 112 0 Total Plants 269 5 Reptiles n=2 Birds 46 46 Mammals 22 22 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Reptiles 9 2 % of species listed as threatened Amphibians 0 0

Marine Fish 727 56 Extinctions Fish Fresh-water 21 0 There is one assessed species listed as Extinct for American Fish Samoa - the Gastropod, Diastole matafaoi, the Mount Matafaoi Total Fish 748 56 Different Snail, which was endemic to American Samoa. Insecta 93 0 Assessed endemic species (not including EX or EW) Arachnids 0 0 American Samoa has 6 assessed endemics. For their threat Hard Corals 279 279 categories see Figure 11 of the Analysis. Molluscs (Bivalves and unknown 10 Diastole matafaoi Invertebrates Gastropods) GASTROPODA zebrina Crustaceans unknown 1 GASTROPODA Samoana abbreviata Hydrozoa unknown 7 GASTROPODA Samoana conica Other GASTROPODA Samoana thurstoni unknown 1 invertebrates GASTROPODA Trochomorpha apia Total Invertebrates 372+ 298 TOTAL 1466+ 429 The graph below shows the percentage of American Samoa’s *For sources, see page 2 of “ The Pacific islands: An analysis of the assessed species that are endemic, by class. status of species as listed on the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™” 100% 100% Number of assessed species in each Red List category 80%

1 33 3 10 60% 68 40%

20%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

a Percentage of species Percentage assessed 6 a a a s a a i a a s s i d li l ta = e id b i n d i a d d e i s i t c i i y n v s a s p s s p h p e m e h 93 s A p p e s p p t o o c o m h d li li r R n o o i m ta a I y d ic o o e r r p L A n s if M a o u B c d g r n y n 221 tr a o s C C o a M C h C G + ii g y r te p o CR EN VU NT LC DD EX Class n ti c A