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Sponsored by the Department of Science and Technology Volume
Volume 26 Number 3 • August 2015 Sponsored by the Department of Science and Technology Volume 26 Number 3 • August 2015 CONTENTS 2 Reliability benefit of smart grid technologies: A case for South Africa Angela Masembe 10 Low-income resident’s preferences for the location of wind turbine farms in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa Jessica Hosking, Mario du Preez and Gary Sharp 19 Identification and characterisation of performance limiting defects and cell mismatch in photovoltaic modules Jacqui L Crozier, Ernest E van Dyk and Frederick J Vorster 27 A perspective on South African coal fired power station emissions Ilze Pretorius, Stuart Piketh, Roelof Burger and Hein Neomagus 41 Modelling energy supply options for electricity generations in Tanzania Baraka Kichonge, Geoffrey R John and Iddi S N Mkilaha 58 Options for the supply of electricity to rural homes in South Africa Noor Jamal 66 Determinants of energy poverty in South Africa Zaakirah Ismail and Patrick Khembo 79 An overview of refrigeration and its impact on the development in the Democratic Republic of Congo Jean Fulbert Ituna-Yudonago, J M Belman-Flores and V Pérez-García 90 Comparative bioelectricity generation from waste citrus fruit using a galvanic cell, fuel cell and microbial fuel cell Abdul Majeed Khan and Muhammad Obaid 100 The effect of an angle on the impact and flow quantity on output power of an impulse water wheel model Ram K Tyagi CONFERENCE PAPERS 105 Harnessing Nigeria’s abundant solar energy potential using the DESERTEC model Udochukwu B Akuru, Ogbonnaya -
Mr R HEYDENRYCH
Curriculum vitae: Mr R HEYDENRYCH Name : HEYDENRYCH, REUBEN Date of Birth : 27 October 1969 Profession/Specialisation : Environmental management Years with Firm : 8 Nationality : South African Years experience : 26 Key qualifications Reuben is employed as an environmental assessment practitioner at Aurecon. He has extensive experience in the project management of various small and large-scale infrastructural and environmental projects. He has been involved in environmental impact assessment (EIA) and planning processes in South Africa, Botswana, Kenya, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Zambia and Antarctica, as required by relevant national legislation, financial institution performance standards and in terms of international requirements as EIA team leader and team member. These projects have included basic assessments and EIAs for projects as diverse as fuel storage facilities, mines, industrial developments, telecommunications, power generation (solar, wind, hydro, coal and nuclear), power transmission/distribution projects, water and sewage infrastructure, transport (airports, rail and roads), residential developments and game lodges. Many of these were completed to lender safeguard requirements, including the European Investment Bank, IFC, AfDB and Equator Principles. Reuben also has experience in environmental advisory services and strategic environmental management, including strategic environmental assessments (SEAs), environmental scans, environmental feasibility studies and environmental management frameworks (EMFs); environmental management programmes (EMPRs) for the construction and operational phases of infrastructure developments and environmental auditing, including due diligence assessments, ISO 14001 systems development and auditing, legal compliance and waste management audits. He obtained a Master's degree in Philosophy: Environmental Management from the University of Cape Town (UCT), South Africa in 1993 and a Bachelors' degree in Landscape Architecture from the University of Pretoria, South Africa, in 1991. -
Meteorological Masts for a Potential Wind Farm in the Ml43 Mining Area, Namibia Namdeb
DRAFT SCOPING REPORT METEOROLOGICAL MASTS FOR A POTENTIAL WIND FARM IN THE ML43 MINING AREA, NAMIBIA NAMDEB Reference:Project number: 508965 508965 Oranjemund_Met_Masts_DRAFT_07052021.docx, 2021/05/072021/05/07 Revision 11 1 Revision: 1 Submission date: 2021/05/072021/05/07 Document control record Document prepared by: Zutari Namibia (Pty) Ltd Reg No 90/469 Unit 1 Mandela Offices, Cnr Nelson Mandela & Simon Bolivar Street, Klein Windhoek Namibia PO Box 5353, Ausspannplatz, Windhoek T +264 61 237 704 F +264 61 237 706 E [email protected] A person using Zutari documents or data accepts the risk of: ► Using the documents or data in electronic form without requesting and checking them for accuracy against the original hard copy version. ► Using the documents or data for any purpose not agreed to in writing by Zutari. Document Control Report title Draft Scoping Report: Meteorological Masts for the Oranjemund Wind Farm, Namibia Document code 12597 Project number 508965 Client NAMDEB Client contact Client reference Rev Date Revision details/status Author Reviewer Verifier Approver (if required) 0 2021/05/07 Draft Scoping Report Wynand Reuben Not Stephan van Loftus Heydenrych required den Berg 1 2021/05/07 Draft Scoping Report Wynand Reuben Not Stephan van addressing client comments Loftus Heydenrych required den Berg Current revision 1 Approval Author signature Approver signature Name Wynand Loftus Name Stephan van den Berg Title Senior Consultant Title Technical Director Project number: 508965 Oranjemund_Met_Masts_DRAFT_07052021.docx, 2021/05/07 -
Transmission Development Plan 2020-2029 FOREWORD by GROUP EXECUTIVE
Transmission Development Plan 2020-2029 FOREWORD BY GROUP EXECUTIVE “As we do our best to meet our commitments in terms of the TDP, we will certainly face challenges; however, our hope is that, through collaboration, we can all own this plan and support its funding and execution in order to co-create an energy future in support of the economic growth of our country.” Segomoco Scheppers i FOREWORD BY GROUP EXECUTIVE The growth and development of our country’s economy to meet the growth in demand, and supply the future generation pattern. demands of a 21st century lifestyle relies heavily on a secure and With regard to cross-border Transmission inter connectors, our analysis reliable supply of electricity at affordable prices. It is obvious that people highlights the need to strengthen a number of our cross-border whose homes, workplaces, schools, and clinics are connected to the Transmission lines into neighbouring countries, in order to support grid for the first time will find their lives transformed for the better in increased cross-border electricity trade. This is expected to result in ways they could never previously have imagined. reduced upward pressure on tariffs and improved security of electricity supply both in South Africa and the region. The bulk of South Africa’s electricity is still produced by Eskom’s coal- fired power stations located in the coalfields of the Mpumalanga The benefits of a reliable and secure electricity supply to South Africa Highveld and near Lephalale, but the landscape for power generation is must be weighed against the associated costs to ensure that electricity rapidly changing. -
Mercury Emissions from South Africa's Coal-Fired Power Stations
Mercury emissions from South Africa’s coal-fired power stations Belinda L. Garnham*1 and Kristy E. Langerman1 1Eskom Holdings SOC Limited, Megawatt Park, 1Maxwell Drive, Sunninghill, Sandton, [email protected], [email protected] Received: 8 August 2016 - Reviewed: 3 October 2016 - Accepted: 2 November 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2410-972X/2016/v26n2a8 Abstract Mercury is a persistent and toxic substance that can be bio-accumulated in the food chain. Natural and anthropogenic sources con- tribute to the mercury emitted in the atmosphere. Eskom’s coal-fired power stations in South Africa contributed just under 93% of the total electricity produced in 2015 (Eskom 2016). Trace amounts of mercury can be found in coal, mostly combined with sulphur, and can be released into the atmosphere upon combustion. Coal-fired electricity generation plants are the highest contributors to mer- cury emissions in South Africa. A major factor affecting the amount of mercury emitted into the atmosphere is the type and efficiency of emission abatement equipment at a power station. Eskom employs particulate emission control technology at all its coal-fired power stations, and new power stations will also have sulphur dioxide abatement technology. A co-beneficial reduction of mercury emissions exists as a result of emission control technology. The amount of mercury emitted from each of Eskom’s coal-fired power stations is calculated, based on the amount of coal burnt and the mercury content in the coal. Emission Reduction Factors (ERF’s) from two sources are taken into consideration to reflect the co-benefit received from the emission control technologies at the stations. -
Curriculum Vitae: Mr R HEYDENRYCH
Curriculum vitae: Mr R HEYDENRYCH Name : HEYDENRYCH, REUBEN Date of Birth : 27 October 1969 Profession/Specialisation : Environmental Management Years with Firm : 5 Nationality : South African Years experience : 23 Key qualifications Reuben is employed as an environmental assessment practitioner in Aurecon's Tshwane office. He has extensive experience in the project management of various small and large-scale infrastructural and environmental projects. He has been involved in environmental impact assessment (EIA) processes in South Africa and in various other African countries, as required by relevant national legislation and in terms of international requirements as EIA team leader and team member. These projects have included exemptions, scoping, and full EIAs for projects such as rezoning, filling stations, water and sewage pipelines, roads (national, provincial and municipal), residential developments, game lodges, telecommunications structures, mines, infrastructure in sensitive environments and industrial processes. Reuben also has experience in environmental advisory services and strategic environmental management, including strategic environmental assessments (SEAs), environmental scans, environmental feasibility studies and environmental management frameworks (EMFs); environmental management programmes (EMPRs) for the construction and operational phases of infrastructure developments and environmental auditing, including due diligence assessments, ISO 14001 systems development and auditing, legal compliance and waste management -
Independent Power Projects in Sub-Saharan Africa Eberhard, Gratwick, Morella, and Antmann
Independent Power Projects in Sub-Saharan Projects Africa Independent Power DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Energy and Mining Eberhard, Gratwick, and Antmann Morella, Eberhard, Independent Power Projects in Sub-Saharan Africa Lessons from Five Key Countries Anton Eberhard, Katharine Gratwick, Elvira Morella, and Pedro Antmann Independent Power Projects in Sub-Saharan Africa DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Energy and Mining Independent Power Projects in Sub-Saharan Africa Lessons from Five Key Countries Anton Eberhard, Katharine Gratwick, Elvira Morella, and Pedro Antmann © 2016 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 19 18 17 16 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpreta- tions, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. -
Impacts and Control of Coal-Fired Power Station Emissions in South Africa
Impacts and control of coal-fired power station emissions in South Africa I Pretorius 25278215 Thesis submitted for the degree Philosophiae Doctor in Geography and Environmental Management Potchefstroom Campus of the North West University Promoter: Prof S J Piketh Co-promoter: Mr R P Burger November 2015 Dedication I dedicate this work to my parents, Willem and Christa Jansen van Rensburg. This is to thank you for always putting my education first. Without your love, patience and support I would not have been where I am today. You taught me by example to be curious about the world around me and to never stop learning. Abstract Contents Dedication ............................................................................................................................ 1 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ vi Preface................................................................................................................................. ix Glossary ............................................................................................................................. xiii List of tables ...................................................................................................................... xvii List of figures ...................................................................................................................... xix 1 Introduction and literature review ................................................................................ -
The Crisis in South Africa's Energy Sector
Working Document THE CRISIS IN SOUTH AFRICA’S ENERGY SECTOR: Towards a just transition centring job creation and social ownership The Crisis in South Africa’s Energy Sector: Towards a Just Transition Brian Kamanzi Working Document no 3 Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research South Africa stands at the precipice of a major economic crisis. In this increas- ingly dangerous situation, the near collapse of the state-owned electricity utility, Eskom, presents a set of serious challenges to the working class and society at large. Amid rolling blackouts and rising domestic electricity tariffs, which cut into low and stagnating wages, retrenchments loom over Eskom workers, and workers across the country. These are fuelling protests across the country, igniting resistance which glows with the intensity of centuries of struggle. Wide-scale industrialisation during the twentieth century led to massive environ- mental changes across the planet, disproportionately affecting the most oppressed communities with harsh weather conditions. Crises caused by environmental chang- es are generally met with a demand for urgent policy reforms. However, these reforms often adopt approaches that de-emphasise the importance of historical context and lack an appreciation for the opportunity presented by the crisis. This includes raising fundamental questions about the transformation of society. In the wake of modern industrial development, which was driven by racial capital- ism across Southern Africa, fierce conceptual debates have raged in an attempt to understand and characterise the South African economy. These debates have a real impact on public policy, and state and industry planning for the country. In 1996, soon after the dawn of a new democratic dispensation in South Africa following the end of apartheid, academics Ben Fine and Zavareh Rustomjee introduced the conceptual lens of the Minerals-Energy Complex (MEC) — a system of capital accumulation driven by mining and electrification — to better understand the polit- ical economy of South Africa. -
Transitioning to Renewable Energy an Analytical Framework for Creating an Enabling Environment
NO.10 ⏐ JUN 2004 ⏐ ENGLISH VERSION Transitioning to Renewable Energy An Analytical Framework for Creating an Enabling Environment By the International Institute for Energy Conservation (IIEC) Content Foreword.......................................................................................... 1 1 Introduction ................................................................................. 5 2 Transitional policies, programs & institutions: an overview....... 7 3 South Africa............................................................................... 18 4 India........................................................................................... 27 5 Brazil ......................................................................................... 36 6 Thailand..................................................................................... 46 7 Philippines ................................................................................. 58 8 Conclusions: Themes for a Dialogue on Renewable Energy ... 67 References ..................................................................................... 68 Global Issue Papers, No. 10 Transitioning to Renewable Energy: An Analytical Framework for Creating an Enabling Environment Edited by Marc Berthold, Heinrich Böll Foundation North America, and Bosworth Dewey, International Institute for Energy Conservation Published first by the Heinrich Böll Foundation, Washington Office, April 2004 © Heinrich Böll Foundation. All rights reserved. The following paper does not necessarily -
The Adaptive Reuse of the Former Thesen Island Power Station: a Case Study
THE ADAPTIVE REUSE OF THE FORMER THESEN ISLAND POWER STATION: A CASE STUDY by Rhys Ivor Brian Edwards Student no: 213295989 Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Magister Technologiae in Architectural Technology Faculty of Informatics and Design: Cape Peninsula University of Technology Supervisor: Prof. Andre Van Graan March 2017 DECLARATION I, Rhys Edwards, the undersigned, hereby declare that the work contained in this thesis is my own original work and that I have not previously, in its entirety or in part, submitted it at any other university for a degree. Further, I declare that all sources of information have been acknowledged appropriately. Rhys Edwards Date: ………………………………………………………………………………. ii DEDICATION In loving memory of my wonderful father, Martin Edwards, who gave me my love of design and architecture but did not live to see me complete this work, and to my wonderful UK „parents‟, Chris and Lina Fair who have always watched over me and given me so much inspiration, as well as being so generous with me – I love you both. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to my mother, Melody Edwards. Thank you for all your love, support and encouragement, without which this thesis would not have been possible. Grateful thanks to Prof. Andre Van Graan for your help and advice and seeing me through this seemingly endless journey. You will be sorely missed on campus, but enjoy your retirement. To all the interviewees, especially Mike Louw, for your time and patience. Mike, you went the extra mile to secure all manner of photographs and documents for me and it is so appreciated. -
The South Africa's Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy Under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and Related Treaties
SOUTH AFRICA’S PEACEFUL USE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY UNDER THE NUCLEAR NON- PROLIFERATION TREATY AND RELATED TREATIES by KHALED AHMED QASAYMEH Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR LEGUM at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA Supervisor: PROF. DR. ANDRÉ THOMASHAUSEN February 2014 SUMMARY SOUTH AFRICA’S PEACEFUL USE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY UNDER THE NUCLEAR NON- PROLIFERATION TREATY AND RELATED TREATIES by KHALED AHMED IBRAHIM QASAYMEH Supervisor: PROF. DR. ANDRÉ THOMASHAUSEN Department: DEPARTMENT PUBLIC, CONSTITUTIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LAW Degree: DOCTOR LEGUM in Nuclear Energy Law i STUDENT NUMBER: 35965932 I declare that the ‘SOUTH AFRICA’S PEACEFUL USE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY UNDER THE NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION TREATY AND RELATED TREATIES’ is my own work and that all sources that I used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. SIGNATURE: KHALED AHMAD QASAYMEH DATE: FEBRUARY 2014 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I thank the Almighty Allah for granting me the patience and the determination to finish this work. I express my heartfelt thanks and my innermost gratitude to Professor AEAM Thomashausen for the help and the support. Professor AEAM Thomashausen gave me a chance to develop my skills and knowledge. He has supervised and guided and advised me throughout the progress of this thesis. I am grateful for him as he allowed me the freedom to define and direct my research. I thank my friends and colleagues who helped me during the research and during the implementation and writing of this thesis, whether it be direct assistance or in the form of moral support.