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This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy Resources, Conservation and Recycling 54 (2010) 1296–1302 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Resources, Conservation and Recycling journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/resconrec Survey of officials’ awareness on circular economy development in China: Based on municipal and county level Bing Xue a,b,1,2, Xing-peng Chen b,∗,2, Yong Geng a,1, Xiao-jia Guo b,2, Cheng-peng Lu b,2, Zi-long Zhang b,d,2, Chen-yu Lu c,b,2,3 a Circular Economy and Industrial Ecology Group, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 72, Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, 110016 Shenyang, China b Institute of Human Geography, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222, South Tianshui Road, Chenguan District, 730000 Lanzhou, China c College of Geography and Environment Science, Northwest Normal University, No. 967, Anning East Road, Anning District, 730070 Lanzhou, China d Gund Institute for Ecological Economics, The University of Vermont, 617 Main Street, Burlington, VT 05405, USA article info abstract Article history: With rapid industrialization in China, both resource scarcity and resources efficiency have challenged the Received 23 December 2009 country’s sustainable development. Under such circumstance, circular economy should be adopted as a Received in revised form 12 May 2010 national development strategy. However, due to a lack of understanding current barriers on implementing Accepted 15 May 2010 circular economy, it is necessary to conduct a questionnaire based survey. The data and information used in this paper were collected by distributing questionnaires in 6 cities and interviewing 252 respondents. Keywords: Our research findings indicated that while most of officials working at municipal and county levels have Circular economy higher awareness and understanding on circular economy concept and its significance, nearly 16.70% Awareness Government official of the interviewed officials had just heard of circular economy indicating that there is still a need for Regional development government officials to further improve their circular economy awareness. Government officials can China receive their circular economy knowledge through awareness raising activities thus obtaining higher circular economy awareness. The main barriers on circular economy development are weakness of public awareness and lack of financial support, the prior method on pushing circular economy development is to execute compulsory regulations, which is shared by about 61.11% of all respondents; the gap between policy-making and practical action is still a serious problem. Nearly half of the respondents are not willing to pay more money for green products. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction build a resource-saving and environmental-friendly society (Guan et al., 2008). Inspired by Japanese and German Recycling Economy Since the implementation of the “Reform and Opening up Laws, China’s leadership has formed a circular economy (CE) initia- Policy”, China has achieved the most remarkable GDP-oriented tive in order to decouple the economic growth from environmental economic development (Ren, 2007). Meanwhile, China’s rapid degradation (Liu et al., 2009). The concept of a circular economy, industrialization has also engendered serious problems with the introduced by the late David Pearce in 1989, addresses the inter- depletion of natural resources and degradation of ecosystems linkages of four economic functions of the environment (Pearce (Ness, 2008). In response to the impacts coming from the non- and Turner, 1989; Andersen, 2007). On one hand, the environment circular pattern of development and deal with the climate change, not only provides amenity values, in addition to being a resource it is an overall, urgent and long-term strategic task for China to base and a sink for economic activities, but is also a fundamental life-support system (Andersen, 2007). On the other hand, circular economy is the outcome of over a decade’s efforts to practice sus- ∗ tainable development by the international communities, and is the Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 931 2100113/13519638185; detailed approach towards sustainable development (Moriguchi, fax: +86 24 83970371. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (B. Xue), [email protected] (X.-p. Chen), 2007). [email protected] (Y. Geng), [email protected] (X.-j. Guo), [email protected] The concept of CE was first proposed by scholars in China (C.-p. Lu), [email protected] (Z.-l. Zhang), [email protected] in 1998 and formally accepted in 2002 by the central govern- (C.-y. Lu). ment as a new development strategy aimed at environmental 1 Tel.: +86 24 83970372/13889203591; fax: +86 24 83970371. 2 Tel.: +86 931 8912627/13893393395. protection, pollution prevention and sustainable development 3 Tel.: +86 931 2100113/13519638185. (Bilitewski, 2008). The terminology of circular economy may not 0921-3449/$ – see front matter © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.05.010 Author's personal copy B. Xue et al. / Resources, Conservation and Recycling 54 (2010) 1296–1302 1297 Fig. 1. Map of investigated cities. be very familiar to Western readers, but in China it is under- cation of new market model is still in its early stage. Evidently, the stood to mean the realization of a closed loop of materials driving force behind this dramatic development can be attributed flow in the whole economic system. Different from the tra- to the changes in governance philosophies of the Chinese govern- ditional linear production model, a circular economy approach ment (Ren, 2007). However, even with these efforts by the Chinese encourages the organization of economic activities with feed- central government, the knowledge of existing CE best practices in back processes which mimic natural ecosystems through a process China is inadequate (Geng et al., 2009). of ‘natural resources → transformation’ into manufactured prod- Nowadays, the development of China’s CE is in an important ucts → byproducts of manufacturing used as resources for other transitional period from concept promotion and partial trial to full industries. We understand that the perfect implementation of CE in scale practice. During this period, to correctly identify awareness the real world may not be ideal, or even not necessary due to higher of CE development is an urgent need. The entities concerning CE costs and other factors. But at least in a country where both resource development consist of government, enterprises, and the public, scarcity and resource efficiency are challenging the national econ- and the awareness of all three entities for promoting CE is vital omy, such as China, the CE approach should be fully employed so as during the course of putting CE into practice (Xue, 2009). How- to reduce the total consumption of various resources and minimize ever, while few researches have paid attention to this awareness, the overall emissions (Geng et al., 2008). Since 2003, the Chinese a case study from Tianjin, China, based on a survey and analysis central government has inaugurated a development philosophy – of public awareness and performance, indicated that the respon- scientific development concepts – that is people-oriented through dents have limited awareness and a poor understanding about the a comprehensive, coordinated, and sustainable approach to rec- CE program (Liu et al., 2009). Other studies indicate that the perfor- oncile economic, social, and environmental development, and CE mance of enterprises with respect to awareness of CE is to integrate is considered as one of the key strategies in scientific development CE into the corporate development plans by optimizing materials concepts (Chen et al., 2005). Promoting a circular economy has been and energy, and minimizing waste emission (Fernandez, 2007), for identified as China’s basic national policy (Feng and Yan, 2007). On example, by constructing industrial ecosystems, Nanning Sugar Co. October 27, 2005, the National Development and Reform Commis- Ltd. in China, has achieved the successful transition from a tradi- sion of China (NDRC) announced the first list of entities to be the tional corporation to a circular corporation (Yang and Feng, 2008). pilot entities of demonstrating CE development, which included 56 Actually, the government officials’ awareness of CE development is enterprises, 13 industrial parks, 7 provinces, 5 cities, and 1 town. vital due to the Chinese-style political system. Generally, it is a 4- In 2007, a report at the 17th Party Congress announced that cir- level management system of province, city/county and township in cular economy should be pushed to develop on larger scale. Then local government of China (Chang, 2007), and the municipal level the NDRC announced the second pilot
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