1940's February 4-11, 1945: Yalta Conference February 11, 1945: Soviet Exiles and Prisoners of War Are Forced into Repatriation April 25-June 26, 1945: United Nations Charter Convention July 17-August 2, 1945: Potsdam Conference August 6 and 9, 1945: Atomic Bombs Destroy Hiroshima and Nagasaki February 1, 1946: First U.N. Secretary-General Is Selected March 5, 1946: Churchill Delivers His Iron Curtain Speech August 1, 1946: Atomic Energy Commission Is Established November, 1946-July, 1954: Nationalist Vietnamese Fight French Control of Indochina November 9-December 15, 1946: United Nations Admits Its First New Member States 1947-1951: Blacklisting Depletes Hollywood's Talent Pool March 12, 1947: Truman Doctrine July 26, 1947: National Security Act October 20, 1947: HUAC Investigates Hollywood November 29, 1947-July, 1949: Arab-Israeli War Creates Refugee Crisis 1948: Morgenthau Advances Realist School of Power Politics 1948: Soviets Escalate Persecution of Jews February 10, 1948: Zhdanov Denounces "Formalism" in Music February 25, 1948: Communists Seize Power in Czechoslovakia April 3, 1948: Marshall Plan Provides Aid to Europe June 24, 1948-May 11, 1949: Berlin Blockade and Airlift October 6, 1948: Earthquake Devastates Ashgabat and Kills Up to 100,000 People December 10, 1948: United Nations Adopts the Universal Declaration of Human Rights December 26, 1948: Hungary's Communist Government Arrests Cardinal Mindszenty 1949-1961: East Germans Flee to West to Escape Communist Regime January 25, 1949: Soviet Bloc States Establish Council for Mutual Economic Assistance April 4, 1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization Is Formed June, 1949: Nineteen Eighty-four Portrays Totalitarianism and Mind Control September 21-October 7, 1949: Germany Splits into Two Republics

1950's February 14, 1950: Stalin and Mao Pen a Defense Pact June 25, 1950-July 27, 1953: Korean War July 1, 1950: European Payments Union Is Formed October 7, 1950: China Invades and Begins Rule of Tibet November 3, 1950: United Nations General Assembly Passes the Uniting for Peace Resolution December 14, 1950: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Statute Is Approved 1951-1952: Teller and Ulam Develop the First Hydrogen Bomb September 1, 1951: Security Pact Is Signed by Three Pacific Nations Against Communist Encroachment September 8, 1951: Treaty of Peace with Japan Is Signed in San Francisco October 22, 1951: United States Inaugurates Mutual Security Program November 4, 1952: Eisenhower Is Elected President January, 1953: China Begins Its First Five-Year Plan January 15, 1953-December 2, 1954: McCarthy Hearings January 22, 1953: The Crucible Allegorizes the Red Scare Era March 5, 1953: Death of Stalin April 10, 1953: Hammarskjöld Is Elected U.N. Secretary-General June 19, 1953: Rosenbergs Are Executed for Peacetime Espionage September 25, 1953-October 26, 1956: Polish Communist Government Arrests the Primate of Poland November 9, 1953: Cambodia Gains Independence from France February 15, 1954: Canada and the United States Establish the DEW Line March 1, 1954: Nuclear Bombing of Bikini Atoll June 18-27, 1954: United Fruit Company Instigates a Coup in Guatemala June 27, 1954: Soviet Union Completes Its First Nuclear Power Plant July 10, 1954: Eisenhower Begins the Food for Peace Program August, 1954-May, 1955: Operation Passage to Freedom Evacuates Refugees from North Vietnam September 8, 1954: SEATO Is Founded October 23, 1954: Western European Union Is Established 1955-1964: Brezhnev Rises in Communist Ranks January 29, 1955: Formosa Resolution Is Signed into Law April 18-24, 1955: Afro-Asian Conference Considers Nonalignment May 14, 1955: Warsaw Pact Is Signed May 15, 1955: Austria Regains Its Independence July 9, 1955-early 1960's: Scientists Campaign Against Nuclear Testing December 14, 1955: United Nations Admits Sixteen New Members February 25, 1956: Khrushchev Denounces Stalinist Regime July 19-20, 1956: Foreign Aid Is Withdrawn from Egypt's Aswan High Dam Project July 26, 1956-January 8, 1959: Cuban Revolution October 23-November 10, 1956: Soviets Crush Hungarian Uprising November 22-December 8, 1956: Cold War Politics Mar the Melbourne Summer Olympics January 5, 1957: Eisenhower Doctrine Spring, 1957: Mao's Hundred Flowers Campaign Begins October, 1957: Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago Is Published October 4, 1957: Soviet Union Launches the First Artificial Satellite Beginning 1958: Mao's Great Leap Forward Brings Chaos to China April 27-May 15, 1958: Nixon Faces Riots on Tour of Latin America May 12, 1958: Canada and the United States Create NORAD July 29, 1958: Congress Creates the National Aeronautics and Space Administration 1959-1961: Famine Devastates China

1960's 1960's: Cubans Flee to Florida and Receive Assistance 1960's: Soviet Jews Demand Cultural and Religious Rights May 1, 1960: U-2 Incident July, 1960: United Nations Intervenes in the Congolese Civil War December 9, 1960: Collapse of the Laotian Government Leads to Civil War January 17, 1961: Eisenhower Warns of the Military-Industrial Complex April 17-19, 1961: Bay of Pigs Invasion August 13, 1961: Communists Raise the Berlin Wall September 1-5, 1961: Nonaligned Movement Meets November 14, 1961: Kennedy Expands U.S. Involvement in Vietnam April, 1962: Brazil Nationalizes U.S. Businesses October 5, 1962: Dr. No Launches the Hugely Popular James Bond Series October 22-28, 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis 1963: Le Carré Rejects the Fantasy World of Secret Agents 1963-1965: Crisis in U.N. Financing Emerges Over Peacekeeping Expenses June 20, 1963: Hotline Is Adopted Between the United States and the Soviet Union August 5, 1963: Nuclear Powers Sign the Limited Test Ban Treaty December 3, 1963: Havel's The Garden Party Satirizes Life Under Communism August 7, 1964-January 27, 1973: United States Enters the Vietnam War October 13-14, 1964: Khrushchev Falls from Power October 16, 1964: China Explodes Its First Nuclear Bomb April 28, 1965: U.S. Troops Occupy the Dominican Republic September 30, 1965: Indonesia's Government Retaliates Against a Failed Communist Coup February 11, 1966: Cuba Signs a Commercial Agreement with the Soviet Union March 7, 1966: France Withdraws from NATO's Military Structure May, 1966: Cultural Revolution Begins in China August 8, 1967: Association of Southeast Asian Nations Is Formed October 10, 1967: Outer Space Treaty Takes Effect January 23, 1968: North Korea Seizes the USS Pueblo May-June, 1968: French Students and Workers Rebel Against the Political Order August 20-21, 1968: Soviet Union Invades Czechoslovakia November 12, 1968-December, 1989: Brezhnev Doctrine Mandates Soviet Control of Satellite Nations March 2-October 20, 1969: Sino-Soviet Tensions Mount Along the Ussuri River Border July 25, 1969: Nixon Doctrine Is Unveiled

1970's March 5, 1970: Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Goes into Effect November 11, 1970: Moscow Human Rights Committee Is Founded October 25, 1971: People's Republic of China Is Seated at the United Nations February 21, 1972: Nixon Opens Trade with China April 10, 1972: Nations Agree to Rules on Biological Weapons May 26, 1972: SALT I Is Signed September 10, 1972: Olympic Basketball Game Becomes Cold War Confrontation March, 1973: U.S. Troops Leave Vietnam May 26, 1973-December 26, 1991: Détente with the Soviet Union June 21, 1973: East and West Germany Establish Diplomatic Relations October 6-26, 1973: Yom Kippur War November 7, 1973: U.S. Congress Overrides Presidential Veto to Pass the War Powers Act February, 1974: Military Junta Comes to Power in Ethiopia February 13, 1974: Soviet Union Expels Solzhenitsyn May, 1975: Indo-Chinese Boat People Begin Fleeing Vietnam August 1, 1975: Helsinki Accords Offer Terms for International Cooperation 1976: Peruvian Guerrilla War Begins September 9, 1976: Death of Mao Zedong Leads to Reforms in China 1977-1981: Carter Makes Human Rights a Central Theme of Foreign Policy 1977-1981: Soviet Citizen Group Investigates Political Abuses of Psychiatry February-March, 1977: Soviets Crack Down on Moscow's Helsinki Watch Group Spring, 1978: China Promises to Correct Human Rights Abuses October 16, 1978: John Paul II Becomes Pope January 1, 1979: United States and China Establish Full Diplomatic Relations February 17-March 16, 1979: China Invades Vietnam June 18, 1979: SALT II Is Signed July 17, 1979: Somoza Is Forced Out of Power in Nicaragua December 24-27, 1979: Soviet Union Invades Afghanistan

1980's February 22, 1980: U.S. Hockey Team Upsets Soviets March 21, 1980, and May 8, 1984: Olympic Boycotts April 1-September 25, 1980: Mariel Boatlift May 4, 1980: Death of Tito October 16, 1980: China Conducts Atmospheric Nuclear Test 1981: Activists Oppose Deployment of the MX Missile August 10, 1981: United States Announces Production of Neutron Bombs November 20, 1981: Soviets Begin Construction of Siberian Gas Pipeline December 13, 1981: Poland Imposes Martial Law and Bans Solidarity March 23, 1983: Reagan Proposes the Strategic Defense Initiative September 1, 1983: Soviet Jets Shoot Down Korean Air Lines Flight 007 October, 1983: Europeans Demonstrate Against Nuclear Weapons October 25-November 2, 1983: United States Invades Grenada March 11, 1985: Gorbachev Initiates a Policy of Glasnost November 19-21, 1985: U.S.-Soviet Summit February 20, 1986: First Permanently Manned Space Station Is Launched October 6, 1986: Soviet Nuclear Submarine Sinks in the Atlantic December 17-19, 1986: Kazakhstan Muslims Riot Against Russians December 8, 1987: Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty February, 1988: Ethnic Riots Erupt in Armenia October 24, 1988: BRAC Commission Is Established to Close U.S. Military Bases 1989: Hungary Adopts a Multiparty System 1989: Soviet Troops Leave Afghanistan June-September, 1989: Poland Forms a Noncommunist Government June 4, 1989: China Crushes Prodemocracy Demonstration in Tiananmen Square September, 1989: Vietnamese Troops Withdraw from Cambodia November 9, 1989: Fall of the Berlin Wall November 17-December 29, 1989: Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia December 25, 1989: Ceau{scedil}escu Is Overthrown in Romania

1990's 1990: Albania Opens Its Borders to Foreign Nationals 1990-1994: United Nations Admits Many New Members February 26, 1990: Soviet Troops Withdraw from Czechoslovakia March 6, 1990: Soviet Parliament Allows Private Ownership March 11, 1990: Lithuania Declares Independence from the Soviet Union July 16, 1990: Gorbachev Agrees to Membership of a United Germany in NATO February 12, 1991: Mongolia Sheds Communism July 1, 1991: Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact August, 1991: African Countries Begin to Revive Democratization September 27, 1991: Bush Announces Nuclear Arms Reductions December, 1991: Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Epilogue: Cold War Legacies and Reverberations

Appendixes Glossary General Bibliography

Indexes Categorized List of Entries Geographical Index Photo Index Index of Personages