Laparoscopic Hand-Assisted Total Pancreatectomy: Single Institution Experience of Seven Patients
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JOP. J Pancreas (Online) 2020 June 30; 21(3): 57-62. ORIGINAL ARTICLE Laparoscopic Hand-assisted Total Pancreatectomy: Single Institution Experience of Seven Patients Sujit Kulkarni1, Kaylene Barrera2, Rick Selby1, Dilipkumar Parekh1 1Department of Surgery, Keck Medical Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States 2SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York City, New York, United States ABSTRACT Background In the past two decades, total pancreatectomy has been associated with improved postoperative and long-term outcomes due to the improvements in surgical technique, better enzyme preparations and diabetes control. While minimally invasive Whipple operation has enjoyed the attention in recent years, the safety and feasibility of a minimally invasive total pancreatectomy is still not established. Methods A retrospective review of minimally invasive total pancreatic resections. Results Seven patients underwent laparoscopic hand- assisted total pancreatectomy between 2005 and 2011. The mean patient age was 58.1 years (58.1 ± 6.45) and the median American Society of Anesthesiologist score was 3. Three patients had diffuse IPMN, two had multiple neuroendocrine tumors and two patients had large cystic lesions in head, body and tail of pancreas. Median operative time was 431 minutes (range 348-590) with 300 cc (range the mortality was 0. Conclusion The laparoscopic hand-assisted total pancreatectomy appears to be a safe and feasible procedure. It is a150-1200) technically of demanding blood loss. procedureThe 90 days requiring postoperative expertise complication in both open rate and of advancedgrade 2 or laparoscopic higher Clavien-Dindo pancreatic classification procedures andwas additional 14% and multi-institutional studies are necessary to further evaluate its role. INTRODUCTION prophylactic total pancreatectomy due to a history of familial pancreatic cancer, chronic pancreatitis patients undergoing a total pancreatectomy with autologous [1], enjoyed a brief period of popularity in the 1970’s for islet cell transplantation and patients with multicentric the Totaltreatment Pancreatectomy of pancreatic (TP), adenocarcinoma first described whichin 1943 at neoplasms of the pancreas such as main duct IPMN, and the time was thought to be multi-centric in origin. It was neuroendocrine tumors [2, 3, 4]. also advocated in lieu of the Whipple operation to reduce postsurgical anastomotic complications. Substantial Complex laparoscopic pancreatic surgery has now evolved into mainstream practice with a number of and lack of data showing a survival advantage over a centers in the USA and elsewhere performing advanced pancreaticoduodenectomymorbidity rates from exocrine led andto the endocrine abandonment insufficiency of this procedures such as the Whipple operation, distal procedure in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma [2, pancreatectomy, tumor enucleation and pancreatic 3, 4]. Advances in the surgical techniques, new pancreatic necrosectomy laparoscopically. It is our assessment that enzyme preparations and improved control of diabetes in the next decade, the vast majority of the pancreatic have led to a wider application of total pancreatectomy surgical procedures will be performed laparoscopically as in the past two decades. At present acceptable indications expertise with advanced laparoscopic pancreas surgery for total pancreatectomy include patients requiring is gained in the wider community of hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgeons. Advanced laparoscopic pancreatic Received February 22nd, 2020 - Accepted June 15th, 2020 surgery has been shown to be safe in the publications Keywords Pancreatectomy; Laparoscopy; Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic from several centers with large experience with similar Surgery or better outcomes than open surgery and for some Abbreviations TP Total Pancreatectomy; EUS Endoscopic Ultrasound; SMV Superior Mesenteric Vein; PHA Proper Hepatic Artery; GDA Gastro- procedures such as laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy, Duodenal Artery; CBD Common Bile Duct; SMA Superior Mesenteric the minimally invasive technique appears to be associated Arterial; PCA Patient Controlled Analgesia; ASA American Society of with better outcomes compared to the open procedure [5]. Anesthesiology; IPMN Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm; PSM Propensity Score Matching; NETs Neuroendocrine Tumours Similar experience has been reported where the da Vinci Correspondence Sujit Kulkarni robot system has been utilized for the minimally invasive Department of Surgery, Keck Medical Center, approach to pancreatic resections. Total pancreatectomy University of Southern California, Los Angeles, is relatively uncommon procedure and only a few small United States Tel +323 442 7172 series and anecdotal case reports have been published Fax +323 442 7173 of minimally invasive total pancreatectomy [6, 7, 8, 9]. E-mail [email protected] In this series we describe the largest experience to date JOP. Journal of the Pancreas - http://pancreas.imedpub.com/ - Vol. 21 No. 3 – June 2020. [ISSN 1590-8577] 57 JOP. J Pancreas (Online) 2020 June 30; 21(3): 57-62. of laparoscopic hand-assisted total pancreatectomies reported from the USA. and the right side of the patient, respectively. A right sub- costalfirst assistant incision and (6-7cm) the scrub-nurse was made forstanding a Gelport on the® and left three side PATIENTS AND METHODS trocars are placed as shown in the Figure 1. A diagnostic Patients laparoscopy was initially performed to evaluate for the metastasis or locally advanced disease. Any suspicious A total of twenty-one patients underwent TP during the lesions were biopsied and sent for intraoperative frozen period 2005 through 2011 at our institution by a team of section histology. The patient was placed in a reverse Trendelenberg position at 200 and slightly tilted to the procedure was at the discretion of the individual surgeon. right side. The cholecystectomy was performed in a usual Thefive pancreaticseven patients surgeons. who The underwent choice of openlaparoscopic or laparoscopic hand- fashion. The gastro-colic ligament was opened with a assisted TP by a single surgeon are included in this Harmonic™ scalpel (Ethicon Endo-surgery, Blue Ash, OH) study. This is a retrospective review. Data collection was to enter the lesser sac. This opening was extended from approved by the University Institutional Review Board and the short gastric vessels were taken down with a guidelines. The operative indications were based on the Harmonicthe first part scalpel of duodenum or a surgical to the staplerfundus ifof splenectomythe stomach multicentricityand confidentiality of thewas diseasemaintained with according diffuse toinvolvement the HIPPA of the pancreas, the absence of tumor extension to the transverse colon were mobilized. The Kocher maneuver superior mesenteric vein, superior mesenteric artery or was performed.performed. TheThe inferior splenic border and hepatic of the pancreasflexures ofat the hepatic artery and the absence of bulky extra-pancreatic neck of the pancreas was mobilized to expose the Superior disease. Preoperative imaging workup included Mesenteric Vein (SMV). A retro-pancreatic tunnel was ultrasound, pancreatic protocol computed tomography created in front of the SMV. The hepato-duodenal ligament and/or magnetic resonance imaging. Any patient under was dissected to identify the Proper Hepatic Artery (PHA), the age of 65 with cardiopulmonary disease and all Gastro-Duodenal Artery (GDA) and the Common Bile Duct patients over the age of 65 underwent a cardiopulmonary (CBD). The gastro duodenal artery was doubly clipped and evaluation for preoperative clearance. Patients also divided between the clips or transacted with the surgical underwent endoscopic ultrasound evaluation after stapler. The common bile duct was transacted. The neck of 2009 since we did not have that facility prior to 2009. pancreas was completely separated from the portal vein by completing the retro-pancreatic tunnel dissection. The are summarized in Table 1. The peri-operative data was right gastro-epiploic vessels and the right gastric vessels acquiredIndications from and the Endoscopic hospital electronic Ultrasound records (EUS) and findings paper were divided between clips. Published studies with the charts and postoperative complications were graded using Whipple operation have shown that there is no long- term functional or survival advantage with the pylorus- preserving procedure compared to a standard Whipple Operative Technique the Clavien-Dindo classification. operation that incorporates an antrectomy. Furthermore, The patient was placed in a supine position and the patients with a standard Whipple operation appear to surgeon stood on the right side of the patient, with the have a lower incidence of gastro-paresis [10]. Based on Table 1. IndicationsRange of for laparoscopic TP andTotal final Lymph pathologic diagnosis. Indication/Lesion size of EUS report with nodes Patient Location Margins Final Pathology type lesions biopsy (positive for (cm) tumor) Cysts with Diffuse main duct main duct Papillary adenocarcinoma from main 1 Entire gland 0.5-3.5 29 (0) Clear IPMN IPMN, cytology duct IPMN inconclusive Multiple neuro- 2 Entire gland 0.5-3.0 Not available 9 (0) Clear Islet cell tumor endocrine tumors Multiple neuro- Entire gland 3 0.5-3.5 Not available 33 (28) Clear Carcinoid tumor (metastatic to liver) endocrine tumors and liver Main duct IPMN, Diffuse main duct Head, Neck, atypical cells Pancreatic adenocarcinoma