DOCSLIB.ORG

The Anatomy and Systematics of the New Caledonian Land Snail Genus Draparnaudia Montrouzier, 1859 (Pulmonata: Orthurethra)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Anatomy and Systematics of the New Caledonian Land Snail Genus Draparnaudia Montrouzier, 1859 (Pulmonata: Orthurethra) ZoologicalJournal of the I_dnneanSociety (1995), 113:47-91. With 29 figures The anatomy and systematics of the New Caledonian land snail genus Draparnaudia Montrouzier, 1859 (Pulmonata: Orthurethra) SIMON TILLIER Museum National d'Histoire NatureUe (CNRS URA 699), 55, Rue de Buffon 75005 Paris, France AND PETER B. MORDAN The Natural Histo~ Museum, CromwellRoad, London SW7 5BD Received December 1993, revisedand acceptedfor publication J@ 1994 A comprehensive study of the anatomy, ecology and distribution of the orthurethran genus Draparnaudia confirms its family-group status, and suggests a probable sister-group relationship with another Pacific family, the Partulidae; its previous position as a subfamily of the Enidae is refuted. Draparnaudia is endemic to New Caledonia, but records from the New Hebrides are thought to result from introductions. A total of six species are recognized in the taxonomic revision, including two new species. Spermatophores are recorded for the first time. ADDITIONAL KEY WORDS:~permatophores - taxonomy - New Hebrides - Mollusca. CONTENTS Introduction ................... 48 Material and methods ................. 49 Systematic position .................. 49 Endemic status in New Caledonia .............. 52 Ecology .................... 53 Multivariate analysis ................. 54 Systematic treatment ................. 56 Draparnaudia Montrouzier, 1859 .............. 56 D. michaudi Montrouzier, 1859 .............. 57 D. s/ngu/ar/s Reeve, 1854 ............... 65 D. gass~si Pilsbry, 1902 ................ 70 D. anniae sp. nov ................. 76 D. subnecata sp. nov ................ 80 D. walken"Sykes, 1903 .............. 83 Acknowledgements ................ 86 References .................. 86 Appendix ................... 88 47 0024-4082/95/001047+43 $08.00/0 © 1995 The Linnean Society of London 48 S. TILLIER AND P. B. MORDAN INTRODUCTION The enigmatic sinistral New Caledonian land snail genus Draparnaudia was first described by the French missionary Montrouzier (1859). One hundred years later, Solem (1959) was still uncertain of its relationships; even though Moss & Webb (1897) had figured the jaw, radula, central nervous system and terminal genitalia of material from the Loyalty Islands, he wrote: "without the study of the pallial region, however, speculation on affinities is useless, and I have left the species, with some hesitation, in the Camaenidae". In this, Solem was following Pilsbry (1899, 1909-10) who was quite clear that Draparnaudia was closer to Papuina than to any other genus. Draparnaudia was reviewed again by Solem (1961) but he was still able to say no more than that "only dissection of the soft parts can determine whether it is a camaenid, a bulimulid or a tornatellinid". In 1958 two adult specimens referred to Draparnaudia walkeri Sykes were collected from Tadine on the island of Mar~ in the Loyalty Islands and their anatomy, including that of the pallial system, was described by Solem (1962). This clearly placed Daparnaudia within the Orthurethra, and Solem created a new monotypic subfamily of Enidae, the Draparnaudinae, but he still considered the family position to be 'uncertain'. More recently both Tillier (1989) and Mordan (1992) have discussed the- higher relationships of Draparnaudia. Tillier gave detailed figures of the pulmonary complex, kidney internal morphology and nervous system, and, broadly following Solem (1962), included Draparnaudia in the Cerastinae for the purposes of his analysis. Mordan, however, excluded the genus from his cladistic treatment of the cerastines. Draparnaudia does seem to form a discrete, extremely well-defined unit, much like the Partulidae, whose exact relationships remain uncertain, but which are clearly of considerable interest and importance in the context of the origins and evolution of the Pacific orthurethran fauna. To date, all the taxonomic reviews of Draparnaudia have been based on shell characters alone and have shown remarkable consistency in terms of the number of species recognized. Pilsbry (1901-2) recognized five species within the genus, as did Solem (1961). However, the shells of Draparnaudia do not exhibit many taxonomically useful characters and, because of this, no satisfactory taxonomic revision exists. The present account relies heavily on information from an anatomical survey of the genus in New Caledonia, and forms part of a series of papers on the New Caledonian landsnail fauna (Tillier, 1981; Solem, Tillier & Mordan, 1984; Mordan & Tillier, 1986; Tillier and Mordan, 1989). It recognizes six species, including two new ones: Draparnaudia michaudi Montrouzier, D. singularis Reeve, D. anniae sp. nov., D. subnecata sp. nov., D. gassiesi Pilsbry and D. walkeri Sykes. The present paper first considers the relationships of Draparnaudia in the light of recent work on the Orthurethra. There then follows a discussion of the endemic status of the genus in New Caledonia, and some general comments on ecology. The paper concludes with a taxonomic revision of Draparnaudia based principally on an extensive collection from 108 sites made between 1978 and 1988, and housed in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN). The results of multivariate analyses based on shell, anatomical and radular characters are presented prior to the formal taxonomic treatment. NEW CALEDONIAN SNAIL GENUS 49 MATERIAL AND METHODS The complete list of collecting stations in New Caledonia is given in the Appendix. Additionally, a list of material of each species is given by station number under the systematic section for that species, anatomical material being indicated by an asterisk. A small amount of preserved material from the Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH), some of which had already been dissected, was also studied but no further dissections made; full details of this are given at the end of the Appendix, and FMNH numbers are also listed under each species. All preserved material in the MNHN collections was relaxed and then preserved in 70% ethanol. Only sexually mature specimens were considered for the anatomical analysis, i.e. those with a clearly developed apertural lip and a hermaphrodite duct containing sperm (sensu Bayne, 1973). For the multivariate analysis, data were collected on mature alcohol-preserved specimens; measurements were taken of maximum shell height and width, maximum apertural height and width, number of whorls, penis length, height of the epiphallar pore above the base of the penis, length of epiphallus, length of vagina, and length of free oviduct. In addition, the following measurements were recorded from SEM preparations of the radulae of these animals: width of mesocone of central tooth, width of basal plate of central tooth, height of basal plate of central tooth, and number of teeth per half row (Table 1). A series of principal component analyses was undertaken on a data set of these 14 metric variables from a total of 42 adults; typically only one living adult specimen was recorded per site, and hence only one was dissected, but where possible more than one was utilized (Table 1). The MVSP multivariate statistics shareware package, Version 2, distributed by Warren L. Kovach, University of Wales, was used for the analyses. SYSTEMATIC POSITION Solem (1962) created a new subfamily, the Draparnaudinae, within the Enidae to hold the single genus Draparnaudia, defining it as follows: Orthurethrous holopods, foot with median groove, spermatheca enlarged in basal portion, penis unforked with subapical epiphallic insertion through a large stimulatory pad. No appendages on spermatheca or penis. Radula enid with central reduced in size, bicuspid laterals and multicuspid marginals. Jaw crescent shaped with very weak striations. Solem (1962: 219) obviously had problems placing this subfamily with any precision: It is quite difficult to know where to classify this group, since the anatomy of the Orthurethra is known to show many parallelisms and convergences. Combinations of the varying characters outlined above exclude Draparnaudia from most family units and certain features show strong similarities to various families. He pointed out that Draparnaudia lacks the penial appendages of the Amastridae, which also differ in having the genital pore well behind the optic tentacle, close to the mantle; and he stated that the Partulidae have a shortened, triangular kidney quite unlike any other orthurethran. He also excluded the Achatinellidae (as the Tornatellinidae) on the basis of their radula and greatly 50 S. TILLIER AND P. B. MORDAN TAnLE 1. Character matrix used in principal component analysis. ST, station; SP, species; SH, maximum shell height; SD, maximum shell diameter; AH, maximum apertural height; AD, maximum apertural diameter; WH, whorls; PL, penis length, EP, height of epiphallar pore above penis base; EL, length of epiphallus; VA, vaginal length; FO, length of free oviduct; MW, width of mesocone of central tooth; PW, width of basal plate of central tooth; PL, height of basal plate of central tooth; TN, number of teeth per half row. Shell measurements in mm.; radular measurements in ~m.; reproductive measurements all to same scale. Species code as for Figs 1,2 ST SP SH SD AId AD WH PL EP EL VA FO IVIW PW PL TN 3 M 10.2 7.8 4.8 5.4 6.7 40 19 90 7 45 8.2 11.1 17.5 24 5 M 12.2 9.7 5.5 7.0 6.7 66 44 118 33 45 9.2 13.5 18.6 25 26b S 9.5 8.4 4.2 5.4 6.8 52 33 204 12 42 6.4 8.0 17.6 24 37a S 10.9 9.9 5.0 6.8 6.3 41 23 228 28 50 7.0 9.0 21.5 22 43a S 10.5 8.8 5.5 6.1 6.8 51 35 207 42 22 6.4 8.9 15.9 16 47 S 11.8 9.3
Load more

Recommended publications
  • San Gabriel Chestnut ESA Petition
    BEFORE THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR PETITION TO THE U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE TO PROTECT THE SAN GABRIEL CHESTNUT SNAIL UNDER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT © James Bailey CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Notice of Petition Ryan Zinke, Secretary U.S. Department of the Interior 1849 C Street NW Washington, D.C. 20240 [email protected] Greg Sheehan, Acting Director U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1849 C Street NW Washington, D.C. 20240 [email protected] Paul Souza, Director Region 8 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Pacific Southwest Region 2800 Cottage Way Sacramento, CA 95825 [email protected] Petitioner The Center for Biological Diversity is a national, nonprofit conservation organization with more than 1.3 million members and supporters dedicated to the protection of endangered species and wild places. http://www.biologicaldiversity.org Failure to grant the requested petition will adversely affect the aesthetic, recreational, commercial, research, and scientific interests of the petitioning organization’s members and the people of the United States. Morally, aesthetically, recreationally, and commercially, the public shows increasing concern for wild ecosystems and for biodiversity in general. 1 November 13, 2017 Dear Mr. Zinke: Pursuant to Section 4(b) of the Endangered Species Act (“ESA”), 16 U.S.C. §1533(b), Section 553(3) of the Administrative Procedures Act, 5 U.S.C. § 553(e), and 50 C.F.R. §424.14(a), the Center for Biological Diversity and Tierra Curry hereby formally petition the Secretary of the Interior, through the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (“FWS”, “the Service”) to list the San Gabriel chestnut snail (Glyptostoma gabrielense) as a threatened or endangered species under the Endangered Species Act and to designate critical habitat concurrently with listing.
    [Show full text]
  • (Pulmonata: Vertiginidae) and Strobilops
    Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2012. Edited by Neal L. Evenhuis & Lucius G. Eldredge. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 114: 39 –42 (2013) Hawaiian land snail records : Lyropupa cookei Clench , 1952 (Pulmonata : Vertiginidae ) and Strobilops aeneus Pilsbry , 1926 (Pulmonata : Strobilopsidae ) CARl C. C HRiSTeNSeN Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817-2704, USA; email: [email protected] This note clarifies the status of two taxa of land snails that have been reported to occur in the Hawaiian islands. Lyropupa cookei Clench, 1952, is shown to be a synonym of Lyropupa anceyana Cooke & Pilsbry in Pilsbry & Cooke, 1920. The sole Hawaiian record for the North American Strobilops aeneus Pilsbry, 1926, is almost certainly based on a mislabeled specimen, and accordingly this species should be removed from the Hawaiian faunal list. Lyropupa cookei Clench , 1952 Lyropupa Pilsbry, 1900, is a genus of pupilloid land snails endemic to the Hawaiian islands. in their monograph of the genus, Pilsbry & Cooke (1920 in 1918–1920: 253–254, pl. 26, figs. 3, 6) published a description of “ Lyropupa anceyana C. & P., n. sp.,” based on specimens from ola‘a on the island of Hawai‘i held in the collections of Bishop Museum and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. They stated that their new species had previously been misidentified by Ancey (1904:124) as Lyropupa lyrata (Gould, 1843) . Several pages earlier, in their systematic treatment of that species, Pilsbry & Cooke (1918–1920: 235) had also set forth their conclusion that Ancey had misidenti - fied Gould’s species and stated that in fact Ancey’s “description of lyrata was based on specimens of an unnamed species for which the name L.
    [Show full text]
  • Pu'u Wa'awa'a Biological Assessment
    PU‘U WA‘AWA‘A BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT PU‘U WA‘AWA‘A, NORTH KONA, HAWAII Prepared by: Jon G. Giffin Forestry & Wildlife Manager August 2003 STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................................................. i TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. ii GENERAL SETTING...................................................................................................................1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................1 Land Use Practices...............................................................................................................1 Geology..................................................................................................................................3 Lava Flows............................................................................................................................5 Lava Tubes ...........................................................................................................................5 Cinder Cones ........................................................................................................................7 Soils .......................................................................................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for Polynesian Tree Snails (Partula Spp)
    EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for Polynesian tree snails (Partula spp) Edition 1.0 Publication date June 2019 Partula Snail EEP Species Committee Editor Dave Clarke, ZSL 2019_Partula sp_EAZA Best Practice Guidelines EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for Polynesian tree snails (Partula spp) Terrestrial Invertebrate Taxon Advisory Group TITAG Chair: Mark Bushell, Bristol Zoo Gardens, Clifton, Bristol, BS8 3HA [email protected] TITAG Vice-Chairs: Tamás Papp, Chester Zoo, Moston Rd, Upton, Chester CH2 1EU. [email protected] & Vítek Lukáš, Zoo Praha, U Trojského zámku 3/120, 171 00 Praha 7, Czechia. [email protected] EEP Co-ordinator: Paul Pearce-Kelly, ZSL [email protected] EEP Studbook keeper: Sam Aberdeen, ZSL [email protected] Edition 1.0 Publication date June 2019 (based on global Management Guidelines document Nov 2007 eds Pearce-Kelly, Blake, Goellner & Snider) Editor Dave Clarke, ZSL [email protected] Citation - Clarke, D., EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for Partula snails. EAZA 2019 We acknowledge the invaluable input of all Partula snail EEP Species Committee members, SSP colleagues and global participating Partula collections. EAZA Best Practice Guidelines disclaimer Copyright (June 2019) by EAZA Executive Office, Amsterdam. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in hard copy, machine-readable or other forms without advance written permission from the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA). Members of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) may copy this information for their own use as needed. The information contained in these EAZA Best Practice Guidelines has been obtained from numerous sources believed to be reliable.
    [Show full text]
  • Pupillid Land Snails of Eastern North America*
    Amer. Malac. Bull. 28: 1-29 (2010) Pupillid land snails of eastern North America* Jeffrey C. Nekola1 and Brian F. Coles2 1 Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, U.S.A. 2 Mollusca Section, Department of Biodiversity, National Museum of Wales, Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3NP, U.K. Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: The Pupillidae form an important component of eastern North American land snail biodiversity, representing approx. 12% of the entire fauna, 25-75% of all species and individuals at regional scales, at least 30% of the species diversity, and 33% of individuals within any given site. In some regions pupillids represent 80-100% of total molluscan diversity within sites, notably in taiga, tundra, and the base-poor pine savannas and pocosins of the southeastern coastal plain. Adequate documentation of North American land snail biodiversity thus requires investigators to effi ciently collect and accurately identify individuals of this group. This paper presents a set of annotated keys to the 65 species in this family known to occur in North America east of the Rocky Mountains. The distinguishing taxonomic features, updated county-scale range maps, and ecological conditions favored by each are presented in hopes of stimulating future research in this important group. Key words: microsnail, biodiversity, ecology, biogeography, taxonomy For the last dozen years, our interests in terrestrial Adequate documentation of this diversity thus requires gastropod biodiversity have lead us individually and investigators to effi ciently collect and accurately identify collectively to observe molluscan communities over most of individuals from this family. Unfortunately, neither has been North America, ranging from central Quebec, Hudson’s Bay common.
    [Show full text]
  • PUBLICATIONS 11 May 2021
    ROBERT H. COWIE – PUBLICATIONS 11 May 2021 Google Scholar metrics Citations – 8939 (3794 since 2016), h-index – 47 (32 since 2016), i10-index – 109 (65 since 2016) Books (5) Joshi, R.C., Cowie, R.H. & Sebastian, L.S. (eds.) 2017. Biology and Management of Invasive Apple Snails. Philippine Rice Research Institute, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. xvii + 405 p. Cowie, R.H., Rundell, R.J. & Yeung, N.W. 2017. Samoan Land Snails and Slugs – An Identification Guide. Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, American Samoa Government. viii + 71 p. Cowie, R.[H.] 2014. Journey to a Waterfall. A Biologist in Africa. Lulu, Raleigh. x + 279 p. Staples, G.W. & Cowie, R.H. (eds.) 2001. Hawai‘i’s Invasive species. A guide to invasive plants and animals in the Hawaiian Islands. Mutual Publishing & Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. xii + 116 p. Cowie, R.H., Evenhuis, N.L. & Christensen, C.C. 1995. Catalog of the native land and freshwater molluscs of the Hawaiian Islands. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. vi + 248 p. Journal articles (136) 2021 Gerlach, J., Barker, G.M., Bick, C.S., Bouchet, P., Brodie, G., Christensen, C.C., Collins, T., Coote, T., Cowie, R.H., Fiedler, G.C., Griffiths, O.L., Florens, F.B.V, Hayes, K.A., Kim, J., Meyer, J.-Y., Meyer, W.M., III, Richling, I., Slapcinsky, J.D., Winsor, L. & Yeung, N.W. 2021. Negative impacts of the invasive predators Euglandina ‘rosea’ (Mollusca: Spiraxidae) and Platydemus manokwari (Platyhelminthes: Geoplanidae) when used as biological control agents against the pest snail Lisschatina fulica (Mollusca: Achatinidae). Biological Invasions 23(4): 997-1031. Rollins, R.L., Cowie, R.H., Echaluse, M.V.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary History of a Vanishing Radiation
    Lee et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014, 14:202 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/14/202 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Evolutionary history of a vanishing radiation: isolation-dependent persistence and diversification in Pacific Island partulid tree snails Taehwan Lee1, Jingchun Li1, Celia KC Churchill2 and Diarmaid Ó Foighil1* Abstract Background: Partulid tree snails are endemic to Pacific high islands and have experienced extraordinary rates of extinction in recent decades. Although they collectively range across a 10,000 km swath of Oceania, half of the family’s total species diversity is endemic to a single Eastern Pacific hot spot archipelago (the Society Islands) and all three partulid genera display highly distinctive distributions. Our goal was to investigate broad scale (range wide) and fine scale (within‐Society Islands) molecular phylogenetic relationships of the two widespread genera, Partula and Samoana. What can such data tell us regarding the genesis of such divergent generic distribution patterns, and nominal species diversity levels across Oceania? Results: Museum, captive (zoo) and contemporary field specimens enabled us to genotype 54 of the ~120 recognized species, including many extinct or extirpated taxa, from 14 archipelagoes. The genera Partula and Samoana are products of very distinct diversification processes. Originating at the western edge of the familial range, the derived genus Samoana is a relatively recent arrival in the far eastern archipelagoes (Society, Austral, Marquesas) where it exhibits a stepping‐stone phylogenetic pattern and has proven adept at both intra‐and inter‐ archipelago colonization. The pronounced east–west geographic disjunction exhibited by the genus Partula stems from a much older long-distance dispersal event and its high taxonomic diversity in the Society Islands is a product of a long history of within‐archipelago diversification.
    [Show full text]
  • Papuina) Juttingae Nom. Nov. Species Jutting (1899-1991
    110 BASTERIA, Vol. 57, Mo. 4-6, 1993 BASTERIA, 57: 110, 1993 & Papuina juttingae nom. nov. for Helix carinata Hombron Jacquinot, 1807 1841, non Link, Henk+K. Mienis Dept. Evolution, Systematics & Ecology, Hebrew University ofJerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel Helix carinata Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841, a junior primary homonym of Helix carinata Link, is here renamed 1807, Papuinajuttingae nom. nov. Key words: Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Camaenidae, Papuina, nomenclature, Indonesia, New Guinea. An attempt to establish the authorship and date ofpublication ofthe various new taxa the among the molluscs procured by the expeditions ofthe 'Astrolabe' and the 'Zelee' to Antarctic and the Pacific Ocean resulted in the discovery of a case of primary homonymy. is of Helix Helix carinata Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841, a junior primary homonym carinata Link, 1807. According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature invalid. Therefore the land snail from (Article 52b) such a name is permanently rare New Guinea bearing the name proposed by Hombron & Jacquinot, nowadays classified the with camaenid genus Papuina Von Martens, 1860, is in need of a new name. The is follows. synonymy now as Papuina (Papuina) juttingae nom. nov. Helix carinata Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841, Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) Zool. 16: 62; 1846, Voy. Pole Sud, Moll.: pi. 7 figs. 26-29; Rousseau, 1854, Voy. Pole Sud, Descr., Zool. 5: 26; Tapparone Canefri, 1883, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova 19: 121; Pilsbry, 1891, Man. Conch. (2) 7: 36, pi. 12 figs. 31-34. Non Helix carinata Link, 1807, Beschr. Naturalien-Samml. Univ. Rostock 4: 16. Papuina carinata. — Van Benthem Jutting, 1933, Nova Guinea Zool. 17: 106.
    [Show full text]
  • Status of Tree Snails (Gastropoda: Partulidae) on Guam, with a Resurvey of Sites Studied by H
    Pacific Science (1992), vol. 46, no. 1: 77-85 © 1992 by University of Hawaii Press. All rights reserved Status of Tree Snails (Gastropoda: Partulidae) on Guam, with a Resurvey of Sites Studied by H. E. Crampton in 19201 DAVID R. HOPPER 2 AND BARRY D. SMITH 2 ABSTRACT: Tree snails of the family Partulidae have declined on Guam since World War II. One species, indigenous to the western Pacific, Partu/a radio/ata, is still locally common along stream courses in southern areas of the island. The Mariana Island endemic Samoanajragilis is present but not found in abundance anywhere on Guam. Partu/a gibba, another Mariana endemic, is currently known only from one isolated coastal valley along the northwestern coast, and appears to be in a state ofdecline. The Guam endemic Partu/a sa/ifana was not found in areas where it had been previously collected by earlier researchers, and is thus believed to be extinct. The decline and extinction ofthese snails are related to human activities. The single most important factor is likely predation by snails that were introduced as biological control agents for the giant African snail, Achatina ju/ica. The current, most serious threat is probably the introduced flatworm P/atydemus manokwari. This flatworm is also the likely cause of extinctions ofother native and introduced gastropods on Guam and may be the most important threat to the Mariana Partulidae. TREE SNAILS OF TROPICAL PACIFIC islands have 1970). With the exception of the partulids of been of interest since early exploration of the Society Islands, all are lacking study.
    [Show full text]
  • Darwin Landsnail Diversity Guides
    AN ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO THE LAND SNAILS OF THE WESTERN GHATS OF INDIA Exotic snails and slugs can be a serious problem because they are often difficult to control and can be locally about 35 Ma. The land-snail fauna of the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka reflects this complex geological history. Gandhinagar Small-scale, casual collecting of empty snail shells is unlikely to have a harmful impact on the environment highly abundant. Many of this region's snail genera and most of the approximately 700 species are endemic to it, indicating that GUJARAT because it involves the removal of only tiny amounts of calcium carbonate from a few highly-localized places. Dinarzarde C. Raheem1, Fred Naggs1, N.A. Aravind2 & Richard C. Preece3 there has been substantial evolutionary diversification within this part of South Asia. Several snail genera such as The collection and preservation of live snails is essential for serious and systematic scientific research, but Next to being asked how to kill garden snails, the question we are most often asked is 'what use are they'? This Photography and image editing Harold Taylor1 Corilla and Acavus are thought to have a history that pre-dates the break-up of Gondwana, but are now largely or should only be carried out as part of such work. implies that the existence of organisms needs to be justified in terms of human values and human exploitation; it entirely restricted to the Western Ghats and/or Sri Lanka. A number of other groups (e.g. the genus Glessula, and is not a view we share.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Analysis of Chromosome Counts Infers Three Paleopolyploidies in the Mollusca
    GBE Comparative Analysis of Chromosome Counts Infers Three Paleopolyploidies in the Mollusca Nathaniel M. Hallinan* and David R. Lindberg Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]. Accepted: 8 August 2011 Abstract The study of paleopolyploidies requires the comparison of multiple whole genome sequences. If the branches of a phylogeny on which a whole-genome duplication (WGD) occurred could be identified before genome sequencing, taxa could be selected that provided a better assessment of that genome duplication. Here, we describe a likelihood model in which the number of chromosomes in a genome evolves according to a Markov process with one rate of chromosome duplication and loss that is proportional to the number of chromosomes in the genome and another stochastic rate at which every chromosome in the genome could duplicate in a single event. We compare the maximum likelihoods of a model in which the genome duplication rate varies to one in which it is fixed at zero using the Akaike information criterion, to determine if a model with WGDs is a good fit for the data. Once it has been determined that the data does fit the WGD model, we infer the phylogenetic position of paleopolyploidies by calculating the posterior probability that a WGD occurred on each branch of the taxon tree. Here, we apply this model to a molluscan tree represented by 124 taxa and infer three putative WGD events. In the Gastropoda, we identify a single branch within the Hypsogastropoda and one of two branches at the base of the Stylommatophora.
    [Show full text]
  • An Inventory of the Land Snails and Slugs (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda and Pulmonata) of Knox County, Tennessee Author(S): Barbara J
    An Inventory of the Land Snails and Slugs (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda and Pulmonata) of Knox County, Tennessee Author(s): Barbara J. Dinkins and Gerald R. Dinkins Source: American Malacological Bulletin, 36(1):1-22. Published By: American Malacological Society https://doi.org/10.4003/006.036.0101 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.4003/006.036.0101 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Amer. Malac. Bull. 36(1): 1–22 (2018) An Inventory of the Land Snails and Slugs (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda and Pulmonata) of Knox County, Tennessee Barbara J. Dinkins1 and Gerald R. Dinkins2 1Dinkins Biological Consulting, LLC, P O Box 1851, Powell, Tennessee 37849, U.S.A [email protected] 2McClung Museum of Natural History and Culture, 1327 Circle Park Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916, U.S.A. Abstract: Terrestrial mollusks (land snails and slugs) are an important component of the terrestrial ecosystem, yet for most species their distribution is not well known.
    [Show full text]