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6E181cc3526d4e3ca317f16cf86 1 18 1 2 H. Periodic Table of the Elements He 2 13 14 15 16 17 3 4 No 5 6 7 8 9 10 Li Be Element B C N O F Ne 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 55 56 57-71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Cs Ba La-Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 87 88 89-103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 Fr Ra Ac-Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo Transition Metal 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Metal Metalloid La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Non-metal Noble Gas Lanthanide 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Actinide Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr . Natural Sciences Grade 7-B CAPS developed by funded by Developed and funded as an ongoing project by the Sasol Inzalo Foundation in partnership with Siyavula and volunteers. Distributed by the Department of Basic Education COPYRIGHT NOTICE . Your freedom to legally copy this book You are allowed and encouraged to freely copy this book. You can photocopy, print and distribute it as often as you like. You can download it onto your mobile phone, iPad, PC or flashdrive. You can burn it to CD, email it around or upload it to your website. The only restriction is that you cannot change this version of this book, its cover or content in any way. For more information about the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-ND 3.0) license, visit: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/ This book is an open educational resource and you are encouraged to take full advantage of this. Therefore, if you would like a version of this book that you can reuse, revise, remix and redistribute, under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY) license, visit our website, www.curious.org.za AUTHORS' LIST . This book was written by Siyavula with the help, insight and collaboration of volunteer educators, academics, students and a diverse group of contributors. Siyavula believes in the power of community and collaboration by working with volunteers and networking across the country, enabled through our use of technology and online tools. The vision is to create and use open educational resources to transform the way we teach and learn, especially in South Africa. Siyavula Coordinator and Editor Megan Beckett Siyavula Team Ewald Zietsman, Bridget Nash, Melanie Hay, Delita Otto, Marthélize Tredoux, Luke Kannemeyer, Dr Mark Horner, Neels van der Westhuizen Contributors Dr Karen Wallace, Dr Nicola Loaring, Isabel Tarling, Sarah Niss, René Toerien, Rose Thomas, Novosti Buta, Dr Bernard Heyns, Dr Colleen Henning, Dr Sarah Blyth, Dr Thalassa Matthews, Brandt Botes, Daniël du Plessis, Johann Myburgh, Brice Reignier, Marvin Reimer, Corene Myburgh, Dr Maritha le Roux, Dr Francois Toerien, Martli Greyvenstein, Elsabe Kruger, Elizabeth Barnard, Irma van der Vyver, Nonna Weideman, Annatjie Linnenkamp, Hendrine Krieg, Liz Smit, Evelyn Visage, Laetitia Bedeker, Wetsie Visser, Rhoda van Schalkwyk, Suzanne Grové, Peter Moodie, Dr Sahal Yacoob, Siyalo Qanya, Sam Faso, Miriam Makhene, Kabelo Maletsoa, Lesego Matshane, Nokuthula Mpanza, Brenda Samuel, MTV Selogiloe, Boitumelo Sihlangu, Mbuzeli Tyawana, Dr Sello Rapule, Andrea Motto, Dr Rufus Wesi Volunteers Iesrafeel Abbas, Shireen Amien, Bianca Amos Brown, Dr Eric Banda, Dr Christopher Barnett, Prof Ilsa Basson, Mariaan Bester, Jennifer de Beyer, Mark Carolissen, Tarisai Chanetsa, Ashley Chetty, Lizzy Chivaka, Mari Clark, Dr Marna S Costanzo, Dr Andrew Craig, Dawn Crawford, Rosemary Dally, Ann Donald, Dr Philip Fourie, Shamin Garib, Sanette Gildenhuys, Natelie Gower-Winter, Isabel Grinwis, Kirsten Hay, Pierre van Heerden, Dr Fritha Hennessy, Dr Colleen Henning, Grant Hillebrand, Beryl Hook, Cameron Hutchison, Mike Kendrick, Paul Kennedy, Dr Setshaba David Khanye, Melissa Kistner, James Klatzow, Andrea Koch, Grove Koch, Paul van Koersveld, Dr Kevin Lobb, Dr Erica Makings, Adriana Marais, Dowelani Mashuvhamele, Modisaemang Molusi, Glen Morris, Talitha Mostert, Christopher Muller, Norman Muvoti, Vernusha Naidoo, Dr Hlumani Ndlovu, Godwell Nhema, Edison Nyamayaro, Nkululeko Nyangiwe, Tony Nzundu, Alison Page, Firoza Patel, Koebraa Peters, Seth Phatoli, Swasthi Pillay, Siyalo Qanya, Tshimangadzo Rakhuhu, Bharati Ratanjee, Robert Reddick, Adam Reynolds, Matthew Ridgway, William Robinson, Dr Marian Ross, Lelani Roux, Nicola Scriven, Dr Ryman Shoko, Natalie Smith, Antonette Tonkie, Alida Venter, Christie Viljoen, Daan Visage, Evelyn Visage, Dr Sahal Yacoob A special thanks goes to St John's College in Johannesburg for hosting the first planning workshop for these workbooks and to Pinelands High School in Cape Town for the use of their school grounds for photography. To learn more about the project and the Sasol Inzalo Foundation, visit the website at: www.sasolinzalofoundation.org.za Table of Contents Teacher's Guide Overview 12 Teacher's Guide Overview 12 Curious? Discover the possibilities! . 12 The Natural Sciences curriculum . 13 How to use this workbook . 16 Get involved . 21 Energy and Change 2 1 Sources of energy 2 1.1 Renewable and non-renewable energy . 3 2 Potential and kinetic energy 20 2.1 Potential energy . 22 2.2 Kinetic energy . 34 2.3 Law of conservation of energy . 37 2.4 Potential and kinetic energy in systems . 37 3 Heat: Energy transfer 62 3.1 Heating as a transfer of energy . 63 3.2 Conduction . 64 3.3 Convection . 76 3.4 Radiation . 81 4 Heat insulation and energy saving 94 4.1 Why do we need insulating materials? . 95 4.2 Using insulating materials . 98 5 Energy transfer to surroundings 120 5.1 Useful and wasted energy . 121 6 The national electricity supply system 138 6.1 Energy transfers in the national grid . 139 6.2 Conserving electricity in the home . 149 Planet Earth and Beyond 164 1 Relationship of the Sun to the Earth 166 1.1 Solar energy and the Earth's seasons . 168 1.2 Solar energy and life on Earth . 195 1.3 Stored solar energy . 199 2 Relationship of the Moon to the Earth 216 2.1 Relative positions . 218 2.2 Gravity . 229 2.3 Tides . 239 3 Historical development of astronomy 260 3.1 Early indigenous knowledge . 261 3.2 Modern developments . 270 A Assessment rubrics 290 A.1 Assessment Rubric 1: Practical activity . 291 A.2 Assessment Rubric 2: Investigation . 292 A.3 Assessment Rubric 3: Graph . 293 A.4 Assessment Rubric 4: Table . 294 A.5 Assessment Rubric 5: Scientific drawing . 295 A.6 Assessment Rubric 6: Research assignment or Project . 296 A.7 Assessment Rubric 7: Model . 297 A.8 Assessment Rubric 8: Poster . 298 A.9 Assessment Rubric 9: Oral presentation . 299 A.10 Assessment Rubric 10: Group work . 300 Image Attribution 302 Teacher's Guide Overview Curious? Discover. the possibilities! ... ... ... VISIT Asking questions and discovering our world around us has been central to human nature throughout our history. Over time, this search to understand our Carl Sagan was an natural and physical world through observation, testing and refining ideas, has astronomer, evolved into what we loosely think of as 'science' today. Key to this, is that astrophysicist, science is a continuous revision in progress, it is a mechanism rather than a cosmologist, author, product, it is a way of thinking rather than a collection of knowledge, whose science popularizer and driving force is not certainty in a truth, but rather being comfortable with science communicator. uncertainty, thereby cultivating curiosity. Watch one of his most pertinent messages for However, as Carl Sagan famously said in 1994: humanity here bit.ly/1bbVDqg "We live in a society absolutely dependent on science and technology, and yet have cleverly arranged things so that almost no one understands science and technology. That's a clear prescription for disaster." We need to replace fear of the unknown and the difficult with curiosity, as Marie Curie said: "Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood. Now is the time to understand more, so that we may fear less." ... We would like to instill this sense of curiosity and an enquiring mind in learners. DID YOU KNOW? Science, technology, engineering and mathematics are not subjects to be Marie Curie was a feared, rather they are tools to unlock the potential of the world around you, to chemist and physicist create solutions to problems, to discover the possibilities. famous for becoming the first person to be But, how do we practically do this in our classrooms? We would like this awarded two Nobel workbook to become a tool that you can use to do this. The theme for the Prizes. presentation of this content in Gr 7-9 Natural Sciences is 'Curious? Discover the possibilities.' We have shown everyday science and objects with 'doodles' over them to show how if you are curious, intrigued and investigate the world around you, there are many possibilities for discovery.
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