C0NGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE .7265

EXT EN-S I 0 N S ·0 F . REMARKS

help the poor-"Do unto others as you would so-called know-how and then leave them to Moving Forces in the History of Mankind have them do unto you." their own resources. It was the easiest kind Point 4 was really the projection of our of virtue, costing us little more than words. EXTENSION OF REMARKS unique historical experience-the interna­ Second, when we began to realize that OF tional application of the lessons that we know:.how is paralyzed without some mate­ learned in the development of the American rial backing-be it something as simple as HON. HUBERT H. HUMPHREY frontier. fertilizer or as elaborate as a hydroelectric In developing the American West, we for­ project--we felt a need to avoid even the· OF MINNESOTA mulated a new approach to training and appearance of generosity. So we began call­ IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES education-land-grant colleges, vocational ing much of our economic aid "defense sup­ Thursday, April 30, 1959 education, the county agents, all the many port" and applying the label "mutual se­ practices and institutions that were the pro­ curity program" to the whole enterprise. Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, I totypes for the point 4 projects of recent Oversea aid suffered-and still suffers­ ask unanimous consent to have printed years. from these heavy military overtones. Too in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD an ad­ At the same time, there was strengthened often, we give the impression that our main dress which I delivered before the Sixth in the American character the qualities of interest is to "buy allies in the cold war." optimism, of confidence, of initiative, and Third, we seemed fearful that we might National Conference on International of impatience with obstacles that make up not get full credit for the element of genu­ Economic and Social Development, at one of our greatest strengths as a nation. ine generosity which remained in the pro­ Washington, D.C., on April 30, 1959. What is needed in our foreign policy more gram. We wanted the tag, "Made in There being no objection, the address than anything else today is that we draw America," fastened firmly to it. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, on this great heritage of ours, this well of Although we did join in the U.N. ex­ as follows: national strength, to carry through admit­ panded technical assistance program and tedly difficult and discouraging undertak­ SPEECH BY SENATOR HUBERT H. HUMPHREY more recently in the U.N. special fund, we BEFORE SIXTH NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ings. have preferred to keep most of our aid in Much of the force of the point 4 idea ~as our own hands. INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DE­ its timeliness. President Truman under­ Unfortunately, this is a game that two VELOPMENT, WASHINGTON, D.C., APRIL 30, stood the mighty struggle between totali­ can play. Khrushchev does not hesitate to 1959 tarianism and freedom. It was he who pick up a good idea when he sees one-even What are the moving forces in the history launched the Truman doctrine which saved from the capitalists he professes to despise. of mankind? Philosophers and historians Greece and Turkey from communism. He The Russians, it's true were "!vans-come­ have long debated this question. knew then, as we all know now, that in the lately" in this field, but they are catching There was a time--and not so very long many-faceted world struggle the economic­ up fast. Their loans and their technicians ago-when history was wr~tten in terms of ally. underdeveloped and politically unalined are already at work in many crucial areas of famous men-generals, emperors and presi­ nations may well hold the balance of power: the world. · dents. In Shakespeare's plays, for example We should be proud of the humanitarian It is a real measure of the basic sound­ the common people take the stage only as roots of the point 4 idea. We should not be ness of the point 4 concept that it has sur­ prosy clowns and buffoons; the timeless apologetic about the fact that rightly used vived 10 years of cold war and worldwide poetry comes from royal or noble lips. it can. be an instrument of greater peace and turmoil. But more recently history has been writ­ stability in the struggle between freedom A curious attitude has developed about ten in terms of the changes in methods of and totalitarianism. Let us be grateful that this whole oversea aid program-a sort of production--Or even . of destruction. The t~ere is .a _program which is humanitarian national inferiority complex. We seem to progress from the stone axe to the auto­ and politically relevant at the same time­ think of Uncle Sam as Uncle Sap, constantly mated factory-the progress, if one can a happy and fortunate combination. being sold a bill of goods by European, call it that, from the caveman's club to the And, speaking of humanitarian values, African, and Asian leaders of dubious loyalty intercontinental ballistic missile--each has what is more humanitarian than helping to to 01-1r side. As the Draper report puts it: had great effect. ~ prevent "darkness at noon" from spreading "In our fascination with our own mis­ We are met today to pay tribute to one over areas where new freedom and new hope takes, and the constant use of foreign aid as of those truly great ideas which transforms have just.been born? a whipping boy, we may be gradually chok­ history-the proposal, put forward in Pres­ In retrospect, we can see that "point 4" ing this vital feature of our national secu­ ident Truman's inaugural address 10 years was long foreshadowed-indeed, was im­ rity to death." ago, that America and the other industrial­ plicit-in the United Nations Relief and Re­ Mistakes will be-made in any great enter­ ized nations should, in his words: habilitation Administration and in the prise, but what bothers me more than the "Help the free peoples of the .world, Marshall plan. Yet, when President Tru­ mistakes is the way we dwell upon them­ through their own efforts, to produce more man put it forward, it caught even some of rather than taking them as lessons to be food, more clothing, more materials for hous­ his own officials unprepared. As one of them learned while we move forward. ing, and more mechanical power to lighten has recalled: Too often our aid programs have been sold. their burdens." "Messages of surprise and delight poured to the American people on the basis of being This bold new program was the fourth in from all over the world, and a hurried against communism, rather than being for point in President Truman's list of foreign meeting of department representatives was humanity. They have been considered pain­ policy objectives for the United States. It held to consider the practical problems in ful expedients-hopefully short-term­ is important to note that point 4 ~ was de­ meeting the expectations which the Presi­ rather than the heart of a constructive signed to be an integral part of a much dent's words had produced overnight. As American foreign policy designed to build a broader program. The point 4 program is we gathered in the State Department's con­ stable and enduring peace through the con­ not a substitute for adequate military de­ ference room, the atmosphere was a curious quests of poverty, disease, and suffering. fense. It is not a substitute for sound trade mixture of excitement and perplexity. The motivation for these important and policies. It is not a substitute for any other "A senior official of the Department was valuable programs should not come from necesary element in our overall foreign pol­ the first to speak. 'Well, fello,ws,' he said· the fear of communism, but rather from the icy. But it is a valuable, and, indeed, in­ with a smile, 'what do you suppose he requirements of our political and religious dispensable, element to any effective foreign meant?'" heritage. We must never forget that our policy, specially in the less-developed areas Such was the sweep and the dynamism true strength lies in the moral and poll tical of the world whose future may determine of the President's idea that even today, principles upon which our society is based­ the destiny of all mankind. after 10 years of living with it and working the principles of human dignity, equality, Mr. Truman's point 4 captured the minds with it, we are still discovering in it fresh and brotherhood. Our own revolution was and hearts of men everywhere, both because meanings and fresh dimensions. based upon a belief in the God-given rights it was new and bold and yet drew its inspira­ But an idea is a dazzling, even a blinding, of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. tion from our heritage. Like all great ideas thing-and there is every human tendency It is these thoughts and these ideals which in history, it did not spring full-grown from to dim it down a bit, so that it is more com­ should motivate us today. the brow of one man. Great ideas emerge fortable to live with. We are indeed our brother's keeper and we from the accumulated wisdom, experience, So, for a while, too many of us put on must act in that capacity. We are blessed and aspirations of men, and they have their heavily tinted glasses before we dared look with abundance and we have a moral duty greatest force when their time has come. this idea in the face. to share it. The point 4 idea is rooted in the humani­ First, there was a tendency to "sell it Programs and policies that are designed tarian imperative of all great religions-the cheap." All we had to do, we assured our­ only to resist the evil forces of communism strong should help the weak, the rich should selves, was to pass on to other peoples our are never as effective as efforts that are .7266 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE April 30 made to help humanity. As President Tru­ breakthroughs in economic development-­ These will vary from country to country. man said almost 8 years ago: "The only kind such as a practica-l process tor the de-salting Some countries, like India, have formulated of a war we seek is the good old fight against of sea water which would make many of the~ national purposes, set their goals, and man's ancient enemies-poverty, disease, earth's deserts bloom. are well on the way to achieving them. We­ hunger, and illiteracy." And, last week, I was happy to join with and I include other industrializec}. nations President Truman knew, as we know, that two esteemed colleagues-Senator FuLBRIGHT such as Britain,. France, Canada, Western words, however eloquent, are not enough; ~nd Senator KENNEDY-in sponsoring amend­ Germany, and Japan-can and do sit down nor do good intentions, however generous, ments to the Mutual Security Act which will with the Indian leaders and see how we can suffice. Deeds, not words, are needed. We transform it into something much more like move toward these goals in a great partner­ must be for peace and progress-and not the development for peace program we all ship of nations. simply against the evil threat of commu· want. In other countries, what is needed are nism. First, and most important, we are propos­ the preconditions for establishing such The real trouble is not so much what the ing that the Development Loan Fund be goals. The U.N. Special Fund, under Paul Communists are attempting to do in the financed to the extent of $1.5 billion a year Hoffman's able leadership, is already busy world, but how much less we are doing for a period of 5 years-$7.5 billion in all. laying the groundwork, making the basic than we can and should do. We can be sure And we are proposing-as the administra­ surveys of resources and potentialities which that the Communists will be glad to fill in tion, indeed, proposed 2 years ago-that the are too often lacking. In many countries any gaps we leave. Fund be empowered to borrow this money it should be possible, after this essential pre­ And we need to recapture the enlightened from the Treasury, as the Export-Import liminary work has been done, to set both enthusiasm that guided American policy in Bank already does, so that it will not have to short-term and long-term goals. • the great days of innovation and daring un­ seek fresh appropriations-and risk fresh There is every reason why some of these der the Marshall plan and the point 4 pro­ curtailments--each and every year. goals should be projected on a regional basis. grams of President Truman. These early Second, we are proposing to rewrite the pre­ We could take the lead in the Organization programs were characterized by imagination, amble and statement of purposes of the act, of American States, for example, in mount­ vision, substance, and long-term planning. to brush away the cobwebs that have gath­ ing a 5- or 7-year development plan for Latin It is not enough to merely perform the ered on it over the years, and put it in lan­ America-spelling it out in terms of miles ritual in foreign aid-there must be faith­ guage worthy of our best traditions as a of roads, kilowatts of electricity, and tons a faith in the importance and soundness of liberal and democratic Nation-with em­ of steel. We could do the same with the our policies. We need more than the form­ phasis on economic progress and polltical Colombo plan nations, in cooperation with we need the spirit, if our programs of as­ freedom. Japan, and in the Middle East, with its tre­ sistance are going to be genuinely construc· Third, as a step toward decreasing the mendous oil resources-and in emergent tive and effective. present heavily military character of the pro­ Africa, too. And we must recognize the task of help­ gram, we are proposing increased authority In all these undertakings, we would, of ing other nations to help themselves is a for the President to transfer funds originally course, look to private investment to do its continuing task. It will not be finished next allocated for "military hardware" to eco­ full share, and I Inight say that by "full year or the year after. Therefore, let us plan nomic purposes. And, for the same reason, share" I mean substantially more than it ahead. Our struggle against communism we propose increased authority for our Am­ is doing now. The conditions suitable for and against man's ancient enemies of pov­ bassadors to coordinate military aid with private investment must often be created erty, disease, and hunger will be a long· economic and political objectives. by public funds. And public-financed proj· drawn out battle. We seek to make a clean break with the ects usually cannot achieve their full po­ So let us prepare ourselves accordingly. argument so often used in Congress, that the tential without private investment. There To be effective our foreign aid programs mere fact that the funds available for a 1s no essen tlal conflict between those two should be established on a longer term basis, given year are not fully used is a reason complementary sources of development capi· so that both we and those we seek to help for curtailing next year's effort. tal. can plan ahead and can rely on a sustained No great business enterprise is conducted Thus, we would be building upon the ex­ effort. upon such a hand-to-mouth, ever-bare-cup­ perience of the Marshall plan-the most Therefore, we must make at least three board basis. spectacularly successful example of our post­ major efforts tO strengthen the economic and Instead, we wish to use the availabllity of war econoinic policy-which succeeded be­ technical assistance programs of the United adequate funds-and I emphasize the word cause it had a goal, and because the partici­ States: "'availability"-as an inspiration to our pating nations, with wise leadership from 1. Place our aid programs on a long-term friends throughout the world to prepare the United States, set targets for themselves planning basis, in order to provide the as• sound, well-considered programs of economic and mob11ized their resources to meet them. surance of continuity to the leadership of development--in effect, to set their own na­ I would go further. There will be a sum­ developing nations, and to avoid the tremen­ tional goals. mit conference this summer, and I hope that dous waste of stop-and-go~ hot-and-cold programing. · We are now nearing the end of the era President DeGaulle will have the opportunity 2. Seek to supplement bilateral programs of Western colonialism, and (I wish I could to repeat:-with his grand command of lan­ at every opportunity with multilateral ap· say the same about the new imperialism of guage-what he said last month: proaches, using existing instrumentalities the Soviet Union and Red China). The great "'In our time, the only quarrel worthwhile such as the United Nations and its associated struggles for independence which have 1s that o! mankind. • • • Why should we agencies. characterized our generation have been, for not put together a percentage of our raw 3. Design the ald programs not in terms of the peoples involved, a challenging and in· materials, our manufactured goods, our food defensive stopgaps, but rather as the affirm· spiring experience. They have written a products, some of our scientists, technol­ ative, constructive building blocks of a world heroic chapter in the world's history. ogists, economists, some of our trucks, ships, free of poverty and suffering. · But, after the fireworks, after the celebra­ aircraft, to defeat poverty, develop resources, To carry out this program I have proposed tions of independence, there comes the let­ and help the work o! the less developed what I like to call the works of peace. down. We knew it ourselves, after the tri• peoples? I have recently proposed a food for peace umph of our own revolution. Then came the "Let us do this-not that they should be program, which will put to use the God-given equally difficult task of establishing orderly the pawns of our policies, but to improve abundance of our farms-not haphazardly. and free government. the chances of life and peace.H not as a veiled device for dumping surpluses, Nationalism is a steed you can ride to In­ Let us always remember, however, what not on a hand-to-mouth, year-to-year basis, dependence-but, by itself, it does not carry King Hussein of Jordan so wisely said-that but as an Integral part of our total foreign people further than the first "'Fourth of_ the United Nations is the summit confer­ policy effort, planned for 5 years ahead. July:• The plain truth is that some of the ence of the small nations. If only the Big Together with Senator LISTER HILL, I have new nations are floundering badly, and most· Four could go forward from their own sum­ proposed a health for peace program, de­ of them are feeling the chlll gray dawn of mit to mankind's summit at the United signed to mobilize the medical and scientific the morning after. Nations-and could come prepared to work resources of America and of all nations for Political independence must be related to. together for the welfare of all humanity. a concerted attack upon the dread diseases economic interdependence. The passion of What clouds of frustration and fear would which weaken, cripple, and k111 mlllions of nationalism must be translated into hard· be cleared from our human horizons. persons throughout the world. national goals. The United Nations represents one of our I have called, also, for an eduaction for And these goals are incomplete without great hopes for a just and lasting peace. peace program of worldwide educational de­ timetables for achieving them. When I pal'· It should be made a more effective instru­ velopment and expanded East-West ex-. ticipated as an American delegate at the ment. AB a step in that direction I have changes of schola'rS-to be financed largely. United Nations, I had occasion to observe introduced a resolution in this Congress to out of the several b1llion dollars of "soft how insistent--and rightly so-our Asian strengthen the United Nations' Interna­ c_urrencies" or "counterpart funds" being ac­ and African !riends were on timetables for tional Court of Justice by deleting the so­ cumulated by the United States in exchange. the achievement of political independence. called Connally amendment from our decla­ for food shipments or as repayment of loans. We need goals ~or toiX).orrow's ki.D.d of in• r~tion of acceptance Df the Court's jurisdic­ We must wage war on 1lllteracy. dependence-independence from poverty­ tion. It is for this reason also that I have I can evisage a science for peace pro­ and we need timetables by which the pros• joined with· Senator CLARK and others in gram, which, among other things, would seek ress toward these goals can be assessed. sponsoring a resolution r~commending that 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 7267 ·the Charter of the United Nations be. re­ and take a more responsible approach to part, and there are other factors as well ·, viewed to determine what changes should reducing and finally eliminating our na.. . that I cannot deal with here. However, be made in it to promote peace through the development of enforceable world law. tiona! debt. · it is very clear that in the interest of the At -the United Nations, the great goals Nevertheless, there is soundness in the Nation, not to speak of the several mil­ could be formulated-let us call them targets junior chamber of commerce point of lion unemployed workers and their fami­ -for the 20th century. And, each year, its view that tax reduction would spur the lies who are involved, that the Congress proceedings would be dominated, not by economy. I salute the Jaycees with the must do something constructive and sub­ bitter harangues, but by sober assessment assurance of my continuing support of stantial about this problem at a very of the progress of its member nations to­ every reduction and reform in our tax early date. ward these goals. I think that we have seriously lagged This is a bold idea-but no bolder than structure that will not impair the eco .. President Truman's was 10 years ago. For, nomic health of the country. And I in coping with this substantial unem­ all too often, we forget this vital passage would like to single out for special com­ ployment which in some States and com-­ in his inaugural address: mendation Mr. Charles E. Sharek, a munities reaches alarming percentages "We invite other countries to pool their member of the New Bedford Junior and is causing stagnation, paralysis, and technological resources in this undertaking. Chamber of Commerce, for having been privation in many historically prosper.. Their contributions will be warmly wel­ selected Massachusetts' representative to ous areas. comed. This should be a cooperative enter­ the Jaycees' recent Washington confer­ The situation constitutes a real chal­ prise in which all nations work together through the United Nations and its spe­ ence on tax reduction. With 12,031 lenge to the Government and we have cialized agencies, wherever practicable. It names on the above-quoted petition no choice in my opinion but to give the must be a worldwide effort for the achieve­ against wasteful Federal spending, col .. problem urgent consideration and work ment of peace, plenty, and freedom." lected in greater New Bedford, Mr. it out so as to alleviate the unemploy­ Sharek, chairman of the drive in that ment and restore the amicted communi­ area, obtained more signatures than ties to a condition of pros~rity and in­ anyone else in the country. dustrial good health and well-being. Tax Reform As a prize he won a 3-day expense­ This is an American problem. It can.. paid trip to Washington. If we here not in these days be swept under the EXTENSION OF REMARKS heed the Jaycees' message, everybody table and overlooked. We all must rec .. OF will be a winner. ognize that State and local authorities Mr. Speaker, this determination of my alone cannot solve this problem. The HON. HASTINGS KEITH constituents to move into the arena on Federal Government must take action. OF MASSACHUSETTS the side of a sound fiscal policy against And it must be taken now. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES irresponsible and unjustifiable waste in Federal spending is not confined to only Thursday, April30, 1959 one area. At the extreme other end of Mr. KEITH. Mr. Speaker, through my district some 240 members of the Reviewing U.S. Role on World Stage­ the efforts of the Greater New Bedford Women's Republican Club of Norwell, Interview With Senator Fulbright Junior Chamber of Commerce, more Mass., which this year is celebrating its than 12,000 persons residing in the Ninth 35th anniversary, have signed a letter EXTENSION OF REMARKS Massachusetts District have spoken with calling on me and other members of the singleness of voice and purpose in an legislative and executive branches of our OF urgent appeal to the Congress to effect Government to work with President HON. MIKE MANSFIELD a program of tax reform that would Eisenhower toward achieving a balanced OF MONTANA stimulate and stabilize the economy of budget. ·the Nation. These appeals are not idle and mean­ IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES The petition signed by these 12,000 ingless gestures. They are not mere Thursday, April30, 1959 citizens, and the public spirit this mon­ formalities. The citizens, whose chief Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I umental task represents, are most laud­ means of being heard is through their able, and . deserve immediate attention ask unanimous consent that a ·capital duly elected representatives, are aroused interview with Senator J. WILLIAM FuL .. and action. I resolutely endorse the ob­ over the trend toward further spending BRIGHT, chairman of the Senate Foreign jectives set forth in this petition, and beyond our means. They are, as they call upon my colleagues on both sides of Relations Committee, conducted by have every right to be, insistent that we Courtney Sheldon, and published in the .the aisle to dedicate or rededicate them­ in Congress run the business of this selves to these objectives. Christian Science Monitor of April 29, country on a sound, businesslike basis. 1959, be printed in the CONGRESSIONAL · In order that the Jaycees' case be ac­ We are obligated not to do less. curately stated and clearly understood, RECORD. I think Mr. Sheldon has done may I quote the text of this petition: a distinct service in conducting this in­ terview, and that, in tum, the Senator We, :the undersigned, citizens • • • of from Arkansas has rendered a service Massachusetts do hereby petition and recom­ . Tackle Unemployment Now mend to the Congress of· the United States in expressing his views relative to the and to other appropriate legislative bodies foreign policy of this country. that they recognize the necessity for reduc­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS There being no objection, the article ing or removing present obstacles to the ex­ OF was ordered to be printed in the REcoRD, pansion and grow·th of the economy so that as follows: new businesses and more Jobs will be created HON. PHILIP J. PHILBIN REVIEWING U.S. RoLE ON WORLD STAGE-A .which will result in an even higher stand­ OF MASSACHUSETTS ard of living and ever greater national abun­ CAPITAL INTERVIEW WITH SENATOR FuL- dance. To this end, the burden of Govern­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES BRIGHT ment expelldi:tures should be reduced to the Thursday, April 30, 1959 (By Courtney Sheldon) lowest practicable level and a program of WASHINGTON.-8enator JAMES WU.LIAM tax reform should be instituted which would Mr. PHILBIN. Mr. Speaker, many of FULBRIGHT, of Arkansas, a thoroughgoing result, over a reasonable period of time and us have been greatly concerned about the s~holar on foreign affairs, a persistent critic on an orderly basis, in a tax rB~te structure­ continuance of rather startling unem­ of the Eisenhower foreign policies, and now particularly in regard to the Federal income ployment rates in various communities in a strategic position as chairman of the tax-which would be moderate at .all levels and areas throughout the country, not­ influential Senate Foreign Relations Com­ and permit the maximum development of withstanding the current prosperity mittee, says: the Nation's economic potential. boom which the country is enjoying as a "The more · dangerous area to us is 1n the nonmllitary (when it is a question of the Mr. Speaker, I recognize that the whole. relative importance of military and economic United States is carrying heavy and nec­ I will not go into some of the reasons aid). essary commitm~nts in this crucial cold for these trouble spots of unemploy­ "The President's requests for foreign aid war period, and that we are deep in na­ ment because they are numerous and are very modest relative to the need. tional debt. It is vitally essential that complex. Undoubtedly, extremely inju­ "Our international manners are often we continue to meet these obligations dicieus monetary policies played their atrocious. 7268 ·CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE • f;. April 30 _ "Our whole country has not .recognized and talk. I think this reluctance to have _ -"My amendments request a good deal more our proper role. , , a talk has created the impression we're afraid for the development loan fund tha.n he "I have felt in the past that we [Secretary of them, and that we have no ideas and no asked. I think his requests are very modest Herter and I] • • • judge the world and policy. relative to the need." many of our problems in a somewhat simi­ "I realize there has been a very persuasive This is economic aid · you are talking lar manner. argument made that they are adept at propa­ about? "I rather regret the size of the United ganda, and that they will use a meeting "Yes." Nations now. It grew too fast." merely to embarrass us. Well that is an­ If there were to be a cutback in mutual Of the numerous East-West differences, other way of saying we are so stupid we security, you would prefer it to be in the Senator FuLBRIGHT, are there any you feel don't know how to make propaganda or how military rather than the economic? could be discussed now at a summit meet­ to combat it. If we are, we had better learn. "I would as a matter of relative threat to ing with some hope of accord? I think it is that kind of world and we have our security in coming years, if you have to "Well, Mr. Sheldon, I am not particularly to accept it." make a choice. The more dangerous area optimistic about reaching any solutions in What do you regard, Senator FULBRIGHT, to us is in the nonmilitary." the first, or even the second meeting. My as the notable successes and failures of the approach is rather that these matters need administration on foreign policy in the last to be solved, and that we should start talk­ 7 years? ing about them and find out if there is any "Well, I think the highly unsatisfactory Pricing Ourselves Out of Markets hope for an adjustment of our differences. state of our international relations and the "I would prefer emphasis upon the estab­ tension that exists throughout certainly the lished diplomatic channels, but the Russians Middle East at the moment, and existed only EXTENSION OF REMARKS seem disinclined to do that and therefore recently in the Far East, would indicate that OF they wish this procedure. I'm perfectly will­ the successes have not been very great or ing to go along with that." notable. - HON. GORDON H. SCHERER By regular diplomatic channels you are "I don't mean to leave the implication that OF OHIO referring to ambassadorial relations? the administration is entirely to blame. I IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES "Yes, I would hope that our ambassadors think the people, our whole country, has could carry on constant negotiations with not recognized our proper role and we have Thursday, April 30, 1959 the Russians. not applied ourselves. Mr. SCHERER. Mr. Speaker, on last "For some reason or other the Russians "iBut to be more specific, as you know I seem to be extremely reluctant to enter into took serious issue with the so-called Eisen­ Friday I addressed the State convention serious negotiations over the settlement of hower doctrine. I opposed it, spoke against of the Ohio Private Employment Agency such things as the Berlin business or the it, worked against it. I was also highly Association in Cincinnati, Ohio. This Middle East. It leads one to suspect their critical of the decision of the Secretary speech discusses the factors which are motives. And I have grave doubt whether [Dulles] on the Aswan Dam proposal, that causing us to price ourselves out of both the Russians really want to compose these is our relations with Nasser. I think it was differences. foreign and domestic markets as a re­ poorly handled, and I think his judgment sult of the inflationary spiral and our "But those doubts, in my opinion, do not at the time of Russian strength and activity justify refusing to enter into summit dis­ was not based upon realities. trade policies. cussions. Now it may be they only want "I suppose you could say our most satis­ My remarks follow: to make propaganda, but I don't know why factory relations at the moment have been They say that one of the ingredients of a we cannot make propaganda the same as with Germany. The preservation, at least, successful speech is 1f the speaker is in a they do. On the other hand, they are of a fairly high degree of unity among the position to discuss a current issue of mutual peculiar people and maybe they will grad­ NATO partners, I believe, would be regarded interest and concern. ually consent to serious negotiations. All as the most successful area of activity. The Your business is to find jobs and people I am saying is that we ought to find out what preservation of reasonably good relations with the necessary skills to fill those jobs. they are doing and pursue opportunities to You are meeting here this week in Cincin­ find out." with Japan is also a successful area. "Of course, I think the deterioration of our nati to discuss new and improved techniques When you mentioned regular diplomatic in order that you may do a better job. But channels were you referring at all to the Latin American relations is another example of failure, largely of neglect. I don't know no matter how hard you try, your business U.N.? will not be successful and prosper unless in "Well, it can be used in certain circum­ anything positive that we have done that has alienated them. We just haven't done this country we have a sound and growing stances, but it is a rather awkward organ­ economy to proVide the generally broad basis ization. It has so many members now. I anything affirmative to conciliate them and make them feel we are interested in them. for jobs. think it has reaJiy gotten too large. I We have heard a great deal in the last year rather regret the size of the U.N. now. It In this case I think it is not such a material matter. It is an attitude, a matter of goo<;l about recession and unemployment. Just 3 grew _too fast in size before we had perfected weeks ago the labor leaders arranged for a its procedures and established traditions manners. Regarding them as important people, and being courteous to them is very march on Washington by the unemployed that would support orderly procedure. I for the purpose of demonstrating to the Con­ won't wish to abandon it, of course. I think essential. Our international manners are often atrocious." gress and to the President the seriousness of it is still a hopeful organization." the unemployment situation in this country. Would you cite some of the specific differ­ What would you say has been the trend of American prestige and influence in the world So you can see why I say that you and I ences that you feel could be usefully nego­ have something in common. tiated now? recently? . "I think it has clearly declined. We have I along with my colleagues in the Congress "Well, the most immediate ones, of course, have been challenged to provide jobs for the are the status of West Berlin and Germany presented an image, a picture of indecision, I think, of inconsistency. We talk one way unemployed. However, our task, I am told, and the so-called nuclear ban, at least on is comparatively simple. the restricted basis that has recently been and we act another in many instances, no­ tably in the field of trade and tariffs. I All we have to do is to authorize the spend­ brought forward as a kind of salvage opera­ ing of additional billions and billions of dol­ tion, the one which does not require ex­ think very often our statements have not been realistic. We have not been able to live lars for new and expanded activities of the tensive monitoring within the adversary's Federal Government and-presto--the unem­ country." up to them. I think we have talked too much and been too brash in some of our ployment problem, whatever it might be, is The Western proposal for a ban on at­ solved. The lobbies and pressure groups be­ mospheric tests only? statements." Do you feel that the appointment of Mr. hind all of these new-fangled spending pro­ "That certainly is a possibility, and the grams will then say I am a fine fellow and discussion of the Middle East is a possibil-; Herter as Secretary of State is going to change this trend? a good Congressman who, is alerted to the ity. I see no reason to exclude any of our needs of the common man. differences. These are discussions in the "I have great respect for Mr. Herter's in­ tegrity and his capacity. He has had long Furthermore, I will be ·a much better Joe first instance. I don't think we should ex­ if I don't even suggest raising taxes to pay pect solutions growing out of a meeting experience and I am very pleased with his for this new spending spree and just quietly immediately. I think it is more of an ex­ appointment. I look forward to working with him as closely as I can, and I hope pass this bill on to your and my children, ploratory discussion to feel one another as we have been doing regularly during the out." that we continue to agree on many of the last two decades. You are not at all opposed to what is basic factors that a1Hict us. I have felt in Oh yes, it is the easy and popular way called an open agenda then? the past that we have a good deal in com­ out. Just have Uncle Sam borrow the money, "No, I think it should be an open agenda. mon, that is in our attitudes, that we judge for which he will sign a few more billion They waste more time trying to decide an the world and many of our problems in a I.O.U.'s This will give the employment situ­ agenda than anything else. If they don't somewhat similar manner." ation a temporary and exhilarating shot in wish to talk about anything seriously or On the question of the mutual security the arm, and the politicians and labor bosses relevant, why adjourn. We have at least program, do you favor giving the President a chance to take a bow and perhaps win an proved that we are not afraid to sit down the full amount asked for the program? election or two. 1959 CONGRESSIONAL . RECORD~ HOUSE 7269 While we are on this lost weekend binge, General Claire Chennault, who died last dren. your teachers, and your curriculums we can conveniently forget that in doing August of cancer, was one of the truly great will eventually operate under mandate from this we have given the devastating enemy of soldiers of our time. He was the leader of Washington. inflation a potent and permanent upsurge the famous Flying Tigers and later com­ I believe our school boards, our school ad­ which accelerates pricing ourselves out of our manded the-U.S. Air Force in the Far East. ministrators, our teachers, and our PTA's foreign and domestic markets. He was a man who understood the Com­ can do a better job for our schools with our You know the result. Instead of more munists because he had fought them for own tax dollars than can some bureaucrat in things for more people at lower prices, the more than 20 years. The Committee on Washington, just as I believe that our city cost of everything we buy soars. The Ameri­ Un-American Activities wanted the Ameri­ councils, our planning commissions, and our can dollar is further eroded not only here can people to have the benefit of his ex­ citizens' development committees can do but all over the world. Production neces­ perience and expert knowledge before he better and more economical jobs at urban re­ sarily declines, and we are again on the to­ died. development, free from the redtape and dic­ boggan slide of unemployment. The unem­ General Chennault said in his testimony tation of Washington bureaucrats. You ployment agencies become unemployed. just a few weeks before he died, and I quote: know that for every educational and urban Of course, the politicians who took the easy "You know that communism is depending redevelopment dollar Ohio sends to the Po­ and popular way out should crawl under the on ruining the United States financially, tomac, it will be lucky if it gets 50 cents table. But they will not worry too much. more so than on any military action against back. Some will solve their personal unemployment the United States • • • Lenin and Stalin I realize that the States and local govern­ problems by squeezing relatives on the pubic both talked about not engaging in war if ments would have an easier time meeting payroll. it can be avoided. Their plan for many their financial obligations if the Federal Gov­ It should not be inferred from anything years was to ruin the financial structure ernment did not siphon off so much of the I have said that I am insensible or uncon­ of the United States. tax dollar. That is one reason why the hand­ cerned about the unemployment that exists "I believe that if things go on as they ful of conservatives in the Congress con­ in the United States. I don't believe, how­ are now, eventually they will achieve that tinue to oppose the ever-expanding activi­ ever, that the unemployment situation gen­ purpose of ruining the United States finan­ ties and programs of the Federal Govern­ erally is as bad as represented by some cially." ment-so that the Federal Government will groups. In another part of his testimony, he said: not continue to siphon off more and more tax No one will deny that there are pockets "I believe the Communists will not take dollars to the detriment of local government. of serious unemployment in the United over a lot of Asia 'where they could. They But let's get back for a few minutes to States, the causes for which I will discuss want us to continue pouring aid into those unemployment. Oh yes, I can hear those later. However, these pockets of unemploy­ areas • • • year after year, until our cur­ who are calling for more Government spend­ ment in a generally prosperous economy are rency is no longer of any value. Then they ing as the panacea to aid unemployment being used as an excuse and a weapon for will be ready to take the United States in saying that SCHERER in unconcerned. That is the promotion of some harebrained, social­ turn." not true. I am looking for basic causes of istic, astronomical spending programs. For years before I went to Congress, I com­ unemployment and the employment of meas­ plained and campaigned against the ever­ ures to remove these causes. LYNDON JoHNSON's Special Commission on increasing bureaucracy of the New Deal, the As I have pointed out, the unemployment Unemployment Problems will soon conduct astronomical expenditures of the Federal situation which we are facing at the present hearings in these bad areas and, with the Government, and the ever-increasing taxload time is different and unusual. In most of help of certain people who have an ax to on the American people and American busi­ the country employment is good; in many grind, wm exploit before television these ness. places it is above average. But there are truly bad unemployment areas, to make it I did not go to Washington to support pockets of unemployment where admittedly appear as if the whole country is in a ter­ programs and legislation which augment the situation is bad. This is an unusual rible state. those evils. I did not go to Washington to and unique situation, different from what Certain labor bosses and pressure groups participate in the dissolution of the economy we have ever faced. will use this cleverly aroused public opinion or fiscal stability of the United States. I certainly am not an expert in this field. to clobber Congress into passing these high­ Just remember that we are never going to Far from it. But from what I have been cost, ill-conceived, socialistic measures which get tax reductions that are justified and do able to learn, the problem is acute 1n those otherwise would not have a ghost of a not adversely affect the economy of the industries and areas where we have priced chance of adoption. This maneuvering will, United States until we put a stop to un­ ourselves out of markets and where we are of course, distract attention from some of bridled spending. Tax cuts without spend­ no longer able to compete with the products the practices and basic causes of this novel, ing cuts lead to greater debt, move us closer of foreign manufacturers. spotty unemployment dilemma in which we to fiscal collapse, and, of course, ran the Charles Lucey, the able writer for Scripps­ find ourselves. fires of ruinous and uncontrollable 1nfiation. Howard newspapers, deals with this subject Of course, government, along with labor I have on occasion opposed new and ex· 1n a recent series of articles. He said: and management, should adopt an sound panded activities for the Federal Govern­ ••Evidence grows that domestic United and reasonable measures to wipe out the ment which have merit and are desirable. States 1nfia.tion is shoving up our costs so causes and practices which lead to this There are two principal reasons, however, that overseas nations can undersell us." Unique unemployment situation. The for my opposition: There is no question but that he 1s right. trouble is that today here in America we First, because we cannot afford them. Be­ This 1nfia.tionary spiral in the United have developed a mania that the mere spend­ cause these programs would further increase States has not only priced us out of foreign ing of more dollars can solve all of our prob­ the indebtedness of the Federal Government. markets but out of our domestic markets as lems. the tax burden on our people, and weaken well. It is a basic economic fact that every Let's see if what I have said is not true. the fiscal structure of the United States. time you raise the price of a television set, a We have been trying to buy friends and Second, because I felt that the project or washing machine, a refrigerator. or an allles for many years. After Sputnik the program was one that should be carried on automobile by $50, there are thousands answer to curing the deficiencies in our edu­ by local or State government. fewer families who are able to buy one or cational system was more money. The cur• Let me give you an example: more of these items. rent upsurge in juvenile delinquency is at­ Those who have opposed various Federal· Excessive Government spending, especially tributed to our unwillingness to spend aid programs for education have been deficit spending where the Government money on a whole variety of programs and charged with being insensible to the welfare spends money it has to borrow, as sure as panaceas. of the children of the country, benefits for night follows day, lessens the purchasing I know someone will say-and justifiably teachers, and education generally. Just the power of each dollar, and consequently 1s one so: "ScHERER, what do you suggest if you're opposite, however, is true. of the major factors in the 1nfiationary so smart?" Everyone with a grain of sense knows that spiral. I am convinced that more profligate, defi­ eventually any type of Federal-aid program Also making major contributions to the cit spending by the Federal Government will results in Federal interference, domination, inflationary spiral, the ever increasing cost eventually worsen the situation rather than and control. To argue differently is to dis­ of living or the declining purchasing power better it. regard the record completely. of the dollar are men like Reuther and Mc­ I know that at a time when the American Whenever you pour Federal money into Donald and some of the big industrialists dollar is eroding and depreciating all over local government, Federal control eventually who produce basic raw materials. the world-when credit of the United States follows as night follows day. Education is Over the past decade certain labor leaders is being pushed to the breaking point­ one of the last major activities that we have 1n order to maintain their own positions of when our national debt is $50 billion greater kept in the hands of the local authorities. power within their unions have consistently than the total combined debt of all the other If the Federal Government takes over­ pushed and pushed for wages that far ex­ nations of the world, such spending is court­ and I predict that it will 1! the present trend ceeded the increased cost of living. The in­ ing disaster, bankruptcy, and the destruc­ continues-you are going to have a depart­ dustrialists to whom I have referred have tion of the economy of the United States. ment of education filled with thousands of readily granted excessive and unwarranted This is exactly what the Soviets want wi new bureaucrats that w111 dwarf all other wage increases because these increases offered to do. This ls what th~y have planned for departments or Government with the excep­ them an opportunity and an excuse for a our internal deterioration. tion of Defense. Your schools, your chil- price increase which included not only t he 7270 CONGRESSIONAL ·RECORD- HOUSE April 30 wage differential but also a substantial and first half of 1957 to the first half of 1958, the - ·If one -thinks that this problem is confined often unjustified profit margin. value of U.S. merchandise exports fell more-:-­ to small items only, he is sadly mistaken. As a result, the man on a fixed income, the in relative as well as in absolute terms-than The Tennessee Valley Authority, after quite pensioner, the schoolteacher, and the white­ those of all other countries combined." a hassle, recently decided to buy a huge collar worker, whose increases, if any, lag In last Sunday's Washington Post the steam turbine generator from a British com­ behind have suffered most. In turn, indus­ well-known business writer, Bernard D. pany that underbid U.S. firms by several try loses these people as customers. N ossiter, said this: million dollars. Remember our economy today is at a high "But imports and other purchases abroad Let's see how this one purchase affected point largely because of the tremendous ex­ ran ahead of exports by $900 million, and in workers in four cities of the United States. penditure of defense dollars. Markets or national income bookkeeping this is on the It was Westinghouse and General Electric production caused by defense spending can minus side of the ledger." which were outbid. They have plants which in a sense be said to be artifi.cally created. As I said, we recently reduced the tariff on manufacture turbines and turbine parts in If this cold war should end, and we all pray foreign cars coming into this country by East Pittsburgh, Lester, Pa.; Schenectady, that it will, defense spending and produc­ about 8.5 percent. Today most Europea~ N.Y.; and Fitchburg, Mass. All four of these tion will come to a grinding halt. You can countries fix quotas on American cars. Only cities are in depressed areas where unem­ readily see how the United States will then a handful are admitted, and the tariffs are ployment is high. need badly every possible market or outlet exorbitant. The cheapest kind of Chevrolet The loss of this contract meant the loss of for its industrial program. One can see or Ford costs $6,500 in France, approximately about 350 full-time jobs for 2 years on di­ how vital it is that we preserve our markets $8,000 in England, and $10,000 in South rect production and 700 or more other jobs for tomorrow. America. Is this reciprocal trade? indirectly connected with the project. As a result of high taxes caused by the Automobile imports have increased almost Again, Brit_ish wage rates are only 37 percent .Government spending I have been talking 15 times in the past 5 years-from 29,505 in ·of those in the United States for simllar about and high production costs, industry 1953 to 431,608 in 1958. Export of U.S. cars work. after industry in the United States today is has decreased from 186,262 in 1953 to 125,834 establishing plants in foreign countries to ·in 1958. Here is a headline from Monday's Wall take advantage of low labor costs and tax Let's go from automobiles to a little-thing .Street Journal: "Producers Spur Imports ·concessions. Now I believe we should invest like nails. Imports of nails supply more than From Own Oversea Plants, Cite Savings­ private American capital abroad, but for one-third of U.S. market. Imports are more Harvester Gets First Units." other reasons than to avoid taxes and to take than 50 times as great as exports of nails. The news story said: "This week Interna· advantage of low labor costs. Barbed wire, an American invention, a few tiona! Harvester Co., the largest manufac­ If we continue to invest capital, as we have years ago came almost solely from U.S. con­ turer of farm equipment in the world, im­ in the past few years, at an accelerated rate, cerns, both big and small. Today more than ported into the United States the first farm for building plants all over the world that one out of every two rolls of barbed wire sold tractors made in Harvester factories over­ would have otherwise been spent for normal in this country is made in foreign mills, seas." plant expansion in the cities of the United using foreign steel. This week's issue of U.S. News & World States, we are headed for a real hair-curling Imports of barbed wire amount to more Report, in discussing this very subject, says: unemployment one of these days. than 50 times our exports. Why? Simply "U.S. producers trying to meet this kind We have lost many world markets today because a Dayton, Ohio, job~er can buy a of competition have two alternatives if they simply because we can no longer compete. ton of barbed wire made in Germany for $40 want to stay in business: Turn to more We are going to continue to lose more and less than the same product made in nearby automation, using fewer people, or shift pro­ more of these. markets, in industry after in­ Cleveland, where steel wages are three times duction overseas." dustry, because daily foreign countries, with as high. It has been going overseas at an alarming our technical help and our money, are enter­ ~he industry estimates that the excess of rate. ing new fields and are manufacturing com­ imports over exports, in terms of ·man-hours As foreign countries take on the manu­ modities with the most advanced mass pro­ required to produce the barbed wire, equals facture of more and more items which they duction ·:machinery avallable. They are do­ about 650 full-time jobs. There is no tariff ·formerly purchased in this country, they will ing it without paying astronomical taxes and on imports of barbed wire. be able to do some real bargaining under our with labor costs that are only a fraction of Most of the sewing m~hine business has present trade policies. The prices for com­ ours. gone to foreign factories. The White Co., modities made in this country w111 be so high A Ford assembly-line worker gets a wage, which was No.2 in this field, gave up in late that under no condition will we be able to including fringe benefits, of approximately . .1957 after 80 years of business and now has compete with their domestic products. They $2.94 per' hour, compared with 69 cents in its machines made in Japan. · . will then be able without fe.ar to remove all Cologne, Germany. Yet a few weeks ago we In 1956 and 1957 we shipped abroad only tariffs on American-made products because reduced tariffs on German cars. 80,000 sewing machines. We imported 2 we cannot possibly compete with them in It does not take a genius to see why we million. their markets. They will grant tariff con;. are not only losing our European markets There are steady increases in imports of cessions to us gladly for similar ones on but our domestic markets as well. portable typewriters and calculating and their products coming into the United States. Some industrialists who 6 years ago, when other types of business machines. One com­ So you can readily see what I say is true; I first came to Congress, urged me as pany with an oversea plant makes identical namely, that we are losing our European vehemently as they dared to vote against machines in the United States and in Ger­ markets and soon, under our present trade liberalization of our trade policies, have to­ many. It pays an average of $2.25 per hour policies, will be well on our way to losing our day reversed their position. · They want no to workers in its American plant, less tha~ own American markets to foreign-made com• tariff barriers or quotas. Why this change? 60 cents an hour to its workers in Germany. modities shipped into this country. Simply because during these 6 years they An official of this company recently said: Let me give you an example: The manu~ have built plants abroad and now want to "We are being forced into setting up oversea facturers of sporting equipment laid on my import their low-cost, foreign-made prod­ plants, where labor costs are lower, in. order desk the highest quality baseball gloves, ucts into this country without quotas or to compete with foreign companies." basketballs, footballs, etc., manufactured in tariff barriers. · In 1957 we exported about 100,000 type­ this country for many, many years. They What happens 1f this :flow of American writers and imported 337,000. From January placed beside this equipment similar items capital abroad for the establishment of to September of 1958, we shipped only 42,000 of exactly the same quality made by the plants all over the world continues at the typewriters overseas and brought in 280,000. Japanese. It was pointed out that under our expense of industrial expansion at home? Last year 800,000 bicycles arrived. Our ex­ foreign-aid ·program we gave to the Japanese What happens to small business and in­ ports were negligible. - the most. modern, scientific, mass-produc· dustry-the backbone of this country­ We find that we have simllar situations tion, leather goods machinery. which cannot establish plants in Europe, existing with reference to such items as fish­ The American labor that went into these which, in order to maintain our high stand­ ing tackle, jeweled watches, clocks, clothes­ products averaged $2.50 an hour compared ard of llving, must continue to pay high pins, woolen gloves, plywood, dinnerware, to Japanese labo·r at 40 cents _an hour. labor costs, the 52 percent corporate tax, and woolen fabrics, cameras, cotton cloth, and Japanese taxes, both business and personal, even higher personal taxes to sustain this transistor radios. are considerably lower than ours. orgy of spending in which we are engaged? Insofar as transistor radios are concerned, The old argument that American know­ Keeping in mind our unprecedented popu­ some U.S. manufacturers, in order to stay in how, ingenuity, and mass-production lation growth, what happens to American business, have arranged to bring in transistor methods can overcome the differential in labor and small business when it will be portables from Japan to sell as part of their taxes and labor costs no longer applies. The compelled in the next 2, 5, and 10 years to own line. Other companies in this field are machinery which the Japanese were given compete with goods made abroad at an in­ considering importing sets or parts from was a later model and more efficient than creasing rate and produced at a fraction of Japan. much of the machinery still used in Amer­ the cost of those made here? Now such an arrangement may overcome ican plants. President Eisenhower, 1n his latest eco­ the companies' current problem of competi· Furthermore, as we all know, the Japanese nomic report to the Congress, said: tion, but what happens to the rank and file are a smart and industrious people. Need · "While imports were well maintained, ex­ of American labor that has been making I point out to you that under these circum­ ports declined sharply after 1957. From the these transistors and parts in U.S. factories? stances it is impossible for our manufac- 1959 CQ~GRESSIONAL ~CORD . -. HOUSE 7271 turers to compete in our own markets with _ And while the emphasis ls clearly on capt­ rich in natural resources, which suffer the the Japanese products,? . tal goods to add to Soviet m111tary and eco­ pangs of abject poverty. Yet other countries, Of course, ·the free traders wilt tell you nomic power, . there are a!so important. like Switz.erland and Belgium, with ex­ that we inust allow a certain number of planned increases in consiuner goods. Meat treme_ly limited resources, have become industries ·to go by the boards in this coun­ production is to more than double by 1965; highly industrialized and highly productive try because liberalized trade' policies_are ad­ butter production,- already almost equal to and their people enjoy high living standards .. vantageous to our American exporters. True ours, is to increase by almost 400,000 tons. Israel and Puerto Rico are dramatic ex­ it is that over the years, the United States There are to be more shoes and clothes and amples of what can be done by energetic. being a great industrial country, its exports the gadgets of life for the Russian people, people with limited resources. have exceeded its imports. If they had not, who, you must remember, know nothing of The key to economic progress is in the the United States would have been in a bad the rich material life we live here. know-how, in the talents, in the abilities, in. way. That is what we are complaining about We would be foolish indeed to discount the training, in the experience of the people. now. The gap between our exports and our these plans and programs, ambitious as they But in most of the underdeveloped countries, imports is closing fast; in fact, too fast. may seem. For the Soviets have made am­ especially those that have become newly-in­ I am well aware of the Biblical injunction bitious plans before-and they have made dependent, there is a tragic lack of manag­ that we must be our brother's keeper, but them a reality. . ers and operators-people who know how to we can fulfill that injunction only so long _ Not only have they achieved economic do things, how to get results, how to per­ as we are able to keep ourselves. goals; they have taken giant steps in science form. and technology as well. It is not that the people of these countries The first man-made earth satellite bears lack inherent ability. There is no country. a stamp, "Made in Russia." in the world where one cannot find out­ Challenge to American Business · The first artificial planet to be placed in standing individuals. The trouble is there our solar system likewise is labeled, "Made are so very few of them. in Russia." . Training and experience take time. The EXTENSION OF REMARKS And to the struggling nations of the world, process of developing know-how is tragically OF this label says more. It says, "Made in Rus­ slow. sia-only 40 years ago a primitive, unedu­ Under our Point Four program and other HON. HUBERT H. HUMPHREY cated, rural nation, a nation without science, public and private efforts, tens of thousands OF MINNESOTA without technology." of loyal and dedicated Americans have been To the Indian or the Egyptian, the Bur­ living and working as advisors and consul­ IN THE ·sENATE OF THE UNITED STATES mese or the Syrian, Russia's meteoric rise tants and teachers overseas, trying to provide Thursday, April 30, 19S9 from laggard to leader in the world of science the technical assistance which the underde· and invention has the same inspiration as veloped countries so desperately need. Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, I the rags-to-riches rise of the self-made man To these soldiers in the front line of the ask unanimous consent to have printed of America. war against poverty, we all owe a great debt in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD an ad­ If Russia can do it, they say, why can't of gratitude. dress I made before the chamber of com­ we? Where we have failed is in making avail­ merce luncheon on April 27, 1959, en­ And so we would be ill advised to under• able in substantial measure America's mana­ titled "Challenge to American Business." estimate Russia's progress. More important, gerial talents, America;s capacity to do, to There being no objection, the address we would be foolish to ignore the potent perform, to get things done. · effect of Russia's progrees on the rest of the The greatest reservoir of management tal-. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, world. ent in the entire world is in American in_­ as follows: Khrushchev's 7-year plan is not just an dustry. Our corporations have the men and­ CHALLENGE TO AMERICAN BUSINESS economic document; it is a political and women who know how to organize and get (Remarks of f?enator . HUBERT H. HUMPHRE:Y', psychological document, too. The Russians results, how to operate and how to manage. Democrat, of Minnesota, chamber of com­ are using it as a major weapon of foreign Far too little of this talent has been made merce luncheon; Washington, D.C., April policy, and they are getting an interested available to the underdeveloped countries. 27, 1959) audience in all those teeming underdevel­ Here lies the greatest challenge to Amer­ I am grateful for this opportunity to ad­ oped countries of Asia, the Middle East, ican business in the war against poverty­ dress the business leaders of America and to Africa and even Latin America where people in the war for free enterprise. are searching desperately for an escape from As you well know, managment is not discuss with ·you a problem that concerns a life of abject poverty. me deeply. . Many leaders in India, Burma, Indonesia, produced by any simple formula. Managers · I refer to a declaration of war Mr. Khru­ Egypt, Iraq, and elsewhere are fascinated and enterpreneurs are not created ready­ shchev has issued against us--a declaration with what is going on in Russia, and it is made by our universities. No one knows of economic war. better than you that there is no substitute hardly surprising. Those leaders are not for practical experience. I need not r.emind you gentlemen of the blind to the hideous cost to humanity which all too painful fact of the American reces­ the industrial revolution under communism It isn't enough for us to send advisors and· sion. I share your rejoicing that we are has entailed; but they hope to avoid paying consultants and experts overseas. Yes, they again on the upgrade; but none of us should this cost. are tremendously valuable and make a ever forget that there is still far too much At the same time, they know their people marked contribution, but even more import­ slack in our economy. will have to make sacrifices if they are to ant is the need to make available managerial Millions are still jobless. Too many plants grow in economic strength. talent. In this area, only American busi· are working short workweeks. America is Before these people, the Russian flaunt ness can meet the challenge. far from hitting on all cylinders. their 7-year plan, and they get an interested Will you meet the challenge and meet it As you may know, I have recently_visited audience. in time? Russia, and I can tell you that the Soviets For what alternative is offered in its place? Many have said that private investment are · pulling out all of the production stops, What is the experience of the prosperous abroad can do the entire job. A combina­ pressing hard against their full eoonomic West that seems relevant to their dire prob· tion of American capital and American capacity, and making great sacrifices to in­ lems? know-how through private investment is crease that capacity. . What, they ask us, do you have to offer? highly desirable and must be given every Russia is a part of the world where opti­ You and I know that we have plenty to possible encouragement. But for the long­ mism rivals that of America's boldest opti­ offer. But have we been offering it? Have run good of the underdeveloped countries, is mists. we been sharing our best qualities, our great­ this enough? Premier Khrushchev has said that he has est talents as fully as we might have? The best way to encourage free enterprise declared economic war on us. His aim: to I do not think so-and I would like to sug­ is to help build local industries, not merely "catch up and surpass America." gest a way in which American business and branches of American firms. The Soviet countryside is strewn with American businessmen can help export to In the long run, the underdeveloped coun-­ signs bearing these wor.ds. other countries one of the most precious tries will become developed only if their Khrushchev is looking ahead 10 to 20 years. commodities we have: managerial know-how. own businesses grow and expand and be­ He is using the vast powers of Russia's state For it is this talent which has contributed come stronger. machinery to -plan and program the great so greatly to America's unprecedented wealth Only American business can determine resources of his empire. He has called his and standard of living. whether the United States will help the un­ first 7-year plan, "Russia's Offensive Opens," We need to export this talent because the derdeveloped countries secure the manage­ and under this plan he has programed vast. real determinant of a country's economic ment they need for rapid progress. It would increases in _the capacity of Russia's heavy progress is people. be well if every American corporation were industries. Certainly a country with vast natural re­ to think seriously how it can contribute to By 1965, he alms at adding nearly 30 mil­ sources can develop more readily than a meeting this challenge. lions tons of steel capacity; more than 100 country with no natural resources-all other We could achieve spectacular results if million tons of oil production; nearly 300 factors being the same. However, there are we could make available hundreds or thou­ billion kilowatt-hours of electricity. many examples of countries, like Indonesia, sands of management technician teams who .7272 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE April 30 go abroad from 2 · to 5 years under man­ · Of course, there will be some added·com­ It is the hope of all of us that someday agement contracts for the purpose of actu­ petition. But when world trade expands, Poland will exist again as a free and in­ ally running locally owned business. Such America and her business community are a program could result in increasing output, bound to benefit. And our world trade dependent nation, free to determine her in raising living standards, in brightening will expand as the poor countries, with our own destiny. American prestige and in thwarting expan­ help, grow more prosperous. On this day, it is wise for us to contem­ sion of communism. The matter of lending management to plate the fate of those who were forced Who can doubt that American business other countries will not be easy. There will to deal with the Communists. and who can beat the Communists in helping the un­ be many headaches and heartaches and frus­ now find themselves under their subju­ derdeveloped countries, if it is willing to trations. But who here does not know that gation. make the effort? nothing worthwhile was ever won without . By making the effort, I do not mean send­ sweat, hard work, and frustration? ing only retired people, and adventurous The fight against poverty and against youngsters who have the zeal but not the Communism is not going to be easy in any Protection of Wild Horses and Burros experience and maturity to be effective. We of its phases. But surely, in America, there must· make available some of our best people are enough companies, and enough indi­ in their most productive years, and they viduals, who Will be Willing to join in a cru­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS must stay on the scene long enough to show sade of commercial missionaries. OF the local busineSs community how to man­ America must become recognized through­ age and how to run enterprises. out the world as the leading force in this HON. \VALTER S. BARING · Simultaneously, ~ople from the develop­ Twentieth Century war against poverty. OF NEVADA. ing countries must be ·brought to America This is a popular war. It is a moral war. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and given opportunities to work within our It is a war that we can win. Thursday, April 30, 1959 corporations, alongside good management And in winning that war for humanity, personnel. we increase the chances of winning peace Mr. BARING: Mr. Speaker, I ask Our Government can help induce individ­ and survival for ourselves, as well as for unanimous consent to have inserted in uals and companies to participate in such a inen and women and children everywhere. the RECORD a letter I have received from program. We now provide tax exemption up to $20,000 a year for Americans who are Mr. Emory S. Avant, executive director abroad 18 months or more. To lift this upper of Peoples Lobby, Inc., regarding the earnings limit, would be a small price to pay slaughter of wild horses and burros to for the certain fruits of lending our manage­ Someday Poland Will Exist Again as a provide food for dogs and other domestic rial talents to those who need them most. Free and Independent Nation pets. The sad plight of these animals There are other ways our Government has been told in several national maga­ might join hands with business in a joint zines and other publications. endeavor. Government might make up the · EXTENSION OF REMARKS difference between what a local enterprise OF . Mustangs, as has been written, are as could pay an American executive and the traditional to the West as the six gun, salary he has been getting. · Government HON. WILLIAM S. BROOMFIELD and they are now facing extinction. In might also provide technical assistance funds OF MICHIGAN Nevada. alone there are but 50 still re­ to dollar-starved countries to facilitate the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES maining of a herd that at one time num-· exporting of executives. bered 70,000. This is all due to mech­ Many countries might be induced to pro­ Thursday, April 30, 1959 anized roundups to capture them to sell vide local tax exemption for such manage­ Mr. BROOMFIELD. Mr. Speaker, as dog food . . ment teams so that there would be oppor­ some 168 years ago, Poland adopted its tunities for large personal savings, thus af­ Low-flying planes herd the horses to fording attractive financial rewards. first constitution establishing the rights flatlands, where other hunters, waiting Of course, in order for American corpora­ of its people to enjoy the fruits of lib­ in trucks, run them to the point of ex­ tions to induce their best people to take erty and justice. It is well for us to pause haustion. They are then roped and these assignments, the companies would have for a moment to take note of what has hobbled until they can be hauled to to protect seniority rights. But there is happened to that valiant nation and its slaughter. By the time they reach the nothing novel about this. We did it for the people since that time. slaughterhouses their hides have been men who went to fight in the hot war after Today we find Poland swallowed up practically torn to pieces and they are Pearl Harbor. Why shouldn't we do the in the depths of the Soviet Union's plans same for those who are willing to fight in more dead than alive from the brutal the front lines of a war just as urgent and for world domination. The freedoms treatment they have received. just as important to our survival: the cold which the people of Poland were guar­ Hunters who have contracted to bring war against communism? anteed have been lost in the meaning­ these mustangs to slaughterhouses have · You should not overlook the possibility less m·outhings of her Red puppet iead­ devised this inhumane technique because that your own management people might ers. Her claim to an independent· na­ it is the only way they can effectively learn something from working abroad, and tion is .in doubt because of the string round up large herds of anilrials at a be all the more valuable when they return. pulling of her Soviet masters housed in cost lo:w. e~o~gh to sell the carcasses at a After all, we do not have all the knowledge, the Kremlin. and we can learn ·as well as teach. . profit. What I am suggesting is that American · The people of Poland have suffered On January 19, 1959, I introduced business create its own point 4 program. terribly in the past generation. · Atroci­ H.R. 2725, to amend chapter 3 of title 18, What ([ am suggesting is that American ties by both the Russians and the Ger­ United States Code, so as to prohibit the business get into the business of exporting mans cut down her. brave young men use of aircra;ft or motor vehicles to hunt free enterprise to other countries--in the and even her women and children in certain wild · horses or burros on land form of that greatest of American geniuses­ wholesale, senseless slaughter. Her peo­ belonging· to the United States. The full our managerial talent. ple were sent both eastward· and west­ text of. the bill follows: And I can think of no more fitting organi­ ward to provide the backbreaking work zation than your own to take the leadership force for factories, mines, and farms. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of in implementing this point 4 program for Representatives of the United States of American business. Families were split asunder. never again America in Congress assembled, That (a.) What I am suggesting makes good human­ to be reunited. chapter 3 of title 18, United States Code, itarian sense-and that alone is a good rea­ After World War II came the bitter en­ 1s amended by adding at the end thereof the son for undertaking it. slavement of the Communists, of Rus­ following new section: But it also makes good business sense, in sian troops on Polish soil, of heartless "§ 47. Use of aircraft or mqtor vehicles to the long :~:un_, for America. suppression of freedom and individu­ hunt certain wild horses or burros; You, as businessmen, know that good cus­ ality. Finally, the Poles revolted and pollution of watering holes. tomers mean good business. Our own econ­ won .the promise of an end to religious •• (a) Whoever uses an aircraft or a motor omy has grown in large measure because we persecution and collective farms. But vehicle to hunt, for the purpose of capturing have had expanded purchasing power and or killing, any wild unbranded horse, mare, larger markets for our goods. the Red masters had no intention of car­ colt, or burro running at large on any of the The same is true of the world markets. rying out their promises. Since the re­ public lands or ranges. shall be fined not As we help underdeveloped countries to volt in 1956, the newly won freedoms are more than $500, or imprisoned not more grow and prosper, they will become not com~ being spirited away, one at a time. until than six mon.ths, or both. petitors, but customers far American prod­ now Poland is once again completely un­ .. (b) Whoever pollutes or causes the pol­ ucts. der the heel of a brutal police state. lution of any watering hole on any of the 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 7273 public land or ranges for the purpose of when it becomes fully implemented in Reserve Officers Personnel Act of 1954 trapping, killing, wounding, or maiming any July 1960 as applied to the Army, will and place them in the same status as of the animals referred to in subsection (a) possibly completely cripple the ability of chaplains in the Air Force and the Navy of this section shall be fined not more than $500, or imprisoned not more than six denominational endorsing agencies to seems to me to be highly meritorious months, or both . . provide chaplains for the Army in the and necessary in order to insure the " (c) As used in subsection (a) of this future. proper ·flow of qualified chaplains into section- This handicap and anticipated diffi­ the Army. There would seem to be no " ( 1) The term 'aircraft' means any con­ culty arises from the fact that the justification for present unequal treat­ trivance used for flight in the air; and average age for the appointment of In­ ment of Army chaplains. "(2) The term 'motor vehicle' includes an This amendment is endorsed by ac­ automobile, automobile truck, automobile fantry officers, as distinguished from wagon, motorcycle, or any other self-pro­ chaplains, in the Army is 23 years. credited officials of all basic denomina­ pelled vehicle designed for running on land." Since most officers retire in the rank of tions serving the armed services, and (b) The analysis of such chapter 3, im­ lieutenant colonel, it is therefore possi­ I hope and urge that the committee and mediately preceding section 41, is amended ble for the average Infantry officer to Congress will approve it. To my mind, by adding at the end thereof the following complete 30 years of service at the age it is the least we can do for those who new item: of 53 as provided by the above law pres­ are rendering such valuable and vital "47. Use of aircraft or motor vehicles to ently applicable to the Army. No one service to our national defense. Spiri­ hunt certain wild horses or burros." would question the desirability of the tual ministrations in the armed services I might say here that the State of Army and all the services for younger is of great consequence and .importance Nevada enacted similar legislation a officers and that is not an issue in this not only to service personnel, but to number of years ago to regulate the cap­ matter. their parents, families and friends who ture of wild horses and burros on lands In the case of clergymen, the average are naturally concerned that our serv­ other than those belonging to the United age at entrance into the Army is 30 years ice boys and girls shall have available States. according to a study made by the office to them at all times the counsel, advice Mr. Avant's letter follows: of the Chief of Chaplains of the Army. and help of their own spiritual leaders. The value of such service to the person­ PEOPLES LOBBY, INC.i The usual college graduation age is 22. Washington, D.c:, March 17, 1959. Seminary studies may continue for an nel and to the Nation could not pos­ Hon. WALTER S. BARING, additional period of 3 years or 6 years sibly be adequately measured in concrete Member of Congress, in some major denominations. terms. It is a must for all the Armed House Office Building, Washington, D.C. In addition, some denominations re­ Forces. DEAR MR. BARING: We are receiving a great quire that a graduate clergyman must deal of mail regarding the killing of the little serve a period of 1 or 2 years before he burro and the wild horses of several States. Search for Peace Many of those that have written know about can receive ordination. Some require a your bill, H.R. 2725. While there ·are only year of successful assistant pastorship a few States that have wild horses and after the second year in the seminary EXTENSION OF REMARKS burros, there are 600 humane organizations · before the student is permitted to enter OF over the land with a large membership and the third year. Other denominations these humanitarians are very much inter­ require an ordained clergyman to serve HON. KATHRYN E. GRANAHAN ested in your bill. OF PENNSYLVANIA Several years ago, while in the West, I was a minimum of three years in civilian invited to a burro barbecue. The thought of parishes before he can be granted ec­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES eating the flesh of the little animal that clesiastical endorsement to serve in a Thursday, April 30, 1959 was left by the miners to starve and who chaplaincy. found water and food where it did not exist, While all of the practices referred to Mrs. GRANAHAN. Mr. Speaker, like was so revolting that I was unable to eat above insure a professionally well-quali­ the weather, everybody talks about peace, anything for several days. fied clergyman prepared to cope with but few people do anything about it. The Members of Congress a-re, as a whole, In my home city of Philadelphia, how­ humane and I have no doubt but that your the difficult problems of the chaplaincy, bill will pass both Houses. the fact is that chaplains enter the ever, WIP, an independent local radio Sincerely yours, Army at a considerably greater age, and station, has been doing something about EMORY S. AVANT, it is stated by competent officials that it for over a year. For its efforts, ex­ Executive D irector. the average age entrance of 30 for chap­ pressed through a public service program lains is essential to conduct a success­ series, "Search for Peace," it has been ful ministry for service personnel. honored with a national award. The way the Reserve Officers Person­ Mrs. Ellen Stoutenberg, producer of Justice for Army Chaplains nel Act of 1954 works out, if a clergyman ''Search for Peace," has been awarded a comes on duty as chaplain during his McCall golden mike, the highest honor EXTENSION OF REMARKS 30th year then he can only complete 23 given exclusively to women in the radio OF years of duty as compared with 30 years and television field. She is one of seven of possible duty for other officers. women in the United States to win this HON. PHILIP J. PHILBIN In the event that a clergyman wishes coveted award, all of whom, in the words OF MASSACHUSETTS to spend additional time in professional of the editors of McCalls, felt part of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES study looking toward a masters or doc­ their responsibility is to help narrow tors degree he may well pass the maxi­ the gap between the world as it is and Thursday, April 30, 1959 mum entrance age of 34 and not be able the world as it can be. Mr. PHILBIN. Mr. Speaker, I have to complete even 20 years of service. "Search for Peace" is a unique effort offered an amendment to the Reserve Thus, chaplains entering the service for a single radio station, in that it Officers Personnel Act of 1954 as it ap­ under these circumstances, that is, at strives to carry its message beyond nor­ plies to the service of Army chaplains a later age, must under present law, mal coverage in the Philadelphia area, in order to eliminate the present disad­ face the prospect of being separated to the entire world. Benedict Gimbel, vantages and discriminations against from the service at age 53 with a maxi­ Jr., president and general manager of clergymen serving in the Army. mum benefit of only 50 percent retire­ WIP, has, from the beginning, offered We all recognize the great importance ment, or in many cases with no retire­ tapes of the commentaries of world-fa­ of qualified, ecclesiastically endorsed ment at all. Hence there is a justifiable mous personalities to stations anywhere clergy to serve as chaplains in the reluctance on their part to volunteer in the world. Armed Forces. Up to this time we have for spiritual duties with the Army. Of The response to this has been over­ had a particularly favorable· experience course, the same situation applies to whelming. Almost 100 stations in the in securing highly qualified, splendid Army Reserve chaplains not on active United States, including one in each of chaplains to carry out the spiritual duties duty and National Guard chaplains. our newest States, Alaska and Hawaii, in our armed services. The purpose of the amendment which carry this program. In addition, it is It has been pointed out that the Re­ I am offering to exempt Army chaplains heard over the 100 stations of the Aus­ serve Officers Personnel Act of 1954, from the current age provision of the traiian Broadcasting System, over the 7274 CONGRESSIONAL · RECORD-. HOUSE April 30

Canadian Broadcasting Co., and by in­ structionist. It must not oppos~ sensi.­ . on J>oard .the, c,oJUp_any'_s yessel :SS A/ri­ dividual stations as remote as Aruba, ble changes or l:eorganization when ·such cq.n Star at the ·33d Street Pier in Brook- Netherlands Antilles. The Voice of would be in the interest. of national de·­ lyn~ ~ ·

America brings it to countries normally fense. The guard, although old in tradi­ • A When it is realized that-this corpora- beyond the reach of American radio. . tion must be young, alert, and forward tion operates 16 vessels which earned a In addition to congratulating my good . look~g, in its present thinking. -rating of'95 or better on official Public friend Ben Gimbel, Mrs. Stoutenberg, We are passing into a new age of mis­ He_alth Servic~ inspect_io~ ._ ,which in­ and the entire staff of WIP, I should like siles which travel on the wings of super­ -cludes 166 separate .items of sanitary to add a wo:rd of praise for the Phila­ sonic speed, of space warfare and weap­ construction and maintenance, it is evi­ delphia Junior League. As pointed out ons too terrible to contemplate for us·e . dent that the accomplishment· affords in the award citation, the coast-to-coast in a civilized world. Nevertheiess, we reason for justifiable pride on the part distribution of this worthwhile radio se­ will always need the guard. Its State ·of both the management and all em­ ries was made possible through the ef­ missions will always be a responsibility . ployees of the company. forts of this fine organization of young and this will be true no matter ho·w far women. we advance in technology. And it will In a day when broadcasting is often have its Federal mission as well, for the criticized for its preoccupation with rock day of conventional warfare has not . . Labor Legislation and roll and western movies, I am proud passed. So long as men are required to that a radio station in Philadelphia has fire weapons, to operate machines and EXTENSION OF REMARKS placed the public good above gain. to take and hold the territory of the OF Through "Search for Peace," again in enemy, the guard will be needed. the words of the citation, "Man's oldest ·so the guard must insist-that it has its HON. WILLIAM H. AYRES yearning took on fresh interest and ex­ place in this new world and it must OF OHIO citement." struggle to retain it. A fight is not new IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to the guard so I have no delusions Thursday, April 30, 195!1 about the outcome. Now, contractors for the National Mr. AYRES. Mr. Speaker, the follow­ We Always Need the Guard ing newsletter, written by the able junior Will Guard Association are completing the Senator of New Hampshire, the Honor­ National Guard Memorial Building. It able NORRIS COTTON, ·should be Of inter­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS is appropriate that such a building est to -all: OF should be erected here at the seat of the Government. True, it memorializes YOUR SENATOR REPORTS HON. CARL VINSON those of the guard who have fallen in (By NORRIS COTTON) CF GEORGIA defense of their country. But in an­ Trustbusting Teddy . Roosevelt said, "The IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES other sense it will be dedicated to the corporation has come to stay as the trade living, to those guardsmen who give un­ union has come to stay. Each has done Thursday, April 30, 1959 stintingly of their time and talent that great good. Each should be favored as long Mr. VINSON. Mr. Speaker, the Na­ this Nation may have a strong reserve -as it does good, but each should be sharply checked when it acts against law and jus­ tional Guard of the United States is the force. tice·." When he· made that statement, he Nation's oldest fighting force. When future history is written, the _was in the midst of a bitter war against Throughout the years, the National guard will be just as prominent as in the the Fat Cats of Wall. Street who named Guard has had a long and honorable history of the past. The strength and .Presidents, made and unmade Senators and history. Today it is rightfully consid­ durability of this memorial epitomizes Congressmen, throttled competition, starved ered as our first line Reserve component, the strength and durability of the Na­ and exploited labor~ Nonetheless, he clearly always ready to fight. tional Guard. foresaw the hour when the pendulum would Its greatest attribute is that the guard complete its swing and the reins of power . would shift from the corporation to tlie is made up entirely of volunteers, en­ trade union. listed men and officers, who perform That hour came this week when an un­ their training willingly and without Special Citation to Farrell Lines, Inc. happy Senate writhed un"de.r the whiplash compulsion. of giant labor. It came as the culmination This has brought about a camaraderie, EXTENSION OF REMARKS of 26 ~onths of probing by the McClellan a sense of esprit de corps, if you will, so committee, _during which it published 46 necessary to a first-class fighting ma­ OF volumes-16,939 pages-1,257 witnesses. It found millions of union funds poeketed by chine. Undoubtedly this comes about HON. HERBERT ZELENKO union officers, unions without elections for because of the guard's militia status and OF NEW YORK more than 10 years, members deprived of the fact that it is essentially a State IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES . voice or vote in union affairs, conspiracies force where men from the same com­ between union officials and employers, felons munity serve together for a mutual Thursday, April 30, 1959 fresh out of prison in places of authority. cause. Mr. ZELENKO. Mr. Speaker, out­ "The abuses, thievery, skullquggery, and This militia status is one that must standing service in the interest of the skull-splitting t actics are practiced more often against the workers than the em­ always be maintained in the guard. For general public is always to be com­ ployers. The arbitrary power over workers many years, more than I can remember, mended; especially is this true when the thus acquired is almost invariably used for there have been those who would strip operation in question directly affects the personal power and enrichment.;'-Senator the guard of its status and federalize it . well-being of the traveling public. Such McCLELLAN. Labor itself was shocked by like every other Reserve and Regular recognition has just been given by the these revelations, and the topflight chief- · component. This would be a serious Surgeon General of the Public Health -tains of AFL-CIO, whose integrity and re­ blunder for not only does it offend the Service of the United States through spectability is unquestioned, took discipli­ sensibilities of those of us who believe in award of the special citation to Farrell . nary action against 7 unions having 2Y2 living within the spirit and meaning· of Lines, Inc., for the third consecutive . million members. · Three key issues highlighted the 9-day the Constitution-wherein the mainte­ year. The award is made in recognition Senate struggle: misuse of union funds, nance of a militia is guaranteed-but it . of the excellent sanitation maintained ·dictatorship in union affairs, abuse of union • would tend to treat the guard like every on the company's vessels during 1958. power. other Reserve component merely for the Farrell Lines has ever been noted for Dishonest officials who filched at least $10 ·benefit of uniformity. the maintenance of high standards, and million from members' tre.asuries spent it In my opinion,. we have .something is to be congratulated for this attain ... in various ways-a $35,000 yacht, a $57,000 private plane, a ~table o! thoroughbred outstanding in the guard and I will ment. The presentation was made by horses, an·d large sums spread over a. wide continue to oppose .any change which Dr. David E. Price, Assistant Surgeon ' field · ranging· 'from · C!:l,d1llacs and TV sets to would deprive it of .its dual status. General, and was received by - Adm. theater tick~ts and· wo~en 1 s fln~ry. · Dicta­ The guard also has a job· to do in this George Wauchope, executive vice presi;. ·torship and abuse of power was even worse. -connection. It. must never be an ob- dent of Farr.ell Lines, Inc., at ceremonies It is an. established and accepted fact that 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE '1275 union membership is -not voluntary. Work-. pearlng before your subcommittee to enter a June 1935, May and June 1944, June 1946, ers must join or forfeit their jobs.- Dues formal request for $2 rhillion to be included June 1947, and June 1954--an average of a are deducted from their pay just. as the in the 1960 public works appropriations bill major flood every 57'2 years. Moreover, every Government withholds a tax. But, in addi~ :ror the Red Rock Dam and Reservoir on the year significant flood damages are expert-· t ion to this, they have frequently -been Des Moines·River. The reservoir site, approx­ enced, resulting in average annual flood deprived of their vote for years at a time, imately 60 miles downstream from the city losses, based on 1952 prices, in excess of $2 forbidden admission to .stacked meetings of Des ·Moines will be chiefly in Marion million in the lower valley below the proposed with doors barred by steel chains, forced to County, which is in the congressional dis­ Red Rock Dam. pay initiation fees as high as $1,000 for trict I represent, but four ·congressional dis­ Local protection measures have been t h e right to work at their trade, and, In tricts 1n Iowa are directly affected, as well as adopted through the years, and our State some instances, beaten by goons if they States bordering the Mississippi River. I of Iowa is grateful to the Corps of Engineers dared to protest. · feel certain that the citizens of at least 2'5 for its assistance and cooperation. While Chairman McCLELLAN rebelled against the congressional districts would be benefited by these measures have served to lessen some­ mild Kennedy bill and offered a bill with construction of the Red Rock Dam. what the amount of our economic losses, it. teeth hi it. In a nutshell the difference Permit me, first, Mr. Chairman, to com­ is a matter of oflicial record that our local between the .two bills was the difference mend your subcommittee for its untiring programs are inadequate without the Red between report and reform. The Kennedy efforts in endeavoring to assign priority to Rock Reservoir. bill merely required oflicers of a union to the many worthy projects brought before · Duri-ng the 1947 flood, Ottumwa in the report periodically to the Secretary of Labor your subcommittee. I am. also aware, Mr. fourth district-which has always--suffered on the use of funds and on . a variety of Chairman, of the serious admonishment you heavy losses from Des Moines River floods-­ internal union affairs. For the ordinary dellvereq in the House of Representatives was without an approved public water sup­ union member the Secretary is a long way earlier this week, on April 27. I agree that ply for 30 days. In the past few years off. The McClellan version wrote the rem.;. there are unnecessary expenses we have been alone, Ottumwa has obligated itself to $5 edy into the law of the land, enforced by doing without and can continue to get along million for levees, channel improvements, a· hundred U.S. district· attorneys in every without. My request 'is not in this category. and storm-water pumping stations, which part of the country. It laid down a funda­ The project will be an investment in every will supplement the Red Rock Resentoir: m .ental bill of rights :for every unfon mem­ sense of the word, not a mere expense. It In 1956 the city began construction o! these ber (freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, 1s an investment to save human lives and Improvements after approval by the Corps freedom from arbitrary inftiation fees and property. The ratio of benefits compared of Engineers. Within the city limits of Des kickbacks. protection of right to sue and to costs for· this project is 1.51. - Few projects Moines, approximately 5.5 miles ot levees to participate in union elections, e.tc.). It 1n which you ever invested money had that have been constructed. Through the years outlawed extortion, secondary. boycotts, and favorable ratio. This is a good investment the district engineer has had to tell Iowans­ blackmail picketing. · After a desperate from a business point of view. - For the rea­ owning land bordering the river that noth­ battle· McGLELLAN's -· :flrst · amendment, the sons hereinafter stated, I respectfully request ing can be done on their losses because their bill of rights, was adopted by a hairbreadth that you ~ive favorable consideration to the properties :Ue In the area of the basin au­ margin of one vote. . request for an appropriation of $2 m1llion for thorized :for a dam. It was then that the full fury of the the Red.-Rock Reservoir. Mr. Chairman, the citizens of my State have spent millions-yes, millions of dol­ astonished labor- leaders burst upon the CHRONOLOGY . Senate, especially on those Senators who lars--in local improvement works. While had gained their election from .labor's sup:. Over 21 years ago, In the Flood Control Act these -local works and the soil ·and water part; One by one the further McClellan of June 28, 1938, the Congress approved a conservation programs that have been in­ provisions were watered down or beaten general compl'ehensive plan for flood con­ augurated are helpful In reducing :flood until finally another vote was secured · on trol and other purposes, 1n the Upper Mis­ costs, they. cannot be substituted for . the the bill o! rights and a weakened, diluted sissippi River ~a.§in _ "with _ such modifications fiood-control purposes of · the Red Rock version substituted. Most of rthe ·Members thereof as in the discretion .of the .Secretary Reservoir. , . who had stood up and voted for tt only of-war and Chief of Engineers may be advis­ The city o! Ottumwa has now undertaken 2 days before reversed themselves, reminding able." The plan included a :reservoir on the bonded indebtedness to the limit permitted one. a little-. of Ralph Waldo Emerson's re­ pes Moine~ ;Ri v.er, th~n known as . :a owell by law fn an effort tO protect tta .citizens mark that; ..A hero is no braver than -an Reservoir and now designated as Red Rock and its business district from :flood aamage~ ordinary man, but he ts brave 5 minutes ~servoir (Howell site), with dam site 142.9 They have done all they can do locally and longer.' ~ Thus, for a second year in ·succes­ miles above the river mouth. 'f;hat investment is threatened, by ·a major sion the Senate has marched up the hUI ·That same year a. further study was author­ :flood, which could again easily occ.ur .on the and down again,. passing a bill that 1s Jzed o! the Des_ Moines River Basin flood Des Moines River, would probably de8troy "against sin" but hardly more than the problems. In the survey report of 1943 (H. the large investment and sacriftce made by expression of a pious hope that labor's Doc. 651, 78th Cong., 2d sess.) the Chief of the city of Ottumwa. Citizens on a loca~ racketeers will be good. · Engineers recommended construction of. Red level can go only so fa.r with self-help proj­ Rock' Reservoir, with the dam site !55.6 miles ects. They now need the cooperation of :above the river mouth. Congress to begin construction of the proj• · By the Flood Control Act o! 1944. the Con­ ect long recommended by the Army engineers Des· Moines -and Minirsippi River Flood­ gress authorized the 1938 comprehensive as the project that should be constructed plan, ..including the project for Red Rock first. Control Program Dam substantially in accordance with the Many sections of Iowa and Minnesota that reco:m:ril.endatlon of the- chief of engineer& in are drained by the Des Moines River and its EXTENSION OF REMARKS .document 651." tributaries ha~e experienced dry weather for The 1943. report of the Corps of Engineers the past several months. But. droughta ln OJ' was reviewed following · the major floods of this area have been followed by floods, and 1947, which cost seven lives in the Des people are still holding their breatb. hop­ HON. NEAL SMITH ·Moines River Basin, the evacuation of over ing that floods will not occur. The presently OJ' IOWA 6,000 persons, left tens of thousands of citi­ swollen tributaries from Des Moines down­ IN THE HO.USE .OF REPa.ESENTATIVES 'zens without drinking water in the tap for stream can be carried by the Des Moines River channel, but additional rain on the Thursc!ay, April30, 1959 a tnontli, and caused millions of dollars in damages. . The engin~ers :round that the Red upper end will cause serious t~ouble. Mr. SMITH of Iowa. Mr. Speaker, Rock site · would not have contained the If the dam under consideration had, been under leave· to extend my remarks in the .1947 flood and recommended construction of constructed before 1947, the high water crest RECORD, I include · my testimony given the authorized Red Rock Reservoir at the in the 1947 fiood as far south as Hannibal, before the House Comrillttee on Appro.;, Howell site and a reservoir above Des Mo., could have been reduced by 2 feet and Des 'Moines at the Saylorvme site, with dam at saved the entire Mississippi Valley millions priations concerning the Moines mile 213.7. of dollars in damage, and great human sick­ River Valley flood-control program, ness and misery. which is of vital concern to the entire RECURRING MAJOR FLOODS The Des Moines River drains an area Mississippi River Valley, ih' particular, The Corps of Engineers in its various re­ through central Iowa and Minnesota that and to the whole country, in general. ports for fiood c~>ntrol on the Des Moines receives heavy rainfall. Holding back the My testimony was as follows: . River has <;:ontinuously directed attention to :ilood waters from central Iowa and Minne· the recurring floods of major proportions, ~K>ta would benefit the entire Mississippi STATEMENT oF NEAL sMITH, MEmER oF coN- ,which have· caused many m111Ions of dollars River Valley. and th& most logical place to GREss. FIFTH. DISTRICT, IowA, BEFORE mil: <>f damages to urban areas and. serious crop SUBCOMMITTEE ON PUBLIC WORKS APPROPRI:_ invest in flood control 1s in the headwaters ;!~e~ ~~ir m_agnitud~ aJ?,d freque~cy are in this area. of high prec1pltatlon. c • ATIONS OF THE' HouSE CoMMITTEE ON APPRo~ a matter of record-June 1851, June 1858. PRIATIONS, APRIL 30, 1959 . ) ..April 1862, June 1865, July 1869, July 1875~ RED ROCK NOT A "NEW STA:RT,. · Mr .. Chali:man and members o! the sub­ April 1876, July 1881, April 1888, May 1892. With reference to the present policy 'Conilnittee_: I appreciate the privilege of aplo :April 1897,- July 1902', June 1903, June 1917, against "new starts," this request for fundS CV-460 .7276 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE April 30 for the Red Rock Reservoir should not be would have been reduced by over $26 mil­ Except for the partitioners and the al­ considered a new start. As a matter of fact, lion-the amount of damages caused by the lies of Nazi Germany, the world con­ construction funds of $1 million were al­ 1947 and 1954 floods. This is small com­ lotted to the Red Rock Reservoir under the pared to the damage to Mississippi River tinued to recognize the legal Polish Gov­ Civil Functions Appropriations Act of June cities that this river valley could deliver. ernment, which moved to London. 25, 1948. It was necessary to defer construc­ These authorized projects will practically On July 30, 1941, the Soviet Govern­ tion, however, following the major flood of eliminate flood damage to towns, farms, ment concluded a pact with the Polish 1947 which almost doubled the previous re­ roads, and railways on the Des Moines River Government in London by which it rec­ corded flood heights at some points on the below Saylorville. Along the Mississippi ognized "that the Soviet-German trea­ river, and as a result of the Presidential de­ River downstream from the mouth of the ties relative to the territorial changes ferment directive during the Korean con­ Des Moines River, important levee districts in Poland have lost their validity." flict. and cities, including Quincy in Illinois and It should also be noted that, while many Canton, LaGrange, and Hannibal in Mis­ On December 4, 1941, the Soviet Union river valleys have had several projects com­ souri would be benefited. The cost of Fed­ concluded a declaration of friendship pleted, the Des Moines River Valley has been eral and other highway bridges in the area and mutual assistance with the London without any project, and it should not now below the dams would be greatly reduced, government. be doubly penalized because Federal funds and the area including the big ordnance However, under the pretext of being have not previously been spent for con­ plant near Burlington would be protected. insulted by the suspicion that it might struction there. Twice during World War II citizens of the have been guilty of the Katyn Forest valley had to take time out from fighting IMPORTANCE OF DES MOINES RIVER FLOOD• the war to fight the Des Moines River. The massacre, which the Germans revealed CONTROL PLAN river should be an asset rather than a men­ in 1943, the Soviet Union broke off re­ The century-old record of severe and fre­ ace. lations with the London government in quent flooding in the Des Moines River area, I cannot think of any investment in the April 1943-though it never actually the steadily increasing population in the future of America that is more justified and withdrew its recognition of that govern­ 21 y:ears since the authorization of the Red worthwhile. It is in full accord with all ment. Rock Reservoir, the greatly expanded indus­ reports and authorizations of the Army En­ . In the latter part of World War II, trial development--these factors all warrant gineers over the past 21 years. On behalf of when the Red army entered Polish ter­ the appropriation of funds at this time in thousands of Mississippi Valley citizens, I order that construction of the Red Rock respectfully request your approval of this ritory on July 22, 1944, its political com­ Dam can finally be undertaken. Our citi­ investment. missar, General Bulganin, issued a proc­ zens are uneasy over the possibility of hav­ lamation to the Polish people declaring ing to wait still longer for the start of this the liberation of Poland and the estab­ project. They appeal to me and point out lishment of the Polish Committee of Na­ that apart from past economic losses, which It's Time To Return Precious Liberties to tional Liberation. for the last two major floods amounted to At Yalta in February 1945, Soviet Rus­ more than -30 percent of the estimated cost the Freedom-Loving People of Poland of the Red Rock project, each year of delay, sia wrested from the other great powers each yea:r of postponement, means they are approval of the Soviet plan-for a pro­ exposed to the hazards of additional flood EXTENSION OF RE:MARKS visional governm~nt of national unity, d.evastation. OF ·created in June 1945 with an overwhelm­ Plainly, the size and importance of the ing majority of Communists. area affected by the Des Moines River Basin HON. DONALD J. IRWIN The government was recognized by and the severity .and frequency of flooding OF CONNECTICUT the Allied Powers on the condition that compel the Congress to see to it that con­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES it hold "free, unfettered elections at the struction is now begun on the Red Rock Thursday, April 30, 1959 earliest possible time." This essential Reservoir. condition was never kept. When completed, the Red Rock Reservoir Mr. IRWIN. Mr. Speaker, on Sunday and the Saylorville Reservoir (Public Law Finally, in January 1947, elections 85-500, approved July 3, 1958), together aftemoon, May 3, I will be privileged to took place under conditions of fraud and With the Des Moines local protection works, speak in Bridgeport, Conn., to a group of terror. Backed by the presence of Soviet Will provide flood protection to 213 miles Polish-Americans anxious to see the troops, the Polish Workers-Commu­ of the Des Moines River below the Saylor­ democratic way of life we enjoy restored nist-Party organization exerted pres­ vllle Reservoir and to the entire area sub­ to their homeland. sure to induce voting for the govern­ ject to flooding by the waters of the Mis­ The flame of freedom burns brightly ment list of candidates, and although sissippi. The President's 1960 budget in­ jn the hearts of the Polish people, not cluded $113,000 as the amount necessar.y to another independent list of the Polish complete the little planning that remained only those who are now Americans but Peasant Party was permitted there was to be done and is now being completed. also those still in ·Poland and subject no public control over the counting of The Corps of Engineers has advised_me that to the traditional Communist pattern of votes and the declared results were from an engineering standpoint $2 million violating and denying the basic human grossly falsified. can be efficiently utilized for the Red Rock rights. The rape of Poland by the Commu­ project during the 1960 fiscal year. They This Sunday, one of the most impor­ nist and Moscow-dominated regime of a could begin work on the project almost tant Polish national holidays, celebrat­ dictatorial police state continued. immediately. ing the adoption of the May Constitu­ But in June 1956, the political and There, of course, is also need for continu­ tion by the Polish Diet, is to be observed. ing the studies and surveys for the author­ moral oppression and the economic mis­ ized upstream reservoir at Saylorvllle. Under Accordingly, Mr. Speaker, this is a rule and exploitation by the regime, the comprehensive plan another pool would time for reflection on our part-a time clearly subservient to Moscow, resulted be contained near Saylorville. About $200,- in which we should renew vigorously our in the Poznan revolt. It forced the 000 is needed for making surveys relative support of the people of Poland who are Communists to make concessions and to Saylorville. Under the plan of improve­ enduring a difficult period in their his­ to liberalize the regime headed by ment, as now authorized, the Red Rock tory. Wladyslaw Gomulka, the new first sec­ Reservoir will have an earth dam at the The present situation in Poland had its retary of the party. Moscow, fearing Howell site. The dam would be about 108 roots in the partition of Poland by the feet high and 6,100 feet long. The flood­ repercussions in the other captive na­ control pool would cover 65,500 acres at ele­ Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 25, tions, protested violently but in the vation 780 feet above sea level. Saylorville 1939. showdown in' Warsaw in October 1956 Reservoir would have an earth dam 125 feet In collusion with Nazi Germany, the Khrushchev, who had personally flown in high and 6,000 feet long. Its flood-control Soviet . Union invaded Poland on Sep­ to stem the tide, had to give way lest an pool would cover 15,500 acres at elevation tember 17, 1939, and on September 28, attempt at brutal oppression lead to 884. 1939, the Soviet Union· and Germany disastrous -results. The Corps of Engineers has very recently signed an agreement proclaiming the Among the gains won by the Polish estimated the tangible benefits of these two dissolution of the ·Polish state and the projects at $6.9 million a year, on the aver­ people were the regime's new policy to­ age. On the basis of prices obtaining in partition of "its territories between them­ ·ward the chw·ch, which again permit­ 1952, the ·cost of the Red Rock Reservoir has selves, the Soviet Union annexing the ted religious teaching in schools and been estimated at about a $70 million total. northeastern part of Poland. "other concessions which led to the liqui­ We are asking_fo,r $2 million now. Had the These acts violated both the Treaty of dation of the collective farms so detested Red Rock Reservoir been in operation in Riga and the Polish-Russian nonaggres­ by the peasants; the relaxation of cen­ 1947, damages in the Des Moines River Basin siori pact. sorship which permitted greater free- 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 7277 dom of the press-though criticism was stitution that was greatly influenced by Answer: "We intend to use Public Law 480 tempered by the common knowledge the liberal movements in . America, as a base and expand upon it. We need a England, and France. Food Administration-a Food for Peace Ad­ that Soviet Russia would not permit the ministrator. Our present arrangement is installation of a non-Communist re­ Among the major provisions of the clumsy. There is really no one spot where gime; and the cessation of terror by the constitution were the following: the responsibility for the use of food and security police. Although these achieve­ All power in civil society is derived !rom fiber as an instrument of foreign policy is ments by no means restored the full en­ the will of the people. centered. joyment of human rights, they were "Part of the responsibility is in the De­ important. Commoners were granted the right to partment of Agriculture and part is in the As the Communist Party regained acquire land; to· become commissioned Department of State." control of the situation, the improve­ officers; religious freedom was guaran­ Question: "One objective then will be to teed; powers of the government were make Public Law 480 more effective?" ment was short lived. Developments in divided between the legislative, execu­ Answer: "Yes; and to improve its admin­ the court of 1958 have been marked tive. and judicial branches; and a two­ ist ration. But we need a Food for Peace by intensified repression of the people, chamber legislature established. Administration with vitality, Imagination, retrogressing toward the conditions in Within a few years after passage of and momentum. The present program is force before October 1956. This retreat short of something to make it work. We from the gains of the Polish October is the May Constitution, Poland was com­ are missing the great opportunity. And I pletely overrun by the armies of Russia, want to say that. if we keep on missing it particularly evident with regard to the Prussia, and Austria. freedom of intellectuals, to workers' for another 5 years we won't have any more During the century and a quarter of chances." rights and church-state relations. foreign oppression that followed, the Question: "What countries would receive There are many signs that the gains of May constitution served the Polish peo­ our food for peace?" October are to be further reduced. ple as a symbol of democracy and Answer: "I am thinking of the new na­ For several months, a ruthless press independence. tions, the rising countries, those just com­ campaign has been waged against the It is time, Mr. Speaker, that the gal­ ing out of colonialism that need capital for church and against religion. The Min­ development. I mean those countries that lant people of Poland regain the pre­ do not have American dollars. ister of Education on August 4, 1958, cious liberties given them by the Con­ forbade religi<>us instruction in state "The great opportunity in this program is stitution of 1791 but of which they have that we can sell to these countries for their schools by members of religious orders been deprived for so many years by the own money. That is a key to Public Law and congregations. On August 9, 1958, tyranny of foreign oppression. 480. But we have failed to make full use of the Catholic hierarchy lodged a protest, it." calling the order an unconstitutional Question~ "Can we make use of all these violation of the basic church-state foreign currencies?" agreement. Food for Peace . Answer: "We use what we need to pay our Recent statements by leading party bills in those countries. But here is where members indicate that collective farms EXTENSION OF REMARKS our products become 'food for peace.' We OF can loan the money back to them for their are to be reinstated. Gomulka himself economic development-to build roads, stated on September 7, 1958: HON. JOSEPH E. KARTH schools, factories, or whatever they may need · The -only correct road must in the long run OF MINNESOTA to improve themselves." Question: "Haven't we been criticized for lead to the collectivization of Polish agricul­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ture. delay in putting these loan funds to work?" Thursday, April 30, 1959 Answer: "Yes. The sheer bureaucratic There has been no genuine freedom of delay in negotiating some of these loans is opinion in Poland since the loss of in­ Mr. KARTH. Mr. Speaker, in the tragic. We not only hold back opportunity dependence, and even the freedom of May 1959 issue of the Capper's Farmer, a for the new countries to develop. But while criticism which Gomulka announced at transcription of an interview with the the money lies idle, inflation may be eroding the Eighth Plenum in 1956 lasted less distinguished senior Senator from Min­ away its value. · nesota appears concerning his food for . "We could be building future trade and than a year. Censorship has been re­ permanent good will for our c_ountry. We established. Many papers have been .peace bill. Although Senator HuM­ :PHREY's and Congressman WoLF's, of could be helping new countries promote banned, including the outspoken organ ):leStlth, education,_~nd business expansion.'.' of the young Communist intellectuals, Iowa, United Nations food bill utilize the Question: "Education then wbuld be·a ·big Po Prostu; party control was in­ -food and fiber resources in different part of a food for -peace program?" - creased over newspapers and the ways, the purposes of the bill are similar. Answer: "If we can sell food to these coun­ planned weekly Europa was not allowed Both bills have as their respective goals tries for their money, they can use their sup:. to appear at all. In May 1958 a ruth­ the utilization of our food resources in ply of American dollars to buy other things less campaign against the more inde­ ways which will aid the underdeveloped they need for industrial development. We nations of the world and the starving can lo~n their money back to them for schol­ pendent newspapermen and writers was arships, school facilities, laboratories, class­ proclaimed by Werblan, head of the peoples of this world in their quest for rooms, books, and visual aids.'• party propaganda machine. Today the a better life. "Question: "Senator, Capper's Farmer press and other -media of information Mr. Speaker, too many have-thought ·readers are asking if an expansion of Public are again becoming as subservient to the of our great food and fiber abundance as ·Law 480 is only a substitute for an adjust­ party and the regime as before October a millstone around our necks. It is re­ ment of production that would prevent sur"­ freshing to know that through the pluses." 1956. Answer: "We are justifiably concerned over I think, Mr. Speaker, we in America leadership and explanations of Senator HuMPHREY and others, we· are beginning surpluses because they are depressing farm who enjoy our freedom must remember prices. Unfortunately, lower farm prices do that the people of Poland have always to see the enormous use and value of our not show up in lower consumer prices. manifested a strong attachment to the food resources-that it is a gift to be "If a food for peace· program were de­ Western World. used for man; not for the purpose of rot­ veloped on a big enough scale, it would We should remember, too that in ting in food storage tanks. siphon off our depressing surpluses and put celebrating the 168th anniversary of the Under unanimous consent, I include them to work in parts of the world that are the interview of Senator HUMPHREY in short of food and fiber. It would upgrade Polish Constitution of 1791 they would our own economy and that of deficit coun­ like to regain the liberties accorded them _the RECORD; FOOD FOR PEACE-OUR MIRACLE WEAPON tries. by that liberal document, written chiefly "We could make food for peace the great­ by Ignatius Potocki, supported by King (An interview with Senator HUBERT . est instrument we have ever had to maintain Stanislaw Augustus, and passed at an­ HUMPHREY) ·a prosperous agriculture at home and create other critical time in Polish history. (EDITOR'S NOTE.-Minnesota's Senator good will abroad." In 1772, Russia, Prussia, and Austria HuMPHREY is introducing a bill in the Sen­ Question: "If we expanded the Public Law had taken a way large sections of Polish ate to establish a Food !or Peace Administra­ 480 program, would w.e be accused of dump­ tion, Here he tells how this program would ing our; surpluses in the markets of out· territory in what became known as the work.) friends?" first partition. Question: "Senator, what would your pro­ Answer: "We could upset normal trade Facing possible annihilation, all forces posed food for peace program do that is patterns if we acted like ignoramuses. But in Poland utlited behind the new con- not now being done under Public Law 480?" this kind of program would be carefully 7278 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE April 30 planned. I can't imagine that we would "Imagine what Mr. Khrushchev would be it very much if you would advise us some proceed without . careful cooperation with doing today if he had our billion-bushel time in advance of the date of your arrival our friends and allies. wheat surplus. He'd be the world's biggest to Managua. "Food for peace would not be sold in our wheat salesman and not be worrying how I take advantage of this opportunity tore­ normal dollar or pound sterling markets. It many rubles it would bring. He'd. be spend• new to you, sir, the assurances of my highest would operate where there are no dollars or ing Soviet influence with every kernel." consideration. British pounds." Question: "Senator, are you looking for­ GUILLERMO SEVILLA SACASA, Question: "How much control would we ward to a world food bank in your food for Ambassador of Nicaragua. have over the funds that we loaned back to peace proposal? these countries?" Answer: "Yes, the food surplus producing APRIL 28, 1959. Answer: "The projects would be decided countries might eventually get together in Hon. CHRISTIAN A. HERTER, upon by negotiation between the Food for an international food bank. But I don't Secretary of State, Peace Administration and the recipient coun­ think we should wait until we can have a Washington, D.C. try, in accordance with such law as Congress perfect project. We've already learned a lot DEAR MR. SECRETARY: The President of might enact. But the purposes of the loan from the use of Public· Law 480. We should Nicarauga ha& invited me to visit his coun­ and the terms of repayment would be set build from that and work out bilateral ar­ try as his guest. He wants me to see for forth in an agreement." rangements with nations that need ·our food myself that Nicarauga, contrary to opinions Question: "Isn't there a danger that food now." I have expressed on occasion, is a democracy, for peace might retard agricultural progress not a dictatorship. I can bring with me in such a country?" any persons I choose to help me investigate Answer: "We are not thinking of a world­ the facts. Of course, I am to be entirely wide relief program. And, of course, our Pending a Reply From State, a Fact­ free to go any place and talk to anyone. food surpluses are not. unlimited. But the Finding Trip to Nicaragua The suggestion of this visit was first made need of these countries is great. The pres­ to be by our Ambassador to Nicarauga, sure for a better standard of living is un­ Thomas E. Whelan, when he was in my office belie.vable. Either we must help them EXTENSION OF REMARKS early in March. Later the Ambassador of through democratic processes or they will fall OF Nicarauga invited me personally and we dis­ captive to totalitarianism." cussed the matter at length. I told them Question: "Senator, what set you at work HON. CHARLES 0. PORTER both that I had my doubts about whether on the food for peace idea?" OF OREGON anything useful could be accomplished and Answer: "I caught the idea on a trip to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES that I would consult with the Department the Middle East about a year ago. I saw what of State upon receipt of a written invita­ food can really mean. I came back with the Thursday, April 30, 1959 tion. reeling that our military aid program in Mr. PORTER. Mr. Speaker, under A copy of the invitation and a copy of the this area was accomplishing little. translation are enclosed. I will appreciate "For example, we put millions of dollars leave to extend my remarks in the REc­ your comments and an opportunity to con­ in military aid into Iraq. What happened? ORD, I include the following press re­ fer with Department specialists in due They used the guns to kill the very govern­ lease issued from my office on April 29, course. ment that we were supporting. And the peo­ 1959: If I accepted the invitation, my present ple felt no gratitu!le to the United States. WASHINGTON, D.C., April29, 1959. plans would be as follows: Set aside a long "But I am confident that if we had loaned Following is the text of an English trans­ weekend when I would miss no business on them money for a school lunch program, or lation of a letter to Congressman CHARLES 0. the floor of the House, which would mean helped them with health and education im­ PoRTER, Democrat, of Oregon, from the Am­ I would have a maximum of 4 days for ·the provement that could have been identified bassador of Nicaragua, inviting Mr. PORTER visit. with the humanitarian impulses of the to visit that country, and the text of a letter American people, we would have a reservoir Ask to accompany me the following: Rob­ of goodwill in Iraq today." · from Mr. PORTER to Secretary of State Chris­ ert Alexander, author of "Communism in Question: "Would Food for Peace be tian A. Herter in which he invites the State· Latin America" and professor at Rutgers limited to the amount of our crop sur­ Department to comment on the merits of University; Martin Agronsky, NBC com­ pluses?" the proposed visit. mentator; John O'Rourke, editor of the Answer: "Such a program should not be PoRTER said that "pending a reply from the Washington Daily News and former presi­ wholly based on the accident of surpluses. Secretary of State, which I shall certainly dent of the Inter-American Press Associa­ First of an, we should have a national secu­ weigh carefully before making the decision, tion; and Ulises Carbo, subeditor of Presna rity reserve. I mean certain amounts of I feel as though such a visit might well help Libre, Havana, Cuba; Fabricio Ojeda, Car.:. foods that should be set aside for emer­ the cause of democracy in this hemisphere acas, Venezuela; and perhaps others. gencies that might happen to us or our as well as add considerably to my own knowl­ The trip would be publicized in and out edge on this subject." The names of those of Nicaragua. Informed persons would be allies. encouarged to write to me. We could stop "A food reserve is as important as a stock­ PORTER intends to take with him if he under­ pile of atom bombs. What good would takes the fact ~ding expedition to Nica­ briefly in both Costa Rica and Honduras to bombs do if we had no food? One of the ragua are listed in the letter to the Secre­ talk with exiles before going to Nicaragua. first acts of an enemy would be to con­ tary of State. The entire group would of course be exten­ APRIL 24, 1959. sively briefed before leaving the United taminate our fields and livestock. It is States. good national security to have a surplus of The Honorable CHARLES 0. PORTER, The House of Representatives, In Nicaragua we would stay at a hotel and foods." would not be entertaine!i by the Somozas or Question: "Is cost of our farm program Washington, D.C. DEAR MR. REPRESENTATIVE: I am pleased to the Government or by any other political high compared to that of our missiles?" faction. We would split up into groups of Answer: "We should quit complaining confirm the invitation which I personally extended to you on April 9, 1959, on behalf of two or three to cover the prisons, the schools, about the cost of food surpluses. We are the press, radio, the opposition, peasants, not complaining much about military stock­ the President of Nicaragua, Luis A. Somoza D., to visit our country accompanied by a businessmen, and others, all more or less at piles or the obsolescence of weapons. We random. put billions into rockets and missiles that group of persons whom you may wish to travel with you. I told both Ambassador Whelan and Am­ will never be fired. Yet that is done in the bassador Sevilla-Sacasa that it is possible name of research and security. President Somoza has special interest in discussing with you general aspects of policy our report would be inconclusive because of "Food is security too. And it will win the short time available. My own opinion, more friends than weapons. A few tons of relative to Central America, as wen as in af­ at present, is based on many talks with Latin powdered milk in Africa will do us more fording you an opportunity of seeing by di­ Americans, including Nicaraguan exiles, and good than a ton of uranium. rect appreciation the real truth about Nica­ with U.S. experts, including several in your "Furthermore when other nations look to ragua in all its facets. He has instructed Department. I believe President Somoza us for part of their food needs they will me to inform you, on his behalf, that it achieved his office by force and fraud and think twice before joining any bloc antag­ would be a pleasure to receive you and your maintains himself by the same means. I onistic to us." companions as guests of the Republic of believe any liberalization of policy, such as Question: "From your visit in Russia last Nicaragua. allowing a free press and radio (which I year did you get the impression that the In order that you may more completely en­ understand do exist) and proclaiming am­ Soviets are pushing their farm program for joy your sojourn in Nicaragua, we have de­ nesties (which I understand are m()re proc­ the purpose of using food as a tool in fur­ cided not to prepare a formal program. Na­ lamation than fact), arise from his fear of thering Soviet infiuence?" turally, the protocol section of our foreign revolution and the Somozas• wish to remain Answer: "Yes; definitely. Premier ministry will be at your disposal should you alive and continue to be enriched by the ex­ Khrushchev pointed out how the Soviet find it desirable to avail yourself of its tensive wealth in Nicaragua which somehow Union had sent foods to less prosperous services. has accumulated to their family. countries. I predict that in 5 years Russia For the purpose of informing the Nica­ My .opinion is that any freedoms we might will be a food-exporting country. raguan people of your visit, we will appreciate observe could be and would be set aside by 1.959 CONGRESSIONAL ·RECORD-· HOUSE 7279 the Somozas the minute they felt t~eir .dig­ It is clear from available evidence that Fourteenth. The autonomy of the le­ nity or wealth to be endangered. · the concessions made by the Polish Gov­ gal profession was limited, thus making These opinions of mine, widely held in ernment following the events of October lawYers mere puppets and instruments Latin America, are not news to Ambassador 1956 are being systematically withdrawn of the state and depriving individuals of Whelan or the Somozas. They apparently and that no reasonable expectation ex­ proper legal representation. believe that I would alter them if I con­ im­ sented to visit Nicaragua. ists that democratic freedoms and hu­ Fifteenth. Threats of violence and If in fact, the Government of Nicaragua 1s man rights are being or would be consist­ prisonment were made against youth firmly committed to democratic institutions, ently observed or recognized by the pres­ leaders in religion and democracy. and if I could so decide from such a visit, ent Polish Communist government. The very substantial flight of Poles then I'd like to say so publicly and rejoice What reasonable man could doubt on from their country to escape these poli­ accordingly. Of course, from here at this the current evidence that the Polish cies and acts of oppression continues and time, it would seem that one of the best Communist Government is a govern­ many Poles deeply attached to their na­ proofs of good faith would be to arrange ment by edict, dominated by force and tive soil and nation are leaving it, driven for free elections immediately. committed to ruthless regimentation of Apart from the question whether I could to despair and fear to flee from oppres­ do any good is the question whether the trip the Nation's political and economic sys­ sion and persecution. would do harm to surging democratic-forces tems and of the people. During .the past 2 years the number of in Latin America. One La tin American The following facts cannot be Poles asking for asylum in Western Eu­ friend of mine, a leading democrat, says So­ denied- rope has shown a steady increase. These moza wants to "use" ~e and that mY visit First. Workers in Poland have been facts .and statistics are well known to would create confusion among the demo:­ placed under strict party rule and dis­ American officials. They are also not cratic forces of Latin America and disap­ cipline contrary to their will. only well known, but have been con­ pointment to the Nicaraguan youth. Second. Censorship in Poland has be­ firmed, by the Voice of the Council of It is not clear to me why these results would have to occur. With this in mind I am come more rigorous than ever. Europe as attested in the statement of releasing this correspondence to the press Third. Free speech, free expression, October 17, 1958, of Mr. Frans Goedhart, in the hope that others will express their free inquiry, free publication in Poland delegate from the Netherlands who de· opinions of the advisability of this trip and are ruthlessly suppressed. clared: the best ways to make it worthwhile if I do Fourth. Rigid control of religious In Poland, we have seen possibly a more decide to accept the invitation. practices and worship and bans on re­ drama tic swing back toward the old days Very truly yours, ligious education are in existence in than in any of the other countries. Nearly CHARLES 0. PORTER, Poland and constitute another shocking all the gains by the Polish people in 1956 Member of Congress. repression of individual rights. appear now to be lost. The freedom of the press has virtually disappeared. Trav~l Fifth. Religious symbols like crucifixes abroad has now been curtailed, not by any and other articles of great sacredness to regulations, but by the simple process of Communism and Immigration Policy sincere religious worshipers have been raising the cost of passports by no less than banned in Poland by the mailed fist of six times within the last year. · violence and heavy penalties on so­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS called offenders. The British delegate, Mr. Mulley said: OF Sixth. Religious charitable activities I believe that it is absurd to try to under­ have been repressed and religious relief stand the situation in Poland, unless we take HON. PHILIP J. PHILBIN cognizance of the fact that th'ere are 22 services profaned in Poland so that the Soviet divisions in Eastern Germany. OF MASSACHUSETTS National Catholic Welfare Council has IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ·suspended all large shipments of relief The Denver Conference on Immigra­ Thursday, April30, 1959 goods to Poland. tion held December 6, 1958 among other Seventh. Malignant attacks against recommendations for reform of our im­ Mr. PHILBIN. Mr. Speaker, I have . .the religious hierarch have occurred and migration laws, recommended that our . been very much disturbed . about the. fake, trumped-up charges of crime laws and the administration thereof changed policy of this Government that brought against religious leaders in Po­ should, to a great extent, pra~tice the has resulted in deportation proceedings land characterized by particularly false, time:-honored American tradition of against some Polish refugees. fraudulent, and unfounded claims of granting asylum to victims of racial, re:­ The apparent basis assigned by the · militarism, fanaticism and intolerance ligious and political persecution. Government for this change of policy is made against. religious believers. How can any reasonable person be­ that .political changes have occurred in Eigllth. Despicable unfounded charges lieve that there is anything in the his­ Poland that now renders it possible for were leveled against the Cardinal Pri­ tory .of the rel!:!-tions between the Soviet refugees to be returned .to Poland from mate of Poland and an unwarranted in­ and enslaved countries to justify the be­ this country without danger of political vasion of that Primate's institution at lief that an individual's stand criticizipg perse.cution, retaliation, or oppression. Jasna Gora Monastery was conducted or opposing existing Communist govern­ While some temporary gestures of con­ by the government, its offices raided, its ments would not be followed by force­ ciliation and softening of policy occurred books, pamphlets and other docume;nts ful, repressive action and persecution of under the so-called Gomulka govern­ of historic worth and deep religious. the individual and possibly his family ment, they were shortlived indeed. In significance were confiscated. and friends. the American press, in our diplomatic ·Ninth. The offices of Bishop Boleslaw The facts clearly show that uprisings reports, in all the evidence that is avail­ Kominek were raided and searched by in Poland, Hungary and East Germany able, it is clear that the leopard has not minions of the police state. have been cruelly repressed by Soviet changed his spots and .that the Polish Tenth. The institution of higher -re­ military force: Dissenters against Com­ Government is still a Communist puppet· ligious education ~tt Wroklaw was seized munist oppression have been murdered and can be no more depended upon to by the government and all its activities in cold blood. It is clear, or it should administer impartial justice or refrain stopped. be clear, to any fairminded, thinking from ruthless actions than any other Eleventh. Other leading clerics whose person that it is the fixed policy of Com­ Communist government whether it be only offense was their devotion to God munist governments to persecute ·those Hungary. or Red China. · were arrested and jailed on trumped-up who refuse to submit themselves to Com­ All the ·responsible evidence that we charges of violating governmental re­ munist ideology, Communist irreligion have available indicates that in fields strictions on the use of newsprint. and Communist hatred of democratic that by any stretch of the imagination Twelfth. Ministers of the Gospel were convictions. constitute a real test of fair-minded, imprisoned for their religious sermons to In the light of all this evidence which, impartial, humane treatment of human their flocks. I repeat, is available to our Government beings, that the Polish Communist Gov­ Thirteenth. The religious educational from its own agents, as well as from ernment fails to measure up to stand­ activities in the schools, programs of sci­ authenticicated reports from other gov­ ards that free-minded peoples would ex­ entific research and studies were inter­ ernments, and. other authoritative ob~ pect and that the· United States above fered with and the schools required to servers and commentators on conditions all should insist upon in its relations take active part in the building of com- inside Poland, it is impossible for me with other nations. · munism in People's Poland. · to understand how this Government 7280 CONGRESSIONAL-RECORD- HOUSE April 30 could even think of changing its policy other countries which are concededly Com­ economic point of view the retail in­ granting asylum and protection to thi:>se munist dominated or· controlled, is the sub­ dustry is, generally speaking, the weak­ seeking a haven in this freedom-loving ject of continuing discussions between the Service and the immigration committees of .est element in our business structure. Nation, who, if they were to be returned the Congress. By far, the greatest number of retailers to Poland, by every test of logic and ex­ Sincerely, are "small business" in every sense of perience, might well be exposed to ruth­ J. M. SWING, the word. And yet here, through an less treatment and possible liquidation. Commissioner. unfortunate distinction between them This Government is becoming naive In view of this letter, I am very hope­ and some of their suppliers they are indeed, if it believes that there has been stripped from opportunity to equitably any basic change in the attitude of Com­ ful that the very serious problem pre­ sented by the Polish refugee deportation compete in a market that they hereto­ munist governments toward freedom­ fore have enjoyed. loving, God-fearing individuals, or any cases is well on its way to satisfactory and humane solution, and I earnestly This bill will clearly establish equit­ assurances that these governments will hope that this will be the case. able status for all sales of these incentive not continue as in the past to punish awards whose value is well founded by believers in a Divine Being and in demo­ their historical use by business and in­ cratic principles, by ruthless persecution, dustry. In this regard this amendment imprisonment and death. A Bill To Correct an Inequitable Discrim­ clarifies but does not change existing · I hope that our great President, who law. Last year Congress, in the Excise is always so deeply concerned in a hu­ ination in Administration of an Excise Technical Changes Act, in effect, recog­ mane way with the plight of the op­ Tax nized the value of achievement awards pressed and perseucted throughout the by exempting from Federal retail ex­ world, will take appropriate action to cise taxes purchases of these products redefine and clarify the position of our EXTENSION OF REMARKS by nonpro-fit educational organizations. Government so that the time-honored, OF The court decisions referred to previ­ historic principle of asylum for op­ ously recognize that other organizations pressed and persecuted peoples may not HON. JOSEPH W. MARTIN, JR. have the same privilege in recognizing only be continued but safeguarded, and OF MASSACHUSETTS scholastic, athletic, economic or cultural every effort made to depart from this IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES achievement without tax. principle shall be speedily eliminated Thursday, April30, 1959 This amendment will restore retailers from the American political scene. to a competitive equality insofar as this It is not only millions of Americans of Mr. MARTIN. Mr. Speaker, I have premium, award, and prize market is Polish blood and their friends who are today introduced a bill designed to cor­ concerned with other levels of industry interested in this problem, but all true rect a :flagrant and equitable discrimi­ and thus correct the discrimination that lovers of freedom in the American Na­ nation that has risen under the admin­ has arisen under the administration of tion are interested and vitally concerned tration of a tax law. our tax law. It is compatible with pre­ that our Government adhere to its noble For decades retailers have been com­ vious Congressional decisions that clari­ traditions of protecting the weak and peting with wholesalers and manufac­ fy the term "retail" as used in other laws helpless and giving shelter to the op­ turers in the premium, award and prize and Government regulations. pressed and persecuted. market. This involves sales made to It is my earnest desire that the Con­ It would be a most unconscionable business and other organizations for gress take prompt and favorable action policy indeed for this Government to di­ such purposes as sales premiums, incen­ on this bill. rect the deportation of any Poles or per­ tive and merit awards to employees, for ·sons of any other nationality to a Com­ disposition as prizes, scholastic awards, munist-controlled state where such a and so forth. Basically these awards are ·strong likelihood exists that they would given, as business incentives for scholas­ Heartful Aspects of the- Mutual Security be subject to persecution, oppression, tic or athletic accomplishment and cul­ Progt"am and possible liquidation. tural achievement in furtherance of our With all my heart, I urge our great economic and social life. Several re­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS President and the administration to cent Federal court decisions ruled that OF abandon its present course regarding the sales of this nature are not retail sales principle of asylum and make it clear as provided for in the Internal Revenue HON. FRANCES P. BOLTON that in America, the land of the free and Code and therefore are not subject to OF OHIO the home of the brave, we intend to the the retail excise tax. These decisions, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES best of our ability to protect human be­ which in part lean on debates in Con­ ings against the dread persecution of gress which have tended to define the Thursday, April 30, 1959 communism and that under no circum­ term "retail," placed these products Mrs. BOLTON. Mr. Speaker, so much stances will we return law-abiding per­ which are normally taxed at retail on an attention is given the military aspects sons resident in this country to the con­ equal competitive basis in this business of mutual security that we may tend to trol of ruthless Communist governments. and organizational market with other overlook the more heartful work carried I recently appealed to the distin­ products not normally taxed when sold on under the program. While the total guished Commissioner of Immigration at retail. In administering these deci­ amount of funds allocated to these ac­ and Naturalization Service, Gen. J. M. sions, a tax ruling was issued which re­ tivities is comparatively small, the div­ Swing, and his reply is pleasing and re­ stricted their application to sales made idends realized in terms of friendship assuring. It is as follows: by· firms "not engaged in retail busi­ and goodwill are enormous. Through U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, ness." The greatest impact of this in­ these programs Americans are enabled IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION terpretation is to deny tax-exempt sales to express their concern for the less SERVICE, to retailers as well as to restrict the ap­ fortunate peoples of the world, a con­ Washington, D.C. plication of the exemption to manufac­ cern which is inherent in the conscience Hon. PHILIP J. PHILBIN, turers and wholesalers not selling at re­ of America. House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. tail. Strenuous efforts by retailers and Certain of these activities were DEAR MR. PHILBIN: This Will reply to your others to obtain corrective rulings have described to the Foreign Affairs Com­ letter regarding the deportation cases of been unsuccessful. mittee on April 17 by the following Polish refugees. The net effect of this situation is to witnesses: Mr. William H. McCahan, Approximately 75 cases of Polish nationals deprive the retailer as well as many Chief, Voluntary Foreign Aid Staff, ICA; whose claims of physical persecution have wholesalers and manufacturers of any ·Mr. Richard B. Farnsworth, Deputy previously been approved are now being re­ possibility of continuing· to compete _viewed. You are assured that no single one Chief, Education Division, ICA; Dr. Eu­ of these cases will result in an order to de­ equitably in this premium, award, and gene P. Campbell, Chief, Public Health port until I personally have reviewed the prize market. Tiivision, ICA; Dr. Paul F. Russell, file. The inequity involved here is ·com• Rockefeller Foundation; and Dr. John The matter of physical persecution claims pounded by the character of the parties D. Porterfield, Deputy Surgeon General, .of Polish nationals, as well as nationals of against whom it is- infiieted. ·From an Public Health· Service, Department of 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 7281 Health, Education, and Welfare. As These people-to-people activities serve as the students in the country. They serve their presentation covered four pro­ a useful and important supplement to as a local demonstration of improved grams which are of very real interest the government-to-government assist­ educational methods, materials, and and importance, I shall summarize their ance programs. They provide a good ex­ teaching procedures. testimony under the respective program ample of how Government and our pri­ In a broader sense the schools aided heading. vate citizens can join hands to accom­ provide one means of contributing to­ OCEAN TRANSPORTATION COSTS plish mutually desired ends. ward the sound objectives of developing This program, for which $2.3 million AMERICAN-SPONSORED SCHOOLS ABROAD better understanding between the people is requested, is designed to defray ocean Funds made available under section of the United States and the peoples of transportation costs of U.S. voluntary 400 (c) of the Mutual Security Act are the countries in which the schools are agency gift shipments to needy persons designed to further mutual security ob­ established. The students of the host abroad. These gifts which are distrib­ jectives by increasing the number and country who attend such schools tend uted in the name of the American peo­ quality of human resources available to to learn U.S. methods and standards ple, include food, clothing, medicines, participate in economic development. without affecting their basic sense of hospital supplies, school supplies, hand Section 400(c), title 5, of the Mutual values toward their own countries. In tools, and other self-help items. The Security Act of 1954, as amended, pro­ addition, with an American educational salient points, observations, and facts vides that "the President is authorized background, these students are ideally bearing upon this program are as fol- to use not to exceed $10 million of funds qualified for local employment·with U.S. lows: - appropriated" to assist "schools and li­ firms. They are also better prepared to First. All supplies involved come from braries abroad, founded or sponsored by enter American colleges and universities private U.S. sources as voluntary dona­ citizens of the United States and serving for advanced training. tions either in cash or in kind. as study and demonstration centers for In summary, by assisting American­ Second. All costs including procure­ ideas and programs of the United States, sponsored schools abroad we are sup­ ment, processing, packaging for export, notwithstanding any other act author­ porting American private initiative, we and delivery of supplies to U.S. port are izing assistance of this kind." The are capitalizing on existing investments, borne by the voluntary agencies. amounts available for this program in and are utilizing the skills and knowl­ Third. For every appropriated dollar subsequent years have varied according edge of Americans already working in spent on ocean freight, roughly $15 worth to demands upon appropriated funds, the educational field abroad. The enor­ of these privately donated supplies are with $5 million proposed for the coming mity of the developing countries' needs delivered to needy :.,Jersons overseas. year. for trained manpower requires that we Fourth. During the past 3 years, the The primary objective of this program make maximum use of all our available value of these supplies has averaged $27 is to enable American-sponsored schools resources. million annually. abroad to contribute more significantly MALARIA ERADICATION Fifth. Thirty-two U.S. voluntary non­ to the development of the human re­ profit agencies are participating in this sources so desperately needed by the de­ The administration has requested that program, including the relief arms of veloping countries. An American-spon­ $35 million of special assistance funds be the three major faiths, CARE, and the sored school is defined as one that pro­ made available to continue worldwide ef­ American Red Cross. vides educational facilities of two na­ forts to eradicate malaria. The avowed Sixth. Eligible agencies are those Feg­ tions-namely, those characteristic of goal of this program is the elimination istered with the Advisory Committee on the United States on the one hand, and of malaria from nations of the world in Voluntary Foreign Aid. This Committee on the other hand, those of the host which reside more than 1 billion persons was created in May 1946. It has 10 country. The student bodies include na­ who are or have recently been exposed members at present, all serving without tionals of the country, third country na­ to malaria infection. Since the first ap­ compensation, and is chaired by Mr. tionals, and may include U.S. citizens. propriation for this purpose was received Charles P. Taft. American-sponsored schools abroad are in fiscal year 1958, major progress has Seventh. As a condition of such reg­ cooperative enterprises supported by U.S. been made in 26 nations which have istration, the voluntary agencies keep citizens and local citizens. Particular signed bilateral malaria eradication the Committee fully informed of their emphasis is placed upon technical educa­ agreements with ICA and in some 50 ad­ activities. An annual public audit is tion at the college and university level by ditional nations receiving indirect U.S. filed by each registrant. These are virtue of the mutual security program assistance through the special malaria available for public inspection. objectives. accounts of the World Health Organiza­ Eighth. The U.S. origin of the goods Graduates of these schools will be tion and the Pan American Health Or­ is made known to the recipients through among the scientific, political, and eco­ ganization. labeling, special posters and literature, nomic leaders in their countries. One of The role that the United States plays as well as by personal contacts of the the American University of Beirut's most in the malaria eradication program is American citizen field representatives famous alumni is Charles Malik, crucial to the success of the worldwide maintained by the voluntary agencies. President of the United Nations General effort. Our leadership in this field was Ninth. The authorities of the recip­ Assembly. Robert College in Turkey, by well established some years ago when ient countries exempt the supplies from virtue of its long establishment there, we initiated a program for the eradica­ all duties, tolls and taxes. Inland trans­ enjoys a wide range of contacts. At the tion of malaria in the United States and portation and related costs from port of present time it numbers among its ~rad­ followed it through to a successful con­ entry abroad to ultimate distribution uates three Turkish Ambassadors, the clusion. As early as 1942, we began to center is paid by the recipient countries head of one of the major political parties, share with neighboring countries our or from other non-U.S. Government senior officials of the Industrial Develop­ knowledge of how to combat this disease. sources. ment Bank and a host of industrialists Today, most of the underdeveloped Tenth. Forty countries and areas are and technicians in private industry. countries where malaria is still a serious now included in this program, 16 having Most of the American-sponsored schools problem have manpower and can finance been added in December 1958. The ad­ in Latin America, Africa, and the Far local co.sts, but do not have the equip­ ditional $200,000 requested is needed to East are elementary and secondary ment and materials needed nor the for­ take care of this and other possible ex­ schools, nevertheless they also can claim eign exchange with which to purchase pansion in the number of countries to be economic, political, and social leaders as them. These items which we furnish served. It is believed that with this their alumni. can be provided only from the United modest increase the amount requested In addition to their function of ac­ States in the quantity and quality neces­ will be adequate to finance all estimated tually training productive citizens and sary for a program of this magnitude. shipments in the coming year. other important elements, is the fact that In addition to commodities, we are also In addition to their material aid ship­ the American-sponsored schools abroad providing the top-level leadership and ments, these voluntary agencies are serve as models and demonstration cen­ technical assistance where this is re­ carrying out many other useful services ters which influence the educational sys­ quired. in the fields of refugee care and resettle­ ~ems of the host countries and thereby Under the present program U.S. as­ ment, technical assistance and self-help. improve the type of education offered all sistance is being extended to 26 of the 7282 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE April 30 76 countries now concerned with ma­ as to outstrip existing capacities, often dition to the liuman suffering and death laria eradication. Certain of the re­ inadequately planned when installed. It these diseases cause, they represent a mainder require no assistance and is not unusual to find capital cities with tremendous economic loss to the devel­ others are being aided by the World one-fourth to one-half of the urban opment of growing nations. Health Organization, the Pan American populace unserved by the public water The funding of this program is ex­ Health Organization, or the United Na­ supply. The industrial and economic pected to highlight U.S. interest and tions Children's Fund. Once malaria development of the smaller cities and support of a critically needed public has been eradicated by a country, it is towns, so necessary to stabilize shifting health measure. Soundly conceived, the neither difficult nor expensive to main­ population, almost without exception is community water supply program should tain that condition. contingent upon the availability of prove highly popular with the underde­ Our Government plans to continue water. If it is not provided, industry veloped nations and make an effective support to many nations of the world will rarely come into an area. contribution to improved health and through contributions to the special This program is designed to spear­ economic development. malaria accoWltS of the World Health head greatly increased efforts attacking Organization in the amount of $3 mil­ the gastrointestinal diseases through lion and of the Pan American Health the stimulation of national programs to Organization in the amount of $2 mil­ provide safe water supplies for human Address of U.S. Senator A. S. Mike Mon­ lion. The World Health Organization needs. Technical support on a broad roney, of Oklahoma, at Paul M. Butler and its Regional Office for the Americas, front is needed to encourage and aid the the Pan American Health Organization organization and adoptior. of practical Testimonial Dinner in South Bend, Ind. play a key role in coordinating the efforts programs to serve the water supply of all nations in the worldwide malaria needs for better health, increased pro­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS eradication program and provide tech­ ductivity, industrial expansion, and im­ OF nical support for individual country pro­ proved standards of living. This at­ grams through provision of consultation, tack will be carried out in collaboration HON. JOHN BRADEMAS ·· training fellowships, training facilities, with other nations, with WHO and the OF INDIANA and conferences. These organizations Pan American Health Organization. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES are Wliquely capable of carrying out This proposal has evolved from recent Thursday, April 30, 1959 these functions through their official actions on many fronts to focus atten­ channels with the nations of the world Mr. BRADEMAS. Mr. Speaker, on tion on this primary cause of much sick­ April 29, 1959, in South Bend, Ind., and by their ability to employ scarce ex­ ness and death in major world areas­ perienced malaria experts without re­ nearly 800 friends and neighbors from the diarrheal diseases. The World throughout the State gathered to pay gard to nationality. Most important of Health Organization, Pan American all, these organizations operate in many tribute to one of Indiana's most distin­ Health Organization, the U.S. Public guished citizens, th<; hard working, countries and territories in which there Health Service, and on more than one are no ICA health programs. This is courageous and dedicated chairman of occasion President Eisenhower, have all the Democratic National Committee, the particularly significant since the mos­ called for combined efforts to help do quito is no respecter of political bound­ Honorable Paul M. Butler. ·away with this obstacle to economic ad­ The principal speaker at this great aries. The WHO and PAHO also are vancement in many less de~·eloped participating directly in and coordinat­ banquet in honor of Paul Butler was one countries. of the finest Members of the U.S. Senate ing field investigations of special prob­ The Inter-American Committee of lems such as mosquito resistance to in­ and another distinguished American, the Presidential Representatives in 1957 en­ junior Senator from the State of Okla­ secticides, and the role of drugs in eradi­ dorsed a public water-supply program cation of malaria from tropical Africa. homa, the Honorable A. S. MIKE MoN­ for the Western Hemisphere. The RONEY. It is expected that U.S. participation worldwide needs were considered of high Jn the malaria eradication program will I am proud to include in the CoNGREs­ priority by the International Develop­ siONAL REcoRD the splendid address de­ require about 5 years. Where eradica­ ment Advisory Board. In March 1958, tion problems are particularly difficult livered by Se.nator MoNRONEY on this the Surgeon General of the U.S. Public occasion: for technical or other reasons, assistance Health Service recommended such a pro­ may be required beyond fiscal year 1962. gram, along with others, to ICA as ap­ I am a lucky Senator indeed to be invited The program is expected to reach its here for this very happy occasion. propriate for early implementation. It's always a pleasure to come to Indiana peak during the coming year. The 88 member nations represented at to address the front-line fighting troops of Described as the greatest nonmilitary the World Health Organization­ the Democratic Party. It's much different international cooperative effort in his­ WHO-General Assembly at Minneapo­ here than in my State of Oklahoma. Here, in tory, the malaria eradication program lis in May 1958 resolved in favor of in­ this area, it's hard to be a Democrat. Old, has already made substantial progress. creased emphasis on worldwide com­ bad habits are hard to break, and so you face Malaria has already been eliminated munity water-supply efforts. President an uphill fight in every election. In Oklahoma and other parts of the great from large areas and experience to date Eisenhower in his August 1958 address Southwest it's hard not to be a Democrat. ·indicates that the objectives of world­ before the U.N. General Assembly indi­ And so I am always glad to salute the people wide eradication are technically possible cated water shortage and disease as two who turned the tide to win outstanding and within reach. U.S. leadership and major challenges to Near East develop­ victories for our party in Indiana. participation in this program not only ment. A resolution adopted by the Pan But to be here on this occasion-when a results in improved conditions of health American Sanitary Conference, October dear friend of yours and mine is honored by throughout a large part of the world, 1958, called attention to the importance his fellow townsmen and others of IndianR­ but also represents a truly international gives me particular pleasure. This warm and of water supply and urged further con­ enthusiastic testimonial dinner is a well de­ cooperative effort in human welfare. sideration in program planning. Sup­ served tribute to a great Democratic leader­ COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY PROGRAM porting these affirmations of needs and Paul Butler. The sum of $5 million in special assist­ feasibility is the 16 years' experience in When the invitation was extended to me such activities by ICA and the Institute I wondered why, out of all 64 Democratic ance funds is proposed to be used for of Inter-American Affairs, which have Senators, I was lucky enough to be chosen improving community water supply fa­ to speak on this occasion. cilities. Lack of safe water supplies for demonstrated the technical, administra­ tive, and economic soundness of water­ Reflecting that South Bend's most famous drinking and personal cleanliness is a product is the great Notre Dame football keenly felt need by people almost every­ supply development programs. team, and knowing that Paul Butler is Notre where in the newly developing countries. Each year an estimated 500 million Dame's No. 1 fan, I finally figured out why This situation is most critical in the persons have one or more of the gastro­ this honor came to me. smaller and moderate-size communities. intestinal diseases, which are prevent­ I asked myself what State had done the able with clean water. Approximately most in recent years for Notre Dame and I Major efforts and resources have been came to the very definite conclusion that dedicated to providing piped water for 5 million infants die each year from undoubtedly it was Oklahoma. On the 50th the very largest cities, but even so the these diseases, which include cholera, anniversary of ow statehood, November 7, urbanization growth has been so rapid typhoid, and paratyphoid fever. In ad- 1957, Oklahoma was kind enough to Notre 1959 --CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE ·7283 Dame to terminate our record-breaking chain This program has virtually transformed administration-to the chagrin of all good of victories and to establish Notre Dame as the great western reaches of our country from football fans. You know, even the worst the outstanding team in the Nation for that a happy hunting ground for musclebound football teams usually excel in some depart­ year. · Republicans to what approaches a monop­ ment. They've got a guy ·who can pass-or It was a footnote for football history that ·oly of Democratic representation in the Con­ maybe a place kicker--or maybe a good cen­ -the -team we beat in starting this chain­ gress and in the Gov'ernors' chairs. ter. If they haven't got any of those-then Notre Dame-turned out to be the one that I -predicted in my closing campaign speech they at least have a good cheer leader, or broke our long winning streak in the end. at Evansville that after November 4, 1958, pep club, or drum majorette, or band. But And so I was happy to accept this invitation the GOP would not be able to run the Re­ not this team. -All it's got is a publicity ·as p:n.tial payment on South Bend's debt to publican elephant any more-they would agent. Oklahoma. ~ust have to stuff him. And sure enough, But you just can't sell a had performance I hope that before we turn to the urgent ·not long ago they stuffed the world's largest no matter what kind of press agentry you business of· discussing the Republican Party elephant and placed it in the Smithsonian use. The· fans are lots smarter than the and its current Washington product, you will museum for all to see. Republicans realize. Even the kids are too permit some brief observations on the Demo­ · I am proud of the part that Paul Butler smart for the Madison Avenue selling job. cratic Party and its present chairman. has played in stimulating young men of Let's. look at the record. The farm front Many Democrats in the past have written character and ab111ty to enter the political has folded-up under Benson's hammer blows. distinguished records in. the position that field and to give us the greatest asset a party While living costs are hitting new highs each Paul Butler fills today, but few, if any, have can have-young, enthusiastic and energetic month, farm prices are scraping bottom with matched his achievement in rebuilding the -candidates for positions of responsibility in new lows. This is the Benson policy of kill­ party from the ashes of an overwhelming de­ State and National Governments. ing two birds with one stone-the consumer feat in 1952 to the healthy, robust, aggres­ The best illustration I know is here in with high prices and the farmer with low sive force that it is today. With the party South Bend, because the consensus among -prices. treasury deeply in debt, with even the bas­ the press and others who watch young Con­ The Benson policy was to reduce the farm tions of the South in political ruins, Paul gressmen come and go is that one of the surpluses by reducing the acreage and the Butler began the long, hard task of creating brightest young stars of this victory is your price support levels and thus reduce pro­ an alert, alive, and effective Democratic OWn JOHN BRADEMAS. duction and the cost of the farm program. Party. Few men have come to the Congress or to Shades of Wrong Way Corrigan--our sur­ He didn't do this on a one-State or a one­ the Senate, during my 20 years here, so well -pluses are higher, our ijupport prices much section basis, but sought to place the Demo­ equipped as JOHN BRADEMAS. His edU• lower, our production greater. And the cost cratic Party again in the forefront as the cational background, his experlence in the of the program to put the farmer in the fix he truly great national party. teaching field, and his practical experience is in is six times greater than it was under Lets' face it--perhaps Paul stepped on a few in government make him one of the most the Truman administration-$6 billion today toes, . hurt the feelings of a few leaders in brilliant young leaders in the new Congress. against $1.05 billion under the Democratic various sections--:but his concern was for Of course, this was perhaps apparent to me program of farm prosper!ty. the health of the entire Democratic Party, somewhat earlier than to others, because of Instead of liquidating the surplus, Secre­ and his courage and drive rebuilt this party the insight he showed in selecting his ad­ tary Benson has liquidated the farmers. A to its effective position today. ministrative assistant. total of 4,231,000 of our farm population has It was inevitable that in this process, there But my opinion, which might be somewhat left the farms since 1950. What Secretary should be sectional criticism. For Paul But­ open to question, is shared by Speaker SAM Benson referred to as the swollen bureaucracy ler has faced no less a task than to articulate RAYBURN, Majority Leader JoHN McCoRMACK, of the Department of Agriculture in 1953 for the Nation the broadest aspirations of a and the Democratic whip, CARL ALBERT. The has gained in population under Benson by national party during a period when that fact that in his first term-he won an assign­ nearly 7,000 since that date. · party lacked the natural public platform ment to the committee that handles two of But perhaps we can excuse the team on the which the Presidency provides. the most important fields of government-­ farm front. · After all, they only pass by the Certainly we in Congress can take consid­ namely, labor and education-proves there­ farms on the way to the golf courses. But erable pride in the fact that the record of the gard that the House leadership has for him. with so many men from big business brought Democratic Party in both Houses contributed I have the great pleasure also of ·serving into this administration you would expect substantially to winning the sweeping public with your new Democratic Senator, VANCE some degree of expertness in fiscal affairs. endorsement in last fall's elections. But we -HARTKE, who has been my long-time friend. Instead of the sound fiscal policy that was all are practical enough politicians to real­ I met VANCE when he was promoting the promised throughout 1952 and 1956-we have ize that elections are not won alone in the first Jefferson-Jackson Day dinner at Evans­ had- a record number of fiscal tumbles to halls of Congress, but in the tens of thou­ ville many years ago, when I was fortunate mar the game. Management of the budget sands of precincts throughout the Nation. enough to be invited as speaker. I recog­ has led to a continuing series of red figures It was in rebuilding this party machinery for nized his leadership then. I have admired and heavy deficits. This year the budget the Nation-to the State, to the county, to .and respected his progress upward in the deficit will range upward to $12 billions in the township levels, that Paul 'Butler com­ political field, and I rejoiced, as you did, in the red. The cost of paying the interest on mitted his attention and his leadership so his overwhelming victory in the election last the public debt in 1952 was $5.9 billion. This effectively. ' November. year the budget asks for over $8 billion to He has already won his spurs in the Senate. meet the new Republican interest cost for No one today who has seen the shambles His ability has been recognized by the choice of the Republican national organization­ the largest debt in the Nation's history. An committees to which he has been assigned. increase of over $2 billion because Secretary confused and befuddled, even though they I have the honor of sitting with him on the -still control the vast powers of the executive bf the Treasury Humphrey, the Republican important Interstate and Foreign Commerce fiscal giant, planned it that way. department of this Government-can help Committee, where he has already proven his but realize the superb achievement that Paul competence in the wide field in which this This interest cost--I Inight remind you­ Butler has wrought for his party. There committee must legislate. is second only to the cost of national defense }las been no patronage; there have been no Winning a position on the tremendously in the budget. This $8 billion added cost fancy appointments to ambassadorships; important Finance Committee is unheard buys nothing-it is a deadweight upon the there have been no Cabinet posts-in fact, of for anyone who has not had at least 6 to taxpayers as this administration raised its no executive power to serve as convenient 12 years of experience in the Senate-yet he own rent on the borrowed money. leverage for Paul's rebuilding job. It all had was given this assignment by LYNDON JoHN­ The new fairytale budget--which the to be done with bare hands and a determina­ soN and the Senate leadership. President and all of his Cabinet are urging tion that the Democratic Party would again Because of his grasp of municipal affairs us not to unbalance--never was balanced. be resurgent. he also is making a mark for himself as a The reliable Joint Committee on Revenue The record of the last congressional elec­ member of the District of Columbia Com­ and Taxation has declared that the budget tions indicates the degree of this resur­ Inittee. This is indeed a record of achieve­ overestimates expected income in the gence-when Maine joined our ranks with ment and one that marks him as a man to amount of $1.6 billion. And even before the election of Governor MusKIE to the Sen­ watch. that, the fairytale balance had been achieved ate, and Vermont sent to the Congress its Other examples of Indiana's great Demo­ by listing revenue from increased postage first Democrat in more than a century. cratic resurgence reversed the ratio in the rates and gasoline taxes not enacted nor The extent of this devastating defeat ad­ House of Representatives. Where once RAY likely to be enacted by Congress. ministered to the Republicans portends great MADDEN and WINFIELD DENTON held OUt Meanwhile, as a consequence of its tight days ahead in 1960. against nine Republicans, the Democrats now money policy as an alleged weapon against This was done by Paul Butler-not by sit­ have eight seats and the Republicans only infiation, the cost of interest rates to little ting in a Washington office and issuing pious three. Every crap-shooter knows that business, farmers, cities and towns has declarations-but by traveling the long, "eight" is a much better point- than "two." cliinbed to the stratosphere to the tune of tedious paths to the 48 States and in these But better still, let's concentrate on captur­ some $20 billions. These higher interest States to the county seats, to insure that ing those three to roll an "eleven" in 1960. rates have had a direct impact upon the ever every party worker was trained and en~our­ . [t 1s now ~ my sad duty to turn to a less !ncreasing cost of living for everyone. aged in performing the duties required in pleasant subject--namely "the team"-which During the campaign last November, the h is p articular area of responsib111ty. is what the Republicans call the Eisenhower resistance to the Republican policy of tight CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SEN·ATE May 1 money and higher interest rates voiced in The democratic leadership of the Congress diseases that have beset mankind throughout Congress and by the Democratic National has time after time rescued the President history. Committee played a definite part in the on the vital issues of foreign aid and foreign In agriculture, atomic wastes and byprod­ Democratic sweep. trade to overcome heavy Republican opposi­ ucts can be useful in producing better strains People found out the hard way that the tion. Congress cannot make foreign policy, of fruits and vegetables. New livestock old definition of what the two parties stand but wisely and patriotically the democratic breeds of greater size can be created through for still holds true: The Republican Party policy has been to keep it out of partisan other byproducts of atomic energy. believes in high wages for money-and the politics. In engineering, underground blasts have Democratic Party believes in high wages for Democrats in Congress have repeatedly indicated great new uses for atomic energy people. oiTered new ideas and new ideals in the in mining and petroleum recoveries. Per­ The sad fact is that the Republican piety struggle to win the hearts and minds of haps some day underground blasts may de­ over a balanced budget is a complete fraud...... the world's people. One billion people­ velop new harbors along our coasts or along because it applies only to the budget for almost one-third of the world's popula­ the coast of South America from one single fiscal year 1960, the last complete budget tion-swing in the balance between com­ explosion. year before the next election. It is to be munism and freedom. These are the popu­ In large areas of the world where deserts achieved by cramming everything possible lations of the new nations which have only meet the sea, poverty and starvation occur into the budgets for 1959 or 1961. recently won independence from colonial because of the lack of water for irrigation The budget for 1959 is already unbalanced rule. They are looking for a new way of and human consumption. We are nearing and the Republicans couldn't care less life. Our programs and our leadership can a solution to the problem of transforming whether it's unbalanced by $12 billion or bring to their new freedom a new hope of sea water to fresh water by desalting proc­ $15 billion, as long as the 1960 budget is lily an improved standard of living. esses. Surely atomic reactors can hasten white. Likewise they aren't interested in The shape of tomorrow's world will be the time when we can make many areas, now 1961, since that is too late to have any im­ decided by the way this billion uncommitted worthless deserts, bloom like the Garden of mediate political benefit. people choose. If they join the billion al­ Eden. This administration is avoiding deficits­ ready under communism, then two-thirds Many of you have seen the great trans­ it's just shuffling them from 1 fiscal year of the world will be under a slave-state sys­ formation of farm life when the REA lines to the other- in the hope that the political tem-and the one-third of the world's peo­ reach the farm homes of America. Life hand will be quicker than the voter's eye. ple living under democratic governments comes from the darkness of the 19th century The real tragedy is that the pea in this po­ will face gradual erosion of the areas com­ into the brilliantly lighted world of the 20th litical shell game is our Nation's safety. mitted to freedom. century by the magic of electricity. The Democrats have shown great under­ Remember the promises of 1952 and 1956 In most of the areas where these one bil­ for a strong national defense? While our &tanding of the need for a long-range mod­ ernized approach to meeting this Commu­ lion uncommitted people of the world live, commitments abroad have multiplied like nist challenge in the cold war of economics. electricity is nonexistent or so expensive that Texas jackrabbits, the administration's In the Senate in the last session of Congress only the very few can use it. This is because economy ax has cut deeper and deeper into we moved to change our outdated foreign­ oil or coal must be shipped halfway around the numbers and equipment of our military aid program from one of grants or accommo­ the world to supply the energy required to forces. dation-lending by Uncle Sam alone. We generate electricity. Year after year the manpower of our Army, urged the administration to get the free If we could mass produce atomic reactors Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force has been world to join in an international banking at relatively low cost and sell them on long cut. New weapons, ballistic missiles, and air­ system for a long-range program to supply terms, it would bring the hope of the elec­ lift have been squeezed to the minimum. financing for economic development by sound trical age to thousands of towns and villages It has been the leaders of the Democratic banking methods. To ac_l\ieve this end, a of the world now in darkness. Instead of Party that have sounded the warning and substantial use could be made of the local fuel of great bulk shipped at great expense, led Congress to vote more instead of less to currencies of these nations which we re­ atomic fuel could be sent in by airmail. A strengthen our defense against the threat of ceive from the sales of our agricultural sur­ package no larger than a pack of cigarettes expanding Communist military strength. pluses abroad. can furnish the energy to light and heat a Our lagging missile program was drastically The Democrats have supported also the village of 10,000 people for an entire year. stepped up. Cuts in manpower proposed by vast expansion of peaceful uses of atomic These are but a few of the things we can the Eisenhower administration were resisted energy. We have a deep feeling that in­ and should do if the face of Uncle Sam in Congress, and money was voted to build stead of emphasizing the capacity of our which the . world sees is to be the kindly up-rather than tear down-our ground and bombs for catastrophic destruction, we would smiling face that we know it to be. But the sea forces. Most of the additional funds impress these billion uncommitted people rest of the world does not automatically voted by the Congress were frozen by the more by showing how the horror of the know the great spiritual values we hold. administration-as was our fighting strength. atomic bomb could be beaten into a plow­ Deeds, not words, are required. Even funds for our National Guard and share-to become mankind's greatest servant. I feel if we can spend some 44 billions on our Reserve forces-made even more neces­ Instead of telling the world how many the science of death, for our weapons and sary by the reductions in the Regular Army­ millions we can cremate with one big blast defense-and I'm for that amount and were cut by the administration, and re­ of a hydrogen bomb, we could far better tell more-that we should tithe, and spend one­ stored by Congress. them how we have developed means for mak­ tenth of th~t amount on science for life. But it has been in the field of foreign ing it work for man's survival. · We have the duty to provide the contin­ policy that our greatest shortages in ideas Already we have crossed the threshold to uing leadership required if the world of to­ and ideals have occurred. We have slipped, find some 100 uses for atomic isotopes in the morrow is to see our hopes of today realized. and slipped badly, in furnishing leadership diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Soon, Thus can our generation give thanks for the in this most vital field where the peace of with enough research, we may find in atomic blessings of our science-by sharing with the world hangs in tenuous balance. medicine the cure for cancer or other dread others the abundance it can produce.

In such a day, as stewards of the reading clerks, announced that the SENATE world's future, give us, 0 Lord, a daunt­ House had passed a bill