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Viewpoints Offered by Dr University of Alberta The Design and Uses of Bath-House Palaestrae in Roman North Africa by Craig P. Taylor A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classical Archaeology History and Classics ©Craig P. Taylor Fall, 2009 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. Examining Committee Dr. Jeremy Rossiter, History and Classics, University of Alberta Dr. Helena Fracchia, History and Classics, University of Alberta Dr. David Mills, History and Classics, University of Alberta Dr. Nancy Lovell, Anthropology, University of Alberta Dr. Fikret Yegül, History of Art and Architecture, University of California Abstract The topic of this thesis is the palaestrae of Roman Africa. Although many examples of palaestrae have been found in North Africa, there has never been a study solely focused on these facilities. They have usually been considered only in the context of Roman baths and as features of bath buildings. This thesis examines palaestrae in a new light and analyzes their role as athletic facilities within the sporting culture of Roman Africa. The Roman provinces of North Africa have yielded a particularly rich body of evidence for athletic games and festivals, making this region ideal for studying this topic. The concern of the thesis is twofold. The first issue is the design and construction of palaestrae in Roman Africa. There is discussion of their form, of construction techniques, and of their place in the overall design of baths. The second issue is how their form relates to function. There is a discussion of how palaestrae accommodated athletic activities, such as training and competition. The thesis concludes that palaestrae in Roman Africa were an important part of local athletic culture, used for training and possibly for competition. Greek and Roman models influenced their design, but climate played a significant role. Great effort was made to ensure these buildings were kept cool, not only by placing them in less exposed areas but also by insulating them from the heated rooms of the baths. Local resources and building techniques were important factors in their construction. This thesis includes a gazetteer of palaestra sites in Roman Africa and a catalogue of all inscriptions relevant to the use of palaestrae. Acknowledgements This thesis is the product of many years of hard work, which includes contributions from my family and friends. I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Jeremy Rossiter for sticking with it and assisting in the editing of many drafts. I would also like to thank Dr. David Mills for the extra push and assistance towards the completion of this project. Furthermore, I greatly appreciate the many differing viewpoints offered by Dr. Rossiter, Dr. Mills, and Dr. Fracchia. I would like to thank my parents and sister for their support and patience during this project. I would also like to thank my dog, Sadie, for providing me with timely breaks, as well as my two cats, Nero and Messalina, whose contributions to writing this thesis, although unessential, were greatly appreciated. Finally I thank my loving and supporting wife, whose infinite patience during these years helped keep me sane. The sacrifices you have made and the help you have given me have not been unnoticed; I thank you endlessly and love you even more. Craig Taylor March 27, 2009 The Design and Uses of Bath-House Palaestrae in Roman North Africa Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER ONE: History of ‘Greek’ Athletics in North Africa 12 CHAPTER TWO: The Graeco-Roman Palaestrae 52 CHAPTER THREE: Architecture and Decoration 101 CHAPTER FOUR: Function and Use 131 CONCLUSION 153 APPENDIX ONE: Gymnasium 158 APPENDIX TWO: Palaestrae Terminology 166 APPENDIX THREE: Gazetteer 174 APPENDIX FOUR: Inscriptions 307 APPENDIX FIVE: Athletic Art 322 GLOSSARY 330 BIBLIOGRAPHY 332 List of Illustrations Figure: Chapter 1 1.1 Coins from Caesarea. Taken from J. Mazard, Corpus Nummorum Numidiae Mauretaniaeque (Paris, 1955) p.94, #228. 1.2 Mosaic from Gafsa. Taken from A. Ben Abed Ben Khader, et alii (eds), Image de Pierre: La Tunisie en Mosaïque (Lavaur, 2003) fig.229. 1.3 Mosaic from Althiburos. Taken from L. Robert, « Une vision de Perpetue martyre a Carthage en 203 » CRAI (1982) p.230. 1.4 Mosaic from Silin. Photograph by J. Rossiter. Courtesy of Jeremy Rossiter. 1.5 Mosaic from Thuburbo Maius. Photograph by author. 1.6 Mosaic from Thapsus. Taken from A. Ben Abed Ben Khader, et alii (eds), Image de Pierre: La Tunisie en Mosaïque (Lavaur, 2003) fig.312. 1.7 Mosaic from Gigthis. Taken from A. Ben Abed Ben Khader, et alii (eds), Image de Pierre: La Tunisie en Mosaïque (Lavaur, 2003) fig.227. 1.8 Mosaic from Gigthis. Taken from A. Ben Abed Ben Khader, et alii (eds), Image de Pierre: La Tunisie en Mosaïque (Lavaur, 2003) fig.228. 1.9 Mosaic from Thaenae. Taken from A. Ben Abed Ben Khader, et alii (eds), Image de Pierre: La Tunisie en Mosaïque (Lavaur, 2003) fig.226. 1.10 Mosaic from Utica. Taken from A. Ben Abed Ben Khader, et alii (eds), Image de Pierre: La Tunisie en Mosaïque (Lavaur, 2003) fig.223. Chapter 2 2.1 Drawing of the Vitruvian model. Taken from F. Yegül, Baths and Bathing in Classical Antiquity (New York, 1992) p.15, fig.13. Courtesy of Fikret Yegül. 2.2 Plan of Olympia palaestra. Modified after L. Drees, Olympia: Gods, Artists and Athletes (New York, 1968) p.47. 2.3 Map of Olympia. Taken from F. Yegül, Baths and Bathing in Classical Antiquity (New York, 1992) p.12, fig.7. Courtesy of Fikret Yegül. 2.4 Plan of Priene palaestra/lower gymnasium. Modified after F.E. Winter, Studies in Hellenistic Architecture (Toronto, 2006) p.401, fig.283. 2.5 Plan of Amphipolis palaestra. Modified after F.E. Winter, Studies in Hellenistic Architecture (Toronto, 2006) p.402, fig.287. 2.6 Plan of Stabian Baths at Pompeii (5th century BC). Modified after I. Nielsen, Thermae et Balnae. The Architecture and Cultural History of Roman Public Baths, vol.2 (Aarhus, 1990) p.70, fig. a. 2.7 Plan of Stabian Baths at Pompeii (mid 3rd century BC). Modified after I. Nielsen, Thermae et Balnae. The Architecture and Cultural History of Roman Public Baths, vol.2 (Aarhus, 1990) p.70, fig. b. 2.8 Plan of Stabian Baths at Pompeii (end of 3rd century BC). Modified after I. Nielsen, Thermae et Balnae. The Architecture and Cultural History of Roman Public Baths, vol.2 (Aarhus, 1990) p.71. 2.9 Plan of Stabian Baths at Pompeii (end of 1st century BC). Modified after I. Nielsen Thermae et Balnae. The Architecture and Cultural History of Roman Public Baths, vol.2 (Aarhus, 1990) p.73. 2.10 Plan of palaestra in Forum Baths at Pompeii. Modified after F. Yegul, Baths and Bathing in Classical Antiquity (New York, 1992) p.65, fig.65. Courtesy of Fikret Yegül. 2.11 Plan of Grand palaestra at Pompeii. Modified after F. Yegul, “The Palaestra at Herculaneum as a New Architectural Type” in R.T. Scott & A. R. Scott (eds) Eius Virtutis Studiosi. Classical and Postclassical studies in memory of Frank Edward Brown, 1908 –1988. [Symposium in memory of F.E. Brown, Rome – Washington 1989] (Washington, 1993) p.381, n.16. Courtesy of Fikret Yegül. 2.12 Plan of Baths of Agrippa at Rome. Modified after I. Nielsen, Thermae et Balnae. The Architecture and Cultural History of Roman Public Baths, vol.2 (Aarhus, 1990) p.83, fig.49. 2.13 Plan of Baths of Nero at Rome. Modified after I. Nielsen, Thermae et Balnae. The Architecture and Cultural History of Roman Public Baths, vol.2 (Aarhus, 1990) p.84, fig.51. 2.14 Plan of Baths of Titus at Rome. Modified after I. Nielsen, Thermae et Balnae. The Architecture and Cultural History of Roman Public Baths, vol.2 (Aarhus, 1990) p.84, fig.52. 2.15 Plan of Baths of Trajan at Rome. Modified after I. Nielsen, Thermae et Balnae. The Architecture and Cultural History of Roman Public Baths, vol.2 (Aarhus, 1990) p.85, fig.53. 2.16 Plan of Baths of Caracalla at Rome. Modified after I. Nielsen, Thermae et Balnae. The Architecture and Cultural History of Roman Public Baths, vol.2 (Aarhus, 1990) p.87, fig.56. 2.17 Plan of Baths of Neptune at Ostia. Modified after F. Yegül, Baths and Bathing in Classical Antiquity (New York, 1992) p.70, fig.74. Courtesy of Fikret Yegül. 2.18 Plan of Forum Baths at Ostia. Modified after F. Yegül, Baths and Bathing in Classical Antiquity (New York, 1992) p.70, fig.73. Courtesy of Fikret Yegül. 2.19 Plan of Maritime Baths at Ostia. Modified after F. Yegül, Baths and Bathing in Classical Antiquity (New York, 1992) p.83, fig.93. Courtesy of Fikret Yegül. Appendix Three Map 1 Location and relative size of palaestrae in North Africa. A3.1.1 Map of Bulla Regia (Jendouba). Modified after Thébert & Broise (1993) p.2, fig.2. A3.1.2 Plan of Memmian Baths at Bulla Regia: stage one.
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