TROPICAL NATURAL HISTORY Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Editor: SOMSAK PANHA ([email protected]) Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, THAILAND Consulting Editor: FRED NAGGS, The Natural History Museum, UK Associate Editors: PONGCHAI HARNYUTTANAKORN, Chulalongkorn University, THAILAND WICHASE KHONSUE, Chulalongkorn University, THAILAND KUMTHORN THIRAKHUPT, Chulalongkorn University, THAILAND Assistant Editors: NONTIVITCH TANDAVANIJ, Chulalongkorn University, THAILAND PIYOROS TONGKERD, Chulalongkorn University, THAILAND CHIRASAK SUTCHARIT, Chulalongkorn University, THAILAND Editorial Board TAKAHIRO ASAMI, Shinshu University, JAPAN DON L. MOLL, Southwest Missouri State University, USA VISUT BAIMAI, Mahidol University, THAILAND PHAIBUL NAIYANETR, Chulalongkorn University, BERNARD R. BAUM, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research THAILAND Centre, CANADA PETER K.L. NG, National University of Singapore, ARTHUR E. BOGAN, North Corolina State Museum of SINGAPORE Natural Sciences, USA BENJAMIN P. OLDROYD, The University of Sydney, THAWEESAKDI BOONKERD, Chulalongkorn University, AUSTRALIA THAILAND HIDETOSHI OTA, Museum of Human and Nature, University WARREN Y. BROCKELMAN, Mahidol University, of Hyogo, JAPAN THAILAND PETER C.H. PRITCHARD, Chelonian Research Institute, JOHN B. BURCH, University of Michigan, USA USA PRANOM CHANTARANOTHAI, Khon Kaen University, DANIEL ROGERS, University of Adelaide, AUSTRALIA THAILAND DAVID A. SIMPSON, Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, INDRANEIL DAS, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, MALAYSIA Kew, UK HENRIK ENGHOFF, University of Copenhagen, DENMARK PRASERT SOBHON, Mahidol University, THAILAND EDMUND GITTENBERGER, University of Leiden, JOHN TAYLOR, The Natural History Museum, UK NETHERLANDS HAROLD K. VORIS, Field Museum of Natural History, USA SERGEI I. GOLOVATCH, Russian Academy of Sciences, THOSAPORN WONGRATANA, Chulalongkorn University, RUSSIA THAILAND YUZURU HAMADA, Kyoto University, JAPAN SIRIWAT WONGSIRI, Chulalongkorn University, ROBERT F. INGER, Field Museum of Natural History, USA THAILAND JEAN-JACQUES JAEGER, Université de Poitiers, FRANCE DAVID S. WOODRUFF, University of California, San Diego, NIKOLAUS KOENIGER, Goethe-Universität, GERMANY USA MASAFUMI MATSUI, Kyoto University, JAPAN Editorial Staff: PIYATIDA PIMVICHAI With partly financial support of the Commission on Higher Education Tropical Natural History is officially published biannually by Chulalongkorn University Museum of Natural History, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, THAILAND. Copyright © 2010 by Chulalongkorn University All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Cover illustration: Logo of the World Congress of Malacology, 18-24 July 2010, Phuket, Thailand Membership and Subscription TROPICAL NATURAL HISTORY Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330, THAILAND Phone & Fax: (662) 218-5273 (Please type, print, or attach business card) Last name (surname): ____________________________ First name: _____________________ Address: _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ State/Province: _________________ Postal Code: __________ Country: _________________ Occupation: ____________________________________ Position: ______________________ E-mail address: ________________________________________________________________ Phone: ____________________________________________ Fax: ______________________ Membership year(s): ________ TOTAL PAYMENT: (Baht/US$) _______________________ Annual Membership Dues 300 Baht :Individual (Thai) US$ 30 :Individual (Overseas) 200 Baht :Student (Thai) US$ 20 :Student (Overseas) 500 Baht :Institute (Thai) US$ 40 :Institute (Overseas) Please send your remittance in a form of a postal money order (Cashable at Chulalongkorn University post office) or banker money order in Thai or American currency payable to Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, THAILAND. Money Order No. _________________ enclosed for _________ Baht or US$ ___________ Signature __________________________ Date _______________ Student Verification I hereby certify that Mr./Mrs./Ms. _______________________________________________________ is currently a student in the Department of _________________________________________________ School/College/University _______________________________________________________ Signature __________________________ (Authorized person/Person in Charge of Student Activity) Date _______________ For Journal Use Only: Membership No. _________________ Subscription fee received on ___________________ Money order number ___________________________ of amount ______________ Baht or US$ _____________ For ___________________________ year(s) membership, starting issue Vol.____ No.____ to Vol.____ No.____ Signature __________________________ Signature __________________________ ( ) ( ) Position ____________ Date __________ Position ____________ Date __________ TROPICAL NATURAL HISTORY Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS Aim and Scope: Tropical Natural History is a journal publishing original research, review and interactive natural history. Manuscripts considered include papers on experimental biology, systematic, ecology, paleontology, and the interaction of organisms with their environment. Initial submission: Manuscripts are accepted for a review with the understanding that the same work has not been published or being offered for publication elsewhere. All manuscripts will be subjected to peer review before acceptance. Manuscripts should be written in clear and grammatically correct English. Text must be typed in double-spaced throughout the manuscript. The manuscripts submitted should be by e-mail attachment in MSWord (for figures in the PDF format) to the Editor by [email protected]. Final submission: Following acceptance, the author must submit one paper copy of the revised manuscripts, an identical electronic copy of the text (on CD, in Microsoft Word), tables (on separate page), and original figures (if possible) publication-quality electronic copies of the figures (TIFF or JPEG). Manuscripts must be submitted to the Editor. General Presentation: The first page of the manuscripts should include title; authors' names and their full postal address(es), and e-mail address of corresponding author. This should be followed by: Abstract (about 200 words) (on separate page), which is a brief, but informative summary of the contents and the conclusions of the paper. Keywords (3-5 worlds) should be listed immediately after the abstract. The main text should consist of: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results (or Systematic Descriptions), Discussion or Conclusion, Acknowledge- ments, Literature Cited, Tables and Figure Legends. Each page should be Arabic numbered sequentially. In the methods section, experimental procedures should be described in sufficient details, which enable the work to be repeated. Hierarchy of headings should not normally exceed two: main headings (centered, small capitals) and subsidiary headings (on the left, in bold). Do not number headings and avoid footnotes. Nomenclature and Systematic Descriptions: Italicize the names of genera, subgenera and species. When first mentioned, specific names should include the authority. Descriptions of new taxa and taxonomic revisions must comply with the ICBN or ICZN. Headings for all taxonomic categories in taxonomic papers should be centered and in bold. They should optimally include, in the following order: Synonymy; Types; Etymology (for new taxa); Material Examined; Diagnosis; Description; Distribution; Remarks. Synonymies should be in 'condensed' format, following on chronologically. Full references to the authors cited in synonymies must appear in the final reference list. Diagnoses and descriptions should be given in 'telegraphic' style, or full sentences. Whenever possible, authors are advised to deposit type specimens in national or international public museums or collections. Tables: Tables should be typed, each on a separate sheet, numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals in order of appearance in the text (as 'Table 1'), and with the title (in the format: ‘TABLE 1. List of localities…..'). Each table should be given a short descriptive title directly above it, with any footnotes (in superscript lowercase letters) directly below the table. TROPICAL NATURAL HISTORY Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Illustrations: The text page size available is 145x200 mm with the text set in two columns each 70 mm wide. Illustrations or figures should be prepared such that they fit into a single column (70 mm wide), two columns, or occupy a full page (140x180 mm figure size). All illustrations should be referred to in the text as 'Fig. or Figs' in parentheses and with Arabic numerals. Illustrations may be either drawings or photographs, which can be accepted in Adobe Photoshop compatible formats and saved in JPEG format with a resolution of 800 dpi and 600 dpi respectively. Graphics, such as line figures with text, can be accepted as TIFF format. Each