DOCSLIB.ORG

Power Generation & Nuclear Energy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Power Generation & Nuclear Energy POWER GENERATION & NUCLEAR ENERGY THE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERSwattnow | MARCH| march 2015 2015 | 1 Conlog has the world’s largest installed base of prepaid meters, spanning more than 20 countries on four continents. Furthermore, over 70 utilities worldwide utilise our solutions and consider Conlog their preferred prepayment provider. With systems that are available in English, Arabic, French, Spanish and Portuguese, our products have been able to reach millions. In addition, as a part of a global group, Conlog has access to a network of offices and resources spanning over 100 countries. 2 | wattnow | march 2015 LETTERS 6 Message from the SAIEE President Dr. Pat Naidoo. REGULARS 8 wattsup page 9 Current Affairs. 12 News Industry updates. 20 Engineering Nuggets 54 WATT? Your questions are answered by industry experts. 63 Calendar of Events page 22 FEATURE 22 Power Generation from Coal Gold to electricity consumers. 42 Nuclear Power The misconceptions of nuclear power is clarified. 46 Load Shedding City Power takes the sting out of this daily anomaly. page 46 RECRUITMENT 52 Recruiting? 5 uses of Powerful Tech Tools LOOKING BACK 56 March What happened on this day in March? page 52 YOUR OPINION 60 SONA 2015 Opinion piece by Mike Cary. 62 On the light..er side Everything's going Nuclear! page 60 wattnow | march 2015 | 3 FROM THE EDITOR'S DESK | MINX AVRABOS ManaGING EditoR Minx Avrabos | [email protected] EditORS Derek Woodburn Jane-Anne Buisson-Street Mike Crouch Dr Michael Grant ContRIBUtoRS BJ Bryant Stuart Webb Mike Cary Karen Ekron Jane Buisson-Street Jayne Archbold Angela Price arch is upon us, motoring on like a steam train.... EVENTS waiting for no one. If you are a South African citizen, you would've experienced load shedding, which Gerda Geyer | [email protected] is, in my opinion, inevitable. CPD & COURse ACCReditation Sue Moseley | [email protected] This issue of wattnow features articles on Power Generation and Nuclear MEMBERSHIP & TECHNOLOGY LEADERSHIP Power, which is something totally different. To quote Deputy Minister Ansie Smith | [email protected] Thembi Majola: “To compare coal with nuclear, is like comparing apples ADVERTISING with bananas”. Avenue Advertising T 011 463 7940 | F 086 518 9936 This issue sports a nice in-depth article about Coal and its production E [email protected] (pg 24), Nuclear Power (pg 42) and Load shedding (pg 46). PUblisheR South African Institute of Electrical Engineers I’ve kicked the hornet’s nest once again with the February issue of SAIEE HEAD OFFICE wattnow. P.O. Box 751253 | Gardenview | 2047 T 011 487 3003 | F 011 487 3002 Your February issue of wattnow had your correct address but an incorrect E [email protected] | W www.saiee.org.za Office Hours: 8am-4pm name – but it was done on purpose – why? So we could gauge who read their flysheet – why? To gauge what marketing value could be attributed to the flysheet – why? So we could acquire tangible evidence. Guess what? There has been an enormous response and we now know more or less the contribution of the flysheet. SAIEE 2014/2015 OFFICE BEARERS President Pat Naidoo Deputy President André Hoffmann Thank you for those who participated in the secret survey and we assure Senior Vice President T.C. Madikane you we know your correct name and the huge value you are to our noble Junior Vice President Jacob Machinjike Immediate Past President Paul van Niekerk institute. We promise not to use these unconventional tactics, unless it is Honorary Treasurer Viv Crone in the interests of all our members. Honorary Vice President Mario Barbolini ISSN: 1991-0452 Herewith the March issue (correctly addressed), enjoy the read! South African Institute of Electrical Engineers. All material is strictly copyright and all rights are reserved. Reproduction without permission is forbidden. The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the SAIEE. E&OE Visit www.wattnow.co.za to answer the questions related to these articles to earn your CPD points. 4 | wattnow | junemarch 2014 2015 “Share a little to save a life” The Sunflower Fund recruits donors to help those su ering from leukaemia and other life-threatening blood disorders. It takes only 2 tubes of blood to be tested to become a donor and join the SA Bone Marrow Registry. If you are a match for a patient, your bone marrow stem cells are harvested in a process similar to a blood donation. No surgery is required. The Sunflower Fund www.sunflowerfund.org.za 0800 12 10 82 wattnow | march 2015 | 5 GENERATION TO POWER GRID GENERATION TO POWER TO YOU GRID PLUGS & SOCKETS PLUGS & CABLE SOCKETS POWER CABLE POWER CORRECTIONCORRECTION & LV & LV SWITCHGEAR METERING POWER SWITCHGEAR MOTOR POWER STATION CONTROL MOTOR & BILLING PANELS CONTROLIGHTINGL STATION HV, MV & LV TRANSFORMERS STANDBY FROM & MV SWITCHGEAR POWER STANDBY PANELS • LS resin core • Miniature SOLUTIONS transformers substations POWER EARTH • Pole top • SF6 Type FROM EARTH transformers • Vacuum Type SOLUTIONS • MV Switchgear For example, under the real time category, infrastructure. Our people make the we want an intensive focus on load difference. shedding operations. We propose to facilitate national and regional customer During the past month, I had the QUALITY MV/LV SOLUTIONS forums to collate the customer inputs for opportunity to travel with the Eskom load management. We understand that Board to Medupi Power Station. Matimba, The SIMOPRIME air-insulated, MEDIUM VOLTAGE, load shedding is an accepted practice its immediate neighbor, a giant in its own type tested distribution boards are designed for to manage the imbalance in supply and right, appears small when compared to standard applications in the POWER UTILITIES demand. The emphasis is on accuracy, Medupi. Thousands of South African and INDUSTRIAL SECTORS. certainty and predictability. The economic artisans, technicians and engineers are reetings from SAIEE House! impact and the negative effect of the busy at work. Unit 6, a super critical temporary reduction in electricity could be boiler powering an 800 MW synchronous Safe, productive, flexible In February, Radio 702 reported minimized. Another example, under the generator, will be commercially available and fully compliant that South Africa has become the short term category, we want an intensive for the winter of 2015. Units 5,4,3,2 and world’s favorite destination for Valentine’s focus on the maintenance of the plant and 1 are in various stages of construction. Day Celebrations; dinner by candlelight. In equipment at our national power stations, Medupi, Kusile and Ingula are all racing February, The President delivered the State at our substations and power lines of towards commercial operation. South of the Nation Address. Energy was agenda transmission and distribution. Africa will soon have an installed capacity number one of the nine point national plan of + 50 000 MW. Eskom, the African Power for growth and prosperity. We propose to facilitate asset management House, is rising! forums that will help enhance maintenance Energy, as in electrical energy and Eskom, practices and processes. We plan to Very soon, we will all have short memories will continue to be the agenda with which promote local supplier support and of load shedding and you will be promoting we will grapple as we journey through development initiatives. Our aspiration is red hanger energy sales. Keep up the 2015, and the next few years. There is the longer term sustainability of the total confidence and continue to grow your hope. I have confidence that we will help power system. consumption of South Africa’s quality make the difference as members and as The electrical energy. Be good and pay your Institute of Electrical Engineers. When all the analysis is complete, we will account. Thank you, work hard and have find that human resources are the key to all fun. our challenges. We need a stronger focus Under the leadership of Honorary Fellow, Dr. We specialise in: Ian McRae, Office Bearers are in discussion on growing and nurturing our people on “Electricity South Africa”. We have resources: our artisans, technicians and • Fully Type Tested Panels • Mini-Subs selected four time periods for the packaging engineers. Every person associated with • Production of LV/MV Panels • Standby Generators of ideas, strategies and contributions to the power system must be a member of the and Switchboards • Specialised Assemblies • Variable Speed Drives • Flexible Delivery Schedule enhance our national electrical energy Institute. Our drive is to grow world-class • Motor Control Centers • Cost Effective performance. The selected time periods are engineers, technicians and artisans. The • Custom Design by Manufacturing real time, short term, medium term and same effort must be applied to water works, Application MV/LV Solutions long term. For each of these time periods, road, rail and transportation networks, Dr Pat Naidoo | Pr. Eng | FSAIEE we are collecting from members, their ideas telecommunication and information Contact us today for the solution that best 2014 SAIEE President and strategies for action. networks and for all engineering suits you, on 031 783 4607 or [email protected]. facebook.com/VoltexSA | twitter.com/voltexsa www.voltex.co.za 6 | wattnow | march 2015 GENERATION TO POWER GRID GENERATION TO POWER TO YOU GRID PLUGS & SOCKETS PLUGS & CABLE SOCKETS POWER CABLE POWER CORRECTIONCORRECTION & LV & LV SWITCHGEAR METERING POWER SWITCHGEAR MOTOR POWER STATION CONTROL MOTOR & BILLING PANELS CONTROLIGHTINGL STATION HV, MV & LV TRANSFORMERS STANDBY FROM & MV SWITCHGEAR POWER STANDBY PANELS • LS resin core • Miniature SOLUTIONS transformers substations POWER EARTH • Pole top • SF6 Type FROM EARTH transformers • Vacuum Type SOLUTIONS • MV Switchgear QUALITY MV/LV SOLUTIONS The SIMOPRIME air-insulated, MEDIUM VOLTAGE, type tested distribution boards are designed for standard applications in the POWER UTILITIES and INDUSTRIAL SECTORS.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sponsored by the Department of Science and Technology Volume
    Volume 26 Number 3 • August 2015 Sponsored by the Department of Science and Technology Volume 26 Number 3 • August 2015 CONTENTS 2 Reliability benefit of smart grid technologies: A case for South Africa Angela Masembe 10 Low-income resident’s preferences for the location of wind turbine farms in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa Jessica Hosking, Mario du Preez and Gary Sharp 19 Identification and characterisation of performance limiting defects and cell mismatch in photovoltaic modules Jacqui L Crozier, Ernest E van Dyk and Frederick J Vorster 27 A perspective on South African coal fired power station emissions Ilze Pretorius, Stuart Piketh, Roelof Burger and Hein Neomagus 41 Modelling energy supply options for electricity generations in Tanzania Baraka Kichonge, Geoffrey R John and Iddi S N Mkilaha 58 Options for the supply of electricity to rural homes in South Africa Noor Jamal 66 Determinants of energy poverty in South Africa Zaakirah Ismail and Patrick Khembo 79 An overview of refrigeration and its impact on the development in the Democratic Republic of Congo Jean Fulbert Ituna-Yudonago, J M Belman-Flores and V Pérez-García 90 Comparative bioelectricity generation from waste citrus fruit using a galvanic cell, fuel cell and microbial fuel cell Abdul Majeed Khan and Muhammad Obaid 100 The effect of an angle on the impact and flow quantity on output power of an impulse water wheel model Ram K Tyagi CONFERENCE PAPERS 105 Harnessing Nigeria’s abundant solar energy potential using the DESERTEC model Udochukwu B Akuru, Ogbonnaya
    [Show full text]
  • Transmission Development Plan 2020-2029 FOREWORD by GROUP EXECUTIVE
    Transmission Development Plan 2020-2029 FOREWORD BY GROUP EXECUTIVE “As we do our best to meet our commitments in terms of the TDP, we will certainly face challenges; however, our hope is that, through collaboration, we can all own this plan and support its funding and execution in order to co-create an energy future in support of the economic growth of our country.” Segomoco Scheppers i FOREWORD BY GROUP EXECUTIVE The growth and development of our country’s economy to meet the growth in demand, and supply the future generation pattern. demands of a 21st century lifestyle relies heavily on a secure and With regard to cross-border Transmission inter connectors, our analysis reliable supply of electricity at affordable prices. It is obvious that people highlights the need to strengthen a number of our cross-border whose homes, workplaces, schools, and clinics are connected to the Transmission lines into neighbouring countries, in order to support grid for the first time will find their lives transformed for the better in increased cross-border electricity trade. This is expected to result in ways they could never previously have imagined. reduced upward pressure on tariffs and improved security of electricity supply both in South Africa and the region. The bulk of South Africa’s electricity is still produced by Eskom’s coal- fired power stations located in the coalfields of the Mpumalanga The benefits of a reliable and secure electricity supply to South Africa Highveld and near Lephalale, but the landscape for power generation is must be weighed against the associated costs to ensure that electricity rapidly changing.
    [Show full text]
  • Mercury Emissions from South Africa's Coal-Fired Power Stations
    Mercury emissions from South Africa’s coal-fired power stations Belinda L. Garnham*1 and Kristy E. Langerman1 1Eskom Holdings SOC Limited, Megawatt Park, 1Maxwell Drive, Sunninghill, Sandton, [email protected], [email protected] Received: 8 August 2016 - Reviewed: 3 October 2016 - Accepted: 2 November 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2410-972X/2016/v26n2a8 Abstract Mercury is a persistent and toxic substance that can be bio-accumulated in the food chain. Natural and anthropogenic sources con- tribute to the mercury emitted in the atmosphere. Eskom’s coal-fired power stations in South Africa contributed just under 93% of the total electricity produced in 2015 (Eskom 2016). Trace amounts of mercury can be found in coal, mostly combined with sulphur, and can be released into the atmosphere upon combustion. Coal-fired electricity generation plants are the highest contributors to mer- cury emissions in South Africa. A major factor affecting the amount of mercury emitted into the atmosphere is the type and efficiency of emission abatement equipment at a power station. Eskom employs particulate emission control technology at all its coal-fired power stations, and new power stations will also have sulphur dioxide abatement technology. A co-beneficial reduction of mercury emissions exists as a result of emission control technology. The amount of mercury emitted from each of Eskom’s coal-fired power stations is calculated, based on the amount of coal burnt and the mercury content in the coal. Emission Reduction Factors (ERF’s) from two sources are taken into consideration to reflect the co-benefit received from the emission control technologies at the stations.
    [Show full text]
  • Independent Power Projects in Sub-Saharan Africa Eberhard, Gratwick, Morella, and Antmann
    Independent Power Projects in Sub-Saharan Projects Africa Independent Power DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Energy and Mining Eberhard, Gratwick, and Antmann Morella, Eberhard, Independent Power Projects in Sub-Saharan Africa Lessons from Five Key Countries Anton Eberhard, Katharine Gratwick, Elvira Morella, and Pedro Antmann Independent Power Projects in Sub-Saharan Africa DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Energy and Mining Independent Power Projects in Sub-Saharan Africa Lessons from Five Key Countries Anton Eberhard, Katharine Gratwick, Elvira Morella, and Pedro Antmann © 2016 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 19 18 17 16 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpreta- tions, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo.
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts and Control of Coal-Fired Power Station Emissions in South Africa
    Impacts and control of coal-fired power station emissions in South Africa I Pretorius 25278215 Thesis submitted for the degree Philosophiae Doctor in Geography and Environmental Management Potchefstroom Campus of the North West University Promoter: Prof S J Piketh Co-promoter: Mr R P Burger November 2015 Dedication I dedicate this work to my parents, Willem and Christa Jansen van Rensburg. This is to thank you for always putting my education first. Without your love, patience and support I would not have been where I am today. You taught me by example to be curious about the world around me and to never stop learning. Abstract Contents Dedication ............................................................................................................................ 1 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ vi Preface................................................................................................................................. ix Glossary ............................................................................................................................. xiii List of tables ...................................................................................................................... xvii List of figures ...................................................................................................................... xix 1 Introduction and literature review ................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Transitioning to Renewable Energy an Analytical Framework for Creating an Enabling Environment
    NO.10 ⏐ JUN 2004 ⏐ ENGLISH VERSION Transitioning to Renewable Energy An Analytical Framework for Creating an Enabling Environment By the International Institute for Energy Conservation (IIEC) Content Foreword.......................................................................................... 1 1 Introduction ................................................................................. 5 2 Transitional policies, programs & institutions: an overview....... 7 3 South Africa............................................................................... 18 4 India........................................................................................... 27 5 Brazil ......................................................................................... 36 6 Thailand..................................................................................... 46 7 Philippines ................................................................................. 58 8 Conclusions: Themes for a Dialogue on Renewable Energy ... 67 References ..................................................................................... 68 Global Issue Papers, No. 10 Transitioning to Renewable Energy: An Analytical Framework for Creating an Enabling Environment Edited by Marc Berthold, Heinrich Böll Foundation North America, and Bosworth Dewey, International Institute for Energy Conservation Published first by the Heinrich Böll Foundation, Washington Office, April 2004 © Heinrich Böll Foundation. All rights reserved. The following paper does not necessarily
    [Show full text]
  • Capital Expenditure Project Listing
    CAPITAL EXPENDITURE PROJECT LISTING 1 January 1993 to 31 December 2015 NEDBANK GROUP ECONOMIC UNIT 16 March 2016 Comment: mixed-use development in Sedibeng worth R4,0 billion, the Menlyn Maine development precinct in The year 2015 was one of the most difficult for the South African economy, with weak global and Pretoria, worth R1,8 billion, and the final phase of the luxurious Umhlanga Pearl Sky in Durban, worth local demand, historically low global commodity prices, loadshedding, a sharp depreciation of the R1,3 billion. rand, as well as rising input costs, among other factors, weighing negatively on economic activity. These also hurt both consumer and business confidence. Although firms remained very cautious The transport, storage and communication sector announced 21 projects accounting for 25% of of committing to large-capacity expansion programmes, there was some improvement in capital the total and amounting to R21,3 billion, up from R8,9 billion in 2014. Most of the projects in this expenditure plans. Nedbank's Capital Expenditure Project Listing shows an increase in both sector involve the rehabilitation and construction of roads. The biggest project recorded in the second the number and value of projects announced in 2015. The projects amounted to R152,4 billion, up half was the Maluti-A-Phofung special economic zone (SEZ), worth R4,8 billion, which involves the from R58,6 billion in 2014. construction of a new 1 000 ha SEZ near Harrismith, which will provide road and rail logistics. It will Nedbank schedule: R billion (constant 2015 prices) Actual growth in capital formation % also act as a handling facility for the Gauteng–Durban port corridor and link it to the Bloemfontein– 1000 20 Cape Town corridor.
    [Show full text]
  • Jaana-Maria Ball CV
    CURRICULUM VITAE Environmental Company GIBB Name Jaana-Maria BALL Nationality South African Date of birth 22.12.1969 Profession Environmental Scientist and Botanist/MBA Position Technical Executive Specialisation Project Management, Integrated Environmental Management including Environmental Reviews, Environmental Impact Assessments, Environmental Management Programmes, Botanical Investigations, Revegetation and Rehabilitation Programmes, Integrated Development Planning; Public Facilitation, Environmental Auditing; and Public Private Partnership Advisory Services Start date with GIBB 1997 – Permanent full-time staff member Key experience An environmental scientist with a Masters Degree in Business Administration and with 18 years of experience, Jaana-Maria Ball specialises in various environmental disciplines including environmental advisory services and reviews, as well as undertaking strategic environmental assessments (SEAs) and impact assessments (EIAs). Jaana has project managed and technically co-ordinated a number of multidisciplinary environmental projects on both brownfield and greenfield sites within the South Africa, as well as Nigeria, Botswana, Mozambique, Lesotho and Swaziland. Jaana has acted at the Lead Environmental Consultant, Senior Environmental Assessment Practitioner and Lead Auditor on over 220 environmental studies. Her key experience includes: • Business administration and development providing leadership and management of the Environmental Sector, and previously the Support Services Sector including strategic
    [Show full text]
  • Restructuring the South African Power Industry South Africa Is at a Critical Turning Point
    POWER IN SOUTH AFRICA Restructuring the South African Power Industry South Africa is at a critical turning point. An uncertain environment for pri- vate investment, escalating electricity prices, and a lack of available power threaten South Africa’s position as an attractive investment destination for many of the country’s most important industries. Power has been placed at the forefront of the government’s agenda, but South Africa needs a col- laborative effort to meet the country’s energy demands and diversify its generation portfolio in order to drive economic growth. Sharon Saylor, Begum Agilonu, and Sidonie Pichard, Global Business Reports ntil the late 1980s, South Africa en- Since 2008, Eskom has been under sig- joyed a surplus of some of the cheap- nificant pressure to boost generation capac- Thava Govender, Divisional Executive, Generation, Eskom Uest electricity in the world. However, ity and provide a stable supply of power. in 2008, after almost no investment in the “In 2008–2009, as a result of the recession, country’s power infrastructure for 20 years, we saw a dip in demand, which allowed us and facing escalating electricity demand, to push forward maintenance on existing South Africa found itself in the middle of plants,” explained Thava Govender, division- an electricity crisis. (See “Whistling in the al executive of generation for Eskom. “But in Dark: Inside South Africa’s Power Crisis” in 2010–2011, the demand is reaching the lev- the November 2008 issue of POWER.) els that we saw before the recession, and now The result was persistent power cuts the system is running very tightly.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae of Jo-Anne Thomas
    1st Floor, Block 2, 5 Woodlands Drive Office Park Woodlands Drive, Woodmead Johannesburg, South Africa Email: [email protected] Tel: +27 (11) 656 3237 CURRICULUM VITAE OF JO-ANNE THOMAS Profession: Environmental Management and Compliance Consultant; Environmental Assessment Practitioner Specialisation: Environmental Management; Strategic environmental advice; Environmental compliance advice & monitoring; Environmental Impact Assessments; Policy, strategy & guideline formulation; Project Management; General Ecology Work experience: Nineteen (19) years in the environmental field VOCATIONAL EXPERIENCE Provide technical input for projects in the environmental management field, specialising in Strategic Environmental Advice, Environmental Impact Assessment studies, environmental auditing and monitoring, environmental permitting, public participation, Environmental Management Plans and Programmes, environmental policy, strategy and guideline formulation, and integrated environmental management. Key focus on integration of the specialist environmental studies and findings into larger engineering-based projects, strategic assessment, and providing practical and achievable environmental management solutions and mitigation measures. Responsibilities for environmental studies include project management (including client and authority liaison and management of specialist teams); review and manipulation of data; identification and assessment of potential negative environmental impacts and benefits; review of specialist studies; and the identification
    [Show full text]
  • Water and Sanitation Policy Framework
    ANNUAL PERFORMANCE PLAN FOR THE FISCAL YEARS 2018/19 TO 2020/21 (VOTE 36) CONTENTS Message from the Minister ................................................................................................................................ 7 Message from the Deputy Minister ................................................................................................................... 8 ................................................................................................................... 9 List of abbreviations and acronyms................................................................................................................. 10 Part A: 13 Strategic overview ........................................................................................................................................... 13 1 Updated situational analysis .................................................................................................................... 14 1.1 Performance environment ............................................................................................................15 1.2 Organisational environment .........................................................................................................26 1.3 Description of the Annual Performance Planning process ..........................................................30 2 Revisions to legislative and other mandates ........................................................................................... 31 2.1 Development of the Water and Sanitation
    [Show full text]
  • A Perspective on South African Coal Fired Power Station Emissions
    A perspective on South African coal fired power station emissions Ilze Pretorius1 Stuart Piketh1 Roelof Burger1 Hein Neomagus2 1. Engineering Power Plant Institute – Emission Control, Eskom; Climatology Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa 2. Engineering Power Plant Institute – Emission Control, Eskom; School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, Chemical Resource Beneficiation, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa Abstract NOx emissions are expected to increase by 40% in This paper investigates trends of historical and pro- 2030 from a 2015 baseline value whereas best case jected future South African coal-fired power station emissions are expected to decline 10% from the criteria (total primary Particulate Matter (PM), same level in 2030. Worst case SO2 emissions are Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)) predicted to increase by around 38% in 2030 and and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions. It was found best case emissions are expected to decrease by that an energy restricted environment has an around 20% in 2030 from a 2015 baseline value. increasing effect on emissions, as emissions per Relative emissions used in the projection of future energy unit increased from the onset of the South CO2 emissions in this paper differ from that used in African energy crisis. PM emissions particularly, the energy demand and energy mix modelling done increased during the energy crisis period, due to for the updated IRP baseline case. The reason for increased pressure on PM abatement and lowered this is that the modelling for the updated IRP maintenance opportunity. Projections of future coal- assumed relative CO2 emission factors for supercrit- fired power station criteria and CO2 emissions are ical boilers, whereas only Kusile and Medupi fall in made for four different future scenarios for the peri- this category and relative emissions from all other od 2015 to 2030.
    [Show full text]