DOCSLIB.ORG

This Article Appeared in a Journal Published by Elsevier. the Attached

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
This Article Appeared in a Journal Published by Elsevier. the Attached This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy Resources, Conservation and Recycling 54 (2010) 1296–1302 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Resources, Conservation and Recycling journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/resconrec Survey of officials’ awareness on circular economy development in China: Based on municipal and county level Bing Xue a,b,1,2, Xing-peng Chen b,∗,2, Yong Geng a,1, Xiao-jia Guo b,2, Cheng-peng Lu b,2, Zi-long Zhang b,d,2, Chen-yu Lu c,b,2,3 a Circular Economy and Industrial Ecology Group, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 72, Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, 110016 Shenyang, China b Institute of Human Geography, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222, South Tianshui Road, Chenguan District, 730000 Lanzhou, China c College of Geography and Environment Science, Northwest Normal University, No. 967, Anning East Road, Anning District, 730070 Lanzhou, China d Gund Institute for Ecological Economics, The University of Vermont, 617 Main Street, Burlington, VT 05405, USA article info abstract Article history: With rapid industrialization in China, both resource scarcity and resources efficiency have challenged the Received 23 December 2009 country’s sustainable development. Under such circumstance, circular economy should be adopted as a Received in revised form 12 May 2010 national development strategy. However, due to a lack of understanding current barriers on implementing Accepted 15 May 2010 circular economy, it is necessary to conduct a questionnaire based survey. The data and information used in this paper were collected by distributing questionnaires in 6 cities and interviewing 252 respondents. Keywords: Our research findings indicated that while most of officials working at municipal and county levels have Circular economy higher awareness and understanding on circular economy concept and its significance, nearly 16.70% Awareness Government official of the interviewed officials had just heard of circular economy indicating that there is still a need for Regional development government officials to further improve their circular economy awareness. Government officials can China receive their circular economy knowledge through awareness raising activities thus obtaining higher circular economy awareness. The main barriers on circular economy development are weakness of public awareness and lack of financial support, the prior method on pushing circular economy development is to execute compulsory regulations, which is shared by about 61.11% of all respondents; the gap between policy-making and practical action is still a serious problem. Nearly half of the respondents are not willing to pay more money for green products. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction build a resource-saving and environmental-friendly society (Guan et al., 2008). Inspired by Japanese and German Recycling Economy Since the implementation of the “Reform and Opening up Laws, China’s leadership has formed a circular economy (CE) initia- Policy”, China has achieved the most remarkable GDP-oriented tive in order to decouple the economic growth from environmental economic development (Ren, 2007). Meanwhile, China’s rapid degradation (Liu et al., 2009). The concept of a circular economy, industrialization has also engendered serious problems with the introduced by the late David Pearce in 1989, addresses the inter- depletion of natural resources and degradation of ecosystems linkages of four economic functions of the environment (Pearce (Ness, 2008). In response to the impacts coming from the non- and Turner, 1989; Andersen, 2007). On one hand, the environment circular pattern of development and deal with the climate change, not only provides amenity values, in addition to being a resource it is an overall, urgent and long-term strategic task for China to base and a sink for economic activities, but is also a fundamental life-support system (Andersen, 2007). On the other hand, circular economy is the outcome of over a decade’s efforts to practice sus- ∗ tainable development by the international communities, and is the Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 931 2100113/13519638185; detailed approach towards sustainable development (Moriguchi, fax: +86 24 83970371. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (B. Xue), [email protected] (X.-p. Chen), 2007). [email protected] (Y. Geng), [email protected] (X.-j. Guo), [email protected] The concept of CE was first proposed by scholars in China (C.-p. Lu), [email protected] (Z.-l. Zhang), [email protected] in 1998 and formally accepted in 2002 by the central govern- (C.-y. Lu). ment as a new development strategy aimed at environmental 1 Tel.: +86 24 83970372/13889203591; fax: +86 24 83970371. 2 Tel.: +86 931 8912627/13893393395. protection, pollution prevention and sustainable development 3 Tel.: +86 931 2100113/13519638185. (Bilitewski, 2008). The terminology of circular economy may not 0921-3449/$ – see front matter © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.05.010 Author's personal copy B. Xue et al. / Resources, Conservation and Recycling 54 (2010) 1296–1302 1297 Fig. 1. Map of investigated cities. be very familiar to Western readers, but in China it is under- cation of new market model is still in its early stage. Evidently, the stood to mean the realization of a closed loop of materials driving force behind this dramatic development can be attributed flow in the whole economic system. Different from the tra- to the changes in governance philosophies of the Chinese govern- ditional linear production model, a circular economy approach ment (Ren, 2007). However, even with these efforts by the Chinese encourages the organization of economic activities with feed- central government, the knowledge of existing CE best practices in back processes which mimic natural ecosystems through a process China is inadequate (Geng et al., 2009). of ‘natural resources → transformation’ into manufactured prod- Nowadays, the development of China’s CE is in an important ucts → byproducts of manufacturing used as resources for other transitional period from concept promotion and partial trial to full industries. We understand that the perfect implementation of CE in scale practice. During this period, to correctly identify awareness the real world may not be ideal, or even not necessary due to higher of CE development is an urgent need. The entities concerning CE costs and other factors. But at least in a country where both resource development consist of government, enterprises, and the public, scarcity and resource efficiency are challenging the national econ- and the awareness of all three entities for promoting CE is vital omy, such as China, the CE approach should be fully employed so as during the course of putting CE into practice (Xue, 2009). How- to reduce the total consumption of various resources and minimize ever, while few researches have paid attention to this awareness, the overall emissions (Geng et al., 2008). Since 2003, the Chinese a case study from Tianjin, China, based on a survey and analysis central government has inaugurated a development philosophy – of public awareness and performance, indicated that the respon- scientific development concepts – that is people-oriented through dents have limited awareness and a poor understanding about the a comprehensive, coordinated, and sustainable approach to rec- CE program (Liu et al., 2009). Other studies indicate that the perfor- oncile economic, social, and environmental development, and CE mance of enterprises with respect to awareness of CE is to integrate is considered as one of the key strategies in scientific development CE into the corporate development plans by optimizing materials concepts (Chen et al., 2005). Promoting a circular economy has been and energy, and minimizing waste emission (Fernandez, 2007), for identified as China’s basic national policy (Feng and Yan, 2007). On example, by constructing industrial ecosystems, Nanning Sugar Co. October 27, 2005, the National Development and Reform Commis- Ltd. in China, has achieved the successful transition from a tradi- sion of China (NDRC) announced the first list of entities to be the tional corporation to a circular corporation (Yang and Feng, 2008). pilot entities of demonstrating CE development, which included 56 Actually, the government officials’ awareness of CE development is enterprises, 13 industrial parks, 7 provinces, 5 cities, and 1 town. vital due to the Chinese-style political system. Generally, it is a 4- In 2007, a report at the 17th Party Congress announced that cir- level management system of province, city/county and township in cular economy should be pushed to develop on larger scale. Then local government of China (Chang, 2007), and the municipal level the NDRC announced the second pilot
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2.20 Gansu Province
    2.20 Gansu Province Gansu Provincial Prison Enterprise Group, affiliated with Gansu Provincial Prison Administration Bureau,1 has 18 prison enterprises Legal representative of the prison company: Liu Yan, general manager of Gansu Prison Enterprise Group2 His official positions in the prison system: Deputy director of Gansu Provincial Prison Administration Bureau No. Company Name of the Legal Person Legal Registered Business Scope Company Notes on the Prison Name Prison, to which and representative/ Title Capital Address the Company Shareholder(s) Belongs 1 Gansu Gansu Provincial Gansu Liu Yan 803 million Wholesale and retail of machinery 222 Jingning The Gansu Provincial Prison Provincial Prison Provincial Deputy director of yuan and equipment (excluding sedans), Road, Administration Bureau is Gansu Province’s Prison Administration Prison Gansu Provincial building materials, chemical Chengguan functional department that manages the Enterprise Bureau Administration Prison products, agricultural and sideline District, prisons in the entire province. It is in charge Group Bureau Administration products (excluding grain Lanzhou City of the works of these prisons. It is at the Bureau; general wholesale); wholesale and retail of deputy department level, and is managed by manager of Gansu daily necessities the Justice Department of Gansu Province.4 Prison Enterprise Group3 2 Gansu Dingxi Prison of Gansu Qiao Zhanying 16 million Manufacturing and sale of high-rise 1 Jiaoyu Dingxi Prison of Gansu Province6 was Dingqi Gansu Province Provincial Member of the yuan and long-span buildings, bridges, Avenue, established in May 1952. Its original name Steel Prison Communist Party marine engineering steel structures, An’ding was the Gansu Provincial Fourth Labor Structure Enterprise Committee and large boiler steel frames, District, Dingxi Reform Detachment.
    [Show full text]
  • View / Download 7.3 Mb
    Between Shanghai and Mecca: Diaspora and Diplomacy of Chinese Muslims in the Twentieth Century by Janice Hyeju Jeong Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Advisor ___________________________ Prasenjit Duara, Advisor ___________________________ Nicole Barnes ___________________________ Adam Mestyan ___________________________ Cemil Aydin Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 ABSTRACT Between Shanghai and Mecca: Diaspora and Diplomacy of Chinese Muslims in the Twentieth Century by Janice Hyeju Jeong Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Advisor ___________________________ Prasenjit Duara, Advisor ___________________________ Nicole Barnes ___________________________ Adam Mestyan ___________________________ Cemil Aydin An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 Copyright by Janice Hyeju Jeong 2019 Abstract While China’s recent Belt and the Road Initiative and its expansion across Eurasia is garnering public and scholarly attention, this dissertation recasts the space of Eurasia as one connected through historic Islamic networks between Mecca and China. Specifically, I show that eruptions of
    [Show full text]
  • Mammalia: Bovidae) from the Late Miocene Qingyang Area, Gansu, China
    Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org “Gazella” (Mammalia: Bovidae) from the late Miocene Qingyang area, Gansu, China Yikun Li, Qinqin Shi, Shaokun Chen, and Tao Deng ABSTRACT The rich collection from the late Miocene sediments from the Qingyang area, Gansu, China was discovered by E. Licent in the 1920s, and previous studies focused on the equids and hyaenids whereas little attention was given to the accompanying bovid material. The collection of Bovidae dug up from the Qingyang area and pre- served at Musée Hoangho Paiho, Tianjin, China, is dominated by “Gazella”. We describe and identify two species: “Gazella” paotehensis and “G.” dorcadoides. The nomenclatural issues surrounding those two species of gazelles are reviewed in this paper, and although the questionable mandible illustrated by Teilhard de Chardin and Young in 1931 may be excluded from “G.” paotehensis metrically and morphologically, the species is still considered valid. The subcomplete cranium M 3956, kept at Uppsala Universitet Evolutionsmuseet and studied by B. Bohlin, is selected here as the neotype of “G.” paotehensis, and emended diagnoses are given. Based on previous studies and insights from new material from the Qingyang area, we provide a table summarizing diagnostic morphological characters of “G.” paotehensis and “G.” dorcadoides. Yikun Li. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin 10115, Germany. [email protected] Qinqin Shi. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China.
    [Show full text]
  • M6.9 Southern Qinghai, China Earthquake of 13 April 2010 Network
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR EARTHQUAKE SUMMARY MAP XXX U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Prepared in cooperation with the Global Seismographic M6.9 Southern Qinghai, China Earthquake of 13 April 2010 Network Epicentral Region L. B Tectonic Setting alka 90° 92° 94° 96° 98° 100° 102° 104° 106° 70° sh 80° 90° 100° 110° 120° M O N G O L I A GOLMUD Shymkent Changchun Jilin Xinjiang Minhe Dzhambul Almaty 36° QABQA 2001 Urumqi LANZHOU Tashkent Bishkek 36° NamanganK ATE Fushun Y R T i a PL Gulistan G Y n S h a n MUR Kanggye Southern Qinghai Ningxia Z S T A 40° Andizhan A N Shenyang Osh Hamhung K U N L U N Fergana 40° F A U L T Anshan Sinuiju 13 April 2010 23:49:37 UTC Pingliang T Linxia A J Kashi T H Jingning I K I Huhot P'yongyang O R ZIKETAN Neiguanying S T N E A A N Baotou Beijing O R Dalian K 1937 Lintao 33.271° N., 96.629° E. Kulob Tangshan Maying Lung- EUR Kaesong Kagang Depth 10 km AS EXPLANATION shan- IA P H LA l t Tianjin U T Mw = 6.9 (USGS) TE a u Inch`on S O A chen h F R E Ta g Shijiazhuang K O Longxi y n Yinchuan Taiyuan Mag ≥ 7.0 Hezuo K A l t E Felt across the mountaiQnionuasn area in western China, over 400 u AT e PL killed, tens of thousands displaced. n H SIA Gangu RA j Eg U W 0 - 69 km u s n O i n a L TIANSHUI n t a Xining u L H u n Y E Gansu Rawalpindi M o K u n H A l u n F S E 70 - 299 Min Xian Tianshui Islamabad a u l t Lanzhou DAWU I Luoyang Zhengzhou 34° Li Xian M Xi'an 300 - 600 Qinghai Amritsar A C H I N A Tewo 34° Faisalabad TIBETAN PLATEAU Nanjing Volcanoes Lahore g Shanghai Hui-Xian Simla L Hefei in 30° Chandigarh a J A g
    [Show full text]
  • Religion in China BKGA 85 Religion Inchina and Bernhard Scheid Edited by Max Deeg Major Concepts and Minority Positions MAX DEEG, BERNHARD SCHEID (EDS.)
    Religions of foreign origin have shaped Chinese cultural history much stronger than generally assumed and continue to have impact on Chinese society in varying regional degrees. The essays collected in the present volume put a special emphasis on these “foreign” and less familiar aspects of Chinese religion. Apart from an introductory article on Daoism (the BKGA 85 BKGA Religion in China proto­typical autochthonous religion of China), the volume reflects China’s encounter with religions of the so-called Western Regions, starting from the adoption of Indian Buddhism to early settlements of religious minorities from the Near East (Islam, Christianity, and Judaism) and the early modern debates between Confucians and Christian missionaries. Contemporary Major Concepts and religious minorities, their specific social problems, and their regional diversities are discussed in the cases of Abrahamitic traditions in China. The volume therefore contributes to our understanding of most recent and Minority Positions potentially violent religio-political phenomena such as, for instance, Islamist movements in the People’s Republic of China. Religion in China Religion ∙ Max DEEG is Professor of Buddhist Studies at the University of Cardiff. His research interests include in particular Buddhist narratives and their roles for the construction of identity in premodern Buddhist communities. Bernhard SCHEID is a senior research fellow at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. His research focuses on the history of Japanese religions and the interaction of Buddhism with local religions, in particular with Japanese Shintō. Max Deeg, Bernhard Scheid (eds.) Deeg, Max Bernhard ISBN 978-3-7001-7759-3 Edited by Max Deeg and Bernhard Scheid Printed and bound in the EU SBph 862 MAX DEEG, BERNHARD SCHEID (EDS.) RELIGION IN CHINA: MAJOR CONCEPTS AND MINORITY POSITIONS ÖSTERREICHISCHE AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN PHILOSOPHISCH-HISTORISCHE KLASSE SITZUNGSBERICHTE, 862.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Color Steel Plate Buildings in Lanzhou City
    Modern Environmental Science and Engineering (ISSN 2333-2581) July 2019, Volume 5, No. 7, pp. 583-589 Doi: 10.15341/mese(2333-2581)/07.05.2019/004 Academic Star Publishing Company, 2019 www.academicstar.us Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Color Steel Plate Buildings in Lanzhou City Jinmei Wang1,2,3, Weifang Yang1,2,3, Shuwen Yang1,2,3, and Haowen Yan1,2,3 1. Faculty of Geomatics,Lanzhou Jiaotong University, China 2. National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technologies and Applications for National Geographic State Monitoring, China 3. Gansu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for National Geographic State Monitoring, China Abstract: Color steel plate building has the characteristics of beautiful appearance, low cost, light weight and fast construction speed. It is an important product in the rapid development of the city. It is widely distributed in urban villages, urban fringe, new technology development zones, construction sites and other plots.Its spatial distribution has obvious aggregation characteristics and regularity. This paper takes the four main urban districts of Lanzhou as the research area. Based on the 2017 remote sensing image and urban regional vector boundary data, the GIS platform is used to obtain the color steel plate building vector data by human-computer interaction interpretation, using buffer analysis method, spatial statistical method, etc, the spatial distribution characteristics of color steel plate buildings in the study area were discussed. The results show that the building density of color steel plate decreases with the distance from the Yellow River, which is consistent with the logarithmic model. As the distance from the city center increases, the overall decline, rising at 4-6km, 12-16km.
    [Show full text]
  • 2. Ethnic Minority Policy
    Public Disclosure Authorized ETHNIC MINORITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR THE WORLD BANK FUNDED Public Disclosure Authorized GANSU INTEGRATED RURAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT DEMONSTRATION TOWN PROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized GANSU PROVINCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND REFORM COMMISSION Public Disclosure Authorized LANZHOU , G ANSU i NOV . 2011 ii CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................ ................................ 1.1 B ACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF PREPARATION .......................................................................1 1.2 K EY POINTS OF THIS EMDP ..........................................................................................................2 1.3 P REPARATION METHOD AND PROCESS ..........................................................................................3 2. ETHNIC MINORITY POLICY................................................................ .......................... 2.1 A PPLICABLE LAWS AND REGULATIONS ...........................................................................................5 2.1.1 State level .............................................................................................................................5 2.1.2 Gansu Province ...................................................................................................................5 2.1.3 Zhangye Municipality ..........................................................................................................6 2.1.4 Baiyin City .............................................................................................................................6
    [Show full text]
  • Studies on the Diversity of Ciliate Species in Gahai Alpine Wetland of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China
    COMMUNITY ECOLOGY 20(1): 83-92, 2019 1585-8553 © AKADÉMIAI KIADÓ, BUDAPEST DOI: 10.1556/168.2019.20.1.9 Studies on the diversity of ciliate species in Gahai Alpine Wetland of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China H. C. Liu1,2, X. J. Pu1, J. Liu1 and W. H. Du1,3 1 College of Grass Science of Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730070 China 2 Department of Chemistry and Life Science of Gansu Normal University for Nationalities, Hezuo, Gansu Province 747000 China 3 Correspondence to Du Wen-hua, [email protected], Present address: No. 1, Yingmen village, Anning District, Lanzhou, Gansu province, China Keywords: Ciliate, Community structure, Distribution, Functional-trophic group, Gahai Alpine Wetland of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Species diversity. Abstract: This study investigated the community structure of ciliates in Gahai Alpine Wetland of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. We hypothesized that the ciliate community in the Plateau is more complex and the species diversity is richer than those in other climate zones of China. In particular, we studied how the ciliate species responded to environmental temperature, soil moisture content and the manner of pasture utilization. We determined key features of the ciliate communities such as trophic functional groups, ciliate seasonal distribution, species diversity and similarity index at six sample sites from January 2015 to October 2016. To count and characterize ciliates, we combined the non-flooded Petri dish method with in vivo observation and silver staining. We identified 162 ciliate species in this area, showing a high species and functional diversity. The mode of nutri- tion was diverse, with the lowest number of ciliates in group N (Nonselective omnivores, 4 species) and the highest number in group B (Bacterivores-detritivores, 118 species, corresponding to 73% of the total species number).
    [Show full text]
  • Linxia, People’S Republic of China
    Applicant UNESCO Global Geopark Linxia, People’s Republic of China Geographical and geological summary 1. Physical and human geography Linxia Geopark is situated in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China. The geographical coordinates are 103°02′19.08′′-103°38′21.06′′E; 35°14′37.43′′-36°09′10.87′′N, with a total area of 2120 km2. Linxia Geopark stretches across two natural regions, that is, the arid area of the Loess Plateau in Northwest China and the alpine humid area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The Geopark, high in the southwest and low in the northeast, is in the shape of a sloping basin with an average elevation of 2000m. The Geopark is in a temperate continental climate zone with annual average temperature of 5.0- 9.4°C. The annual precipitation is 260-660mm, and the rainfall is mostly concentrated between June and September. The Geopark is located in the upper reaches of the Yellow River basin and has abundant surface water. Most parts are covered with aeolian loess parent material. The distribution of natural vegetation varies widely with very prominent zonality. The Geopark involves six counties (cities) including Yongjing County, Hezheng County, Dongxiang County, Linxia City, Guanghe County, and Linxia County in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, and 66 townships. The Geopark has a population of 1.166 million, with 31 nations including Hui, Han, Dongxiang, Baoan, Salar, and so on. In the north of the Geopark, Yongjing County is 74km away from the provincial capital Lanzhou, and in the south, Hezheng is 116km away from Lanzhou.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Diversity and Symbiotic Efficiency Difference of Endophytic Rhizobia of Medicago Sativa
    Canadian Journal of Microbiology Genetic diversity and symbiotic efficiency difference of endophytic rhizobia of Medicago sativa Journal: Canadian Journal of Microbiology Manuscript ID cjm-2018-0158.R3 Manuscript Type: Article Date Submitted by the 18-Sep-2018 Author: Complete List of Authors: Kang, Wenjuan; Gansu Agricultural University, College of Grassland Science Xu, Lin; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China Jiang, Zhehao;Draft College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China, Shi, Shangli; College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem of Ministry of Education, Lanzhou 730070, China Medicago sativa, Endophytic bacteria, Rhizobium, Genetic diversity, Keyword: Symbiotic divergence Is the invited manuscript for consideration in a Special Not applicable (regular submission) Issue? : https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjm-pubs Page 1 of 36 Canadian Journal of Microbiology 1 Genetic diversity and symbiotic efficiency difference of endophytic rhizobia of Medicago sativa 2 3 Wenjuan Kang1, Lin Xu2, Zhehao Jiang3, Shangli Shi4 4 5 1College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China 6 E-mail: [email protected] 7 2College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China 8 E-mail: [email protected] 9 3College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China 10 E-mail: [email protected] 11 4College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural
    [Show full text]
  • China's Strategic Modernization: Implications for the United States
    CHINA’S STRATEGIC MODERNIZATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES Mark A. Stokes September 1999 ***** The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of the Air Force, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ***** Comments pertaining to this report are invited and should be forwarded to: Director, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 122 Forbes Ave., Carlisle, PA 17013-5244. Copies of this report may be obtained from the Publications and Production Office by calling commercial (717) 245-4133, FAX (717) 245-3820, or via the Internet at [email protected] ***** Selected 1993, 1994, and all later Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) monographs are available on the SSI Homepage for electronic dissemination. SSI’s Homepage address is: http://carlisle-www.army. mil/usassi/welcome.htm ***** The Strategic Studies Institute publishes a monthly e-mail newsletter to update the national security community on the research of our analysts, recent and forthcoming publications, and upcoming conferences sponsored by the Institute. Each newsletter also provides a strategic commentary by one of our research analysts. If you are interested in receiving this newsletter, please let us know by e-mail at [email protected] or by calling (717) 245-3133. ISBN 1-58487-004-4 ii CONTENTS Foreword .......................................v 1. Introduction ...................................1 2. Foundations of Strategic Modernization ............5 3. China’s Quest for Information Dominance ......... 25 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Green Development Efficiency of the Major Cities In
    sustainability Article Evaluation of Green Development Efficiency of the Major Cities in Gansu Province, China Rongrong Liu 1,* , Dong Chen 2, Suchang Yang 1 and Yang Chen 3 1 School of Economics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; [email protected] 2 Economic Management College of Agriculture and Forestry, Lanzhou University of Finance and Economics, Lanzhou 730101, China; [email protected] 3 School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Green development (GD) has become a new model of sustainable development across the world. However, our knowledge of green development efficiency (GDE) in Gansu province is poor. In remedy, this study, based on the panel data of 12 major cities in Gansu from 2010 to 2017, employed the super-efficient Slack-based measure (SBM) to analyze and evaluate GDE from the input–output perspective. Furthermore, we analyzed the input redundancy and output deficiency of identified inefficient cities in 2017 and conducted spatial autocorrelation analysis of GDE of the cities under study. Results show differences in the GDE of the major cities in Gansu, with an average value of 0.985. Green development efficiency in Lanzhou, Qingyang, Jinchang, Jiuquan, and Tianshui was relatively higher than in other cities. Green development efficiency in Zhangye, Wuwei, Jiayuguan, Baiyin, Dingxi, Longnan, and Longnan was less than one due to their redundant labor and capital input and excessive pollutant emission output. The overall GDE in Gansu depicts “high east and low west” zones. Each city in Gansu needs to formulate targeted policies and regulations to improve Citation: Liu, R.; Chen, D.; Yang, S.; resource utilization, innovation capacity, reduce pollutant emission, optimize the industrial structure, Chen, Y.
    [Show full text]