Carleton University Institute of African Studies Fall Term/Semester 2011 (AFRI 4000) North Africa: Politics, Changes and Challenges

Home , History of North Africa

Class Schedule: Wednesday, 8:25- 11:25 a.m. Room: Southam Hall 315 Credits: 0.5 Course Instructor: Dr. Hassan, Gubara Said Email: [email protected] Office Address: Institute of African Studies, (228 Paterson Hall) Office Hours: Wednesday 13:00- 15:00 or by appointment First Class: Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 Last Class: Wednesday, November 30th, 2011 WebCT: On-line components of this course will be managed through WebCT.

Course Description

This course offers a critical and comparative overview of the contemporary politics of North Africa. It surveys the historical background and outlines the complex conditions that shape and define the various socio-political and economic developments and systems in North Africa and their ongoing implications. Reviewing major events from the early twentieth century to the present, the seminar focuses on the discernable changes, patterns and emerging trends in the local, national, and regional practices of politics. The course sets out to understand the historically-embedded challenges besetting the region and the recent manifestations of attempted reforms and transformations. Particular attention will be paid to post-colonial settlements, state formation processes, power structures and their resilience, state-society dynamics, conflict origins and consequences, and manifestations of the international dimension. The aim is to contextualize or situate the evolving modern Northern African region and its cross-cutting polities into a dynamic historical perspective, with a view to deepen the students’ ability to explain comparatively the region’s politics and societies. Course Objectives

The fundamental objectives of the course include: (A) to provide a thorough introduction to the broad history of North Africa; (B) to enable students to gain a general understanding of the multiple countries of the region. (C) To introduce students to African and non-African scholarly works on North Africa and to provide them with a grasp of the main theoretical debates within the field of African studies; (D) to help students gain a comprehensive knowledge about the peoples of the region, their societies, cultures, states and politics; (E) to inspire students to pursue further researches and investigations about North Africa,

whether through formal academic studies, professional missions, or tourism or as part of a genuine interest in the African Continent’s current socio-economic and political affairs. (F) To make students develop a critical analytical understanding of African politics and evaluate their countries’ involvements in the Continent in sober and informed senses or ways. It is hope that by the end of the course, students would be able to construct and articulate arguments about North Africa based on theoretical and empirical evidence gained from various readings, class discussions and writing assignments.

Required Readings: the course, as a whole, will be based on the following mandatory readings: Naylor, Phillip, 2009. North Africa: A History from Antiquity to the Present. Austin: University of Texas Press, David E. Long, Bernard Reich, and Mark Gasiorowski, (eds.), 2011. The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, (chapters: 14, 15, 16, and 17).

The above-mentioned mandatory readings will be on a 2-hour reserve at Carleton University Library However, in addition to the mandatory and required weekly readings and for a further in-depth knowledge of North Africa, it is recommended that students consult other additional books or reading materials. Since these mandatory, weekly required and additional readings are available at Carleton University’s library, students are not expected to purchase them.

Students are also encouraged to, freely, consult websites, on-line journals or/and periodicals, etc., on North Africa. These include, for instance, United Nations Development Program, Arab States, at http://arabstates.undp.org Middle East and North Africa Report at, www.menareport.com Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies at www.acpss.ahram.org.eg/eng/ Arab Forum for Alternatives, at www.afaegypt.org www.amnesty.org www.africaalyom.com www.north-africa.com Journal of African Economies Journal of African Studies African Affairs Journal of Modern African Studies Review of African Political Economy, The Middle East Journal The International Journal for Middle Eastern Studies, etc.

All journal readings can be found in electronic forms in the library’s catalogue.

Course Contents and Teaching/Class Schedule

The course adopts a thematic approach to the study of North African politics. The reason for this is twofold. First, such an approach allows maximum flexibility for the instructor in delivering the course. Second, the alternative approach, namely to take a North African country a class, would result in leaving a gap in the field of study, mindful of the multiple countries or states that constitute the region.

Based on this thematic or topic approach the course will be divided into and structured and instructed according to the following sections:

Week 1: The Geography and Geopolitical Significance of North Africa

- What is North Africa/Maghreb/Maghrib?

- Why Does North Africa Matter in African and Global Studies?

Ralph Manheim (trans.,) Abedallah Laroui, 1977. The History of the Maghrib: An Interpretive Essay. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, (Introduction and Part 1, In Search for the Origins)

Richmond Krakowka and Laurel J. Hummel, 2009. Understanding Africa: A Geographic Approach. West Point, New York: United States Military Academy, (Introduction and the chapter on North Africa)

David E. Long, Bernard Reich, Mark Gasiorowski, (eds.), 2011. The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, (Introduction) Additional Readings

Tibebu, Teshale, 2011. Hegel and the Third World: The Making of Eurocentrism in World History. New York: Syracuse University Press, (chapter 6) Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, 1971. A History of the Maghrib. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Week 2: Western Imperialism: The ‘Scramble for North Africa’ and Its Legacies Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, 1987. A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (pp.248-323).

Naylor, Phillip, 2009. North Africa: A History from Antiquity to the Present. Austin: University of Texas Press, (chapter 6). Additional Readings Memi, Albert, 1991. The Colonizer and the Colonized. Boston: Beacon Press, (chapter 1) Fanon, Frantz, The Wretched of the Earth, 1961

Week 3: North African National Liberation Movements and Decolonization Memi, Albert, 2006. Decolonization and the Decolonized. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, (chapter 1) Additional Readings

Naylor, Phillip, 2009. North Africa: A History from Antiquity to the Present. Austin: University of Texas Press, (chapter 7). Mbembe, Achille, 2001. On the Post-colony. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, Chinweizu, 1987. Decolonizing the African Mind. Lagos, Nigeria: Pero Press, (Part 2, pp.71-96).

Week 4: State-formation in North Africa

- From Tribalism and Ethnicity to Modern Nation-states

- Demographic Trends

- Civil Society and Gender Politic

Naylor, Phillip, 2009. North Africa: A History from Antiquity to the Present. Austin: University of Texas Press (chapters 8 and 9). Joffe, George (eds.), 1993. North Africa: Nation, State and Region. London and New York: Routledge, (part 3, pp.111- 186).

Additional Readings

Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce, 2011. The Berber Identity Movement and the Challenge to North African States. Austin: Texas University Press,

Fatima Sadiqi and Moha Ennaji (ed.), 2011. Women in the Middle East and North Africa; Agents of Change. New York: Routledge, Sanja Kelly and Julia Breslin, (editors.), 2011. Women Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Progress amid Resistance. New York: Freedom House, James McDougall (eds.), 2003. Nation, Society and Culture in North Africa. London: Frank Cass

Week 5: North African Military and Politics: Military Coups and Military- civilian Relationships

George Klay Kieh, Jr., Pita Ogaba Agbese (eds.), 2004. The military and politics in Africa: from engagement to democratic and constitutional control. Aldershot, Hants, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate,

Additional Readings George Klay Kieh, Jr., Pita Ogaba Agbese (eds.), 2004. The military and politics in Africa: from engagement to democratic and constitutional control. Aldershot, Hants, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate,

Mathurin C. Houngnikpo, 2010. Guarding the Guardians : civil-military relations and democratic governance in Africa. Burlington, VT: Ashgate,

Week 6: The Political Economies of North Africa: General Perspectives

- Politics of Oil

- Tourism

- Solar Energy

Okogu, Bright E., 2003.The Middle East and North Africa in a changing Oil Market. Washington D.C.: International Monetary Fund.

Additional Readings Abed, George T., 2003. Challenges of Growth and Globalization in the Middle East and North Africa. Washington D.C.: International Monetary Fund,

Duncan Clarke, 2008. Crude Continent: the struggle for Africa's oil prize. London: Profile, 2008,

Week 7: North African Intra and Inter-state Conflicts and Wars: Root Causes

Gerald H. Blake and Richard N. Schofield (ed.), 1987. Boundaries and State Territory in the Middle East and North Africa. The Cottons, Cambridgeshire, England: Middle East & North African Studies Press,

Additional Readings Richard B. Parker, 1987. Regional Tensions and Strategic Concerns. New York: Praeger,

Week 8: North African Inter-state Conflicts and Wars: Western Sahara as an Empirical Case

Stephen Zunes & Jacob Mundy, 2010. Western Sahara: war, nationalism, and conflict irresolution. Syracuse, N.Y: Syracuse University Press,

Additional Readings

Thompson, Virginia McLean, 1980. The Western Saharans: background to Conflict. Croom Helm ; Totowa, N.J. : Barnes & Noble Books, or

San Martin, Pablo, 2010. Western Sahara: The Refugee Nation. Cardiff: University of Wales Press,

Week 9: North Africa: Towards Regionalism and Unity

- The Arab Maghreb Union

- The EU and North Africa: The Mediterranean Sea Partnership

Gary Clyde Hufbauer and Claire Brunel, (eds.), 2008. Maghreb Regional and Global Integration: a dream to be fulfilled. Washington, D.C.: Peterson Institute for International Economics,

Additional Readings Zoubir, Yahia H. (eds.), 2008. North Africa: Politics, Region and the Limits of Transformation. London and New York: Routledge,

Week 10: The Arab Spring/Awakening in North Africa: Popular Uprisings and Prospects for Democratic Reforms and Changes

Maria J. Stephan, (eds.), 2009. Civilian Jihad: nonviolent struggle, democratization, and governance in the Middle East. New York: Palgrave Macmillan

Additional Readings Jane Harrigan and Hamed El-Said, (eds.), 2011. Globalization, Democratization and Radicalization in the Arab World. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, (Introduction)

John P. Entelis (eds.), 1997. Islam, Democracy and the State in North Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press,

Frank Tachau (eds.), 1994. Political Parties of the Middle East and North Africa. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press,

John Ruedy (eds.), 1994. Islamism and Secularism in North Africa,

Week 11: North Africa: The Challenges Ahead

- Radical Religious Movements: Islamic call (Da’wa) and Jihad

- The War on Global Terrorism

- Controlling Illegal Immigration and Trade in Narcotics, etc.

- North Africa and Superpowers’ Intervention: (The Case of Libya) and Canadian Role

Malinda S. Smith (eds.), 2010. Securing Africa: post-9/11 discourses on terrorism. Farnham: Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 10

Additional Readings Emad Eldin Shahin, 1997. Political Ascent: Contemporary Islamic Movements in North Africa. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, (Introduction)

Lelia Croitoru and Maria Sarraf, (eds.), 2010. The Cost of Environmental Degradation: Cases from the Middle East and North Africa. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, (Introduction)

John Davis (ed.), 2010. Terrorism in Africa: the Evolving Front in the War on Terror. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books,

Course Requirements and Assessment

There is no final exam for this course. Instead, students are required to: (A) Actively engage in reading, writing and seminar participation throughout the course.

Seminar presentation: Starting on Wednesday, September 28th 2011, each student will be required to help lead a joint seminar examining either a weekly topic or a case study, as detailed in the course outline. Requirements for the seminar presentations will be discussed in the first class meeting. Students are required to sign-up for a seminar presentation at the start of class on Wednesday, September 14th, 2011. All seminar presentations will take place in class.

(B) Submit a proposal for a short research paper. The proposal for the short research paper should be approximately (2-3 pages) in length, 1.5-spaced, 12- fonted and typed (inclusive of footnotes/endnotes and references) and should address one of the topics of the course. The proposal for the short research paper should be submitted to the instructor, in a hard copy, by Wednesday, October 5th, 2011, (in class), and (C) Write a short research paper. 11

The short research paper should be approximately (10-15 pages) in length, 1.5- spaced, 12-fonted and typed (inclusive of footnotes/endnotes and references) and should address one of the topics of the course. The theme/topic of each research paper should be made in consultation and agreement with the course instructor. The short research paper should be submitted to the instructor, in a hard copy, by Wednesday, December 7th, 2011, 16:00 as the latest. The short research paper could also be submitted via the drop box in the Institute of African Studies (228 Paterson Hall). The Institute’s drop box cut off time is 16:00.

The students’ performance during the course will be assessed or evaluated by the instructor in the following sense:

Class Attendance 10%

Seminar Presentation 20%

Proposal for a Research Paper 20%

Research Paper 50%

Total 100%

Important Notes

In case of illness, a doctor’s note explaining why a student was unable to complete the work on time will be required. This policy will be strongly enforced.

Continuous absence, missing seminars or not respecting the proposal for the short research paper and the short research paper submission deadline dates

without an approved excuse will result in zero points for the relevant component of the course evaluation or assessment.

Carleton University values integrity. Therefore, all students must understand the meanings and consequences of cheating, plagiarism and other academic offences as defined and penalized by the University.