DOCSLIB.ORG

Ethnicity, Identity, and the Development of Nationalism in Iran

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ethnicity, Identity, and the Development of Nationalism in Iran Ethnicity, Identity, and the Development of Nationalism in Iran Modern Intellectual and Political History of the Middle East Mehrzad Boroujerdi, Series Editor Other titles in Modern Intellectual and Political History of the Middle East Becoming Turkish: Nationalist Reforms and Cultural Negotiations in Early Republican Turkey, 1923–1945 Hale Yilmaz Class and Labor in Iran: Did the Revolution Matter? Farhad Nomani and Sohrab Behdad The Essentials of Ibādī Islam ˙ Valerie J. Hoff man Globalization and the Muslim World: Culture, Religion, and Modernity Birgit Schaebler and Leif Stenberg, eds. God and Juggernaut: Iran’s Intellectual Encounter with Modernity Farzin Vahdat A Guerrilla Odyssey: Modernization, Secularism, Democracy, and the Fadai Period of National Liberation in Iran, 1971–1979 Peyman Vahabzadeh International Politics of the Persian Gulf Mehran Kamrava, ed. Mirror for the Muslim Prince: Islam and the Theory of Statecraft Mehrzad Boroujerdi, ed. Pax Syriana: Elite Politics in Postwar Lebanon Rola el-Husseini Raging against the Machine: Political Opposition under Authoritarianism in Egypt Holger Albrecht Ethnicity, Identity, and the Development of Nationalism in Iran DAVID N. YAGHOUBIAN syr acuse univer sit y press Copyright © 2014 by Syracuse University Press Syracuse, New York 13244-5290 All Rights Reserved First Edition 2014 14 15 16 17 18 19 6 5 4 3 2 1 ∞ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992. For a listing of books published and distributed by Syracuse University Press, visit www.SyracuseUniversityPress.syr.edu. ISBN: 978-0-8156-3359-4 (cloth) 978-0-8156-5272-4 (e-book) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Yaghoubian, David N. (David Nejde), 1967– Ethnicity, identity, and the development of nationalism in Iran / David N. Yaghoubian. — First edition. pages cm. — (Modern intellectual and political history of the Middle East) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8156-3359-4 (cloth : alkaline paper) — ISBN 978-0-8156-5272-4 (e-book) 1. Armenians—Iran—Social conditions—20th century. 2. Armenians—Iran—Ethnic identity. 3. Armenians—Iran—Biography. 4. Armenians—Iran—Politics and government—20th century. 5. Nationalism—Iran—History—20th century. 6. Iran— Politics and government—1941–1979. 7. Iran—Ethnic relations—History—20th century. 8. Iran—History—20th century—Biography. I. Title. DS269.A75Y24 2014 305.800955—dc23 2014011756 Manufactured in the United States of America For Terry David N. Yaghoubian is associate professor of history at California State Uni- versity, San Bernardino. He is coeditor, with Edmund Burke III, of Struggle and Survival in the Modern Middle East, second edition (2006). Contents List of Illustrations ix Preface xiii Acknowledgments xxi Introduction xxiii 1. Nationalism, Theory, and Social Biography 1 PART I . Experiences with Iranian Nationalism 2. Iskandar Khan Setkhanian 47 3. Hagob Hagobian 89 4. Sevak Saginian 123 5. Lucik Moradiance 169 6. Nejde Hagobian 209 PART II. Experience and Theory 7. Learning from Theory and Social Biography 263 Conclusion 281 Notes 301 Bibliography 379 Index 395 Illustrations 1. Fourth of Aban parade, 1953 2 2. Funeral of Iskandar Khan Setkhanian, 1953 48 3. Set Khan Astvatsatourian, c. 1830 50 4. Sattur Khan Setkhanian, c. 1860 55 5. Setkhanian family portrait, c. 1890 57 6. Correspondence from Colonel Shneur, 1893 60 7. Sartip Iskandar Khan, 1895 62 8. Maryam Khanom, c. 1895 65 9. Setkhanian family portrait, c. 1905 66 10. Persian Cossack Brigade, 1908 67 11. Iskandar Khan Amir Panj, c. 1908 69 12. Letter from Russian embassy, 1909 73 13a. Persian Cossacks with Ahmad Shah Qajar, 1909 77 13b. Close-up of Persian Cossacks with Ahmad Shah Qajar, 1909 77 14. Iskandar Khan and Russian general, c. 1910 78 15. Iskandar Khan Amir Tuman, 1915 79 16. Iskandar Khan tours Cossack installations, c. 1915 80 17. Iskandar Khan tours Cossack installations, c. 1915 81 18. Jahangir Setkhanian and Setkhanian mansion, 1920 83 19. Iskandar Khan wearing the Kolah-e Pahlavi, 1927 84 20. Setkhanian family portrait, 1927 85 21. Fishing on the Caspian Sea, 1931 86 22. Relaxing after the hunt, March 1930 86 23. Iskandar Khan with members of Soviet legation, 1928 87 24. Iskandar Khan poses with granddaughters, 1952 88 ix x | Illustrations 25. Near East Relief Orphanage, 1924 90 26. Hagob and Arshalous Hagobian, 1933 93 27. Hagobian and Gorjian families, 1937 93 28. Armenian Iranian truck drivers, c. 1936 96 29. Overhaul of truck engines in Hamadan, mid-1930s 104 30. Trucks and buses at a former caravansary, 1937 113 31. Sadi Street, Shiraz, c. 1947 119 32. Sevak Saginian, 1946 124 33. Zohrab Saginian, 1910 127 34. Sandokht Saginian, c. 1920 129 35. Founding members of Ararat, 1946 142 36. Ararat board of directors, 1950 144 37. Sevak Saginian introduces shah to Ararat athletes, 1953 150 38. Sevak Saginian marches with Ararat scouts, 1955 151 39. Sevak and Nella Saginian’s wedding, 1955 152 40. Sevak Saginian with Pahlavis, c. 1968 155 41. Sevak Saginian with Armenian community leaders and bishops of Isfahan, 1966 157 42. Ararat scouts in construction competition, 1958 160 43. Sevak Saginian leading Ararat members in the Fourth of Aban parade, 1968 166 44. Engineering students depart from Tehran, 1954 170 45. Interns set out on the Arvand Rud, 1954 173 46. Lucik Moradiance with high school classmates, 1946 184 47. Engineering students inspect chemical facility, 1954 195 48. Abadan interns return from off shore tour, 1954 196 49. Lucik Moradiance and coworkers at Mowlem Soils Lab, 1957 198 50. Lucik Moradiance with her supervisor and the Plan Organization director at Mowlem Soils Lab, 1957 199 51. Lucik and Levon Melikian with Anahid Moradiance, 1965 200 52. Lucik Moradiance leads tour of lab facilities, 1961 201 53. Lucik Moradiance and colleagues at Abadan refi nery, 1968 203 54. NIPC conference delegate Lucik Moradiance meets Iraqi oil minister, 1975 205 55. NIPC conference delegates tour Japanese chemical plant, 1973 206 Illustrations | xi 56. Armenian engineers and architects portrait, 1976 207 57. Shah arrives at scouting encampment, 1954 210 58. Nejde Hagobian, 1937 212 59. Nejde Hagobian with fi rst Iranian scout, 1938 213 60. Hagob, Arshalous, and Nejde Hagobian, 1938 215 61. Nejde Hagobian at Dabirestan-e Firuz Bahram, 1952 229 62. Scout portrait at Manzarieh, 1952 235 63. Nejde Hagobian at Manzarieh, 1952 236 64. Ararat scouts lead parade, 1952 237 65. Counterdemonstrator Nejde Hagobian, 1953 240 66. Hokm awarding medal to Nejde Hagobian, 1953 243 67. Nejde Hagobian and Ararat scouts with shah, 1953 245 68. Armenian and American Boy Scouts, 1954 247 69. Nejde Hagobian and scouts with Sevak Saginian, 1954 249 70. Ararat scouts with Tabriz governor, 1955 250 71. Offi cials with Ararat scouts in Tabriz, 1955 252 72. Ararat scouts marching in Tehran, 1955 253 73. Hagobian family portrait, 1956 254 74. Nejde Hagobian with friend Andre at Mehrabad Airport, 1956 254 75. Nejde Hagobian in Los Angeles, 1956 256 76. Nella and Sevak Saginian, 1995 282 77. Hagob Hagobian and Arshak Gorjian, 1990 283 78. Nejde Hagobian with family, 1970 284 79. Headstone of Armenian martyr of Iran-Iraq War, 2005 287 80. Armenian Genocide commemoration march in Tehran, 2006 296 Preface t h r ough out t h e summer o f 2008, in the waning months of the George W. Bush presidency, it was open to question whether the United States would launch military strikes against Iran to destroy its nuclear facilities. At the same time, the extent of covert activities within the Islamic Republic to create dissent and possibly topple the governing regime remained obscure. Speculation regarding a potential escalation of covert operations in Iran was fueled by revelations that Congress had appropri- ated hundreds of millions of dollars the previous year to destabilize the Iranian government, forge internal alliances, and gather intelligence for a potential attack. The expected returns for such an investment included the spawning of antigovernment separatist activity, ethnic insurgency, a “fi fth column” of minorities or dissidents, and perhaps the initiation of a government crackdown that would legitimate American intervention to “protect” such groups. Nevertheless, no signifi cant violence or uprising occurred in Iran, and the specter of attack and foreign meddling bolstered Iranian nationalism, if anything. This left few options for a US admin- istration that had long eschewed diplomacy and worn its international alliances thin. As public debate emerged regarding the potential benefi ts and per- ils of destabilizing the Iranian government or of bombing nuclear facili- ties and infrastructure while American military forces were burdened by commitments simultaneously in neighboring Iraq and Afghanistan, a general consensus developed among scholars of Iranian history and politics that the destabilization of Iran would not come about by means of agitation among the country’s ethnic and religious minorities, whatever xiii xiv | Preface covert actions the United States might initiate. In a July 2008 New Yorker article by investigative journalist Seymour M. Hersh that attempted to plot congressional appropriations for covert operations and gauge the potential for military strikes in the waning months of the Bush adminis- tration, Professor Vali Nasr succinctly stated why the strategy of attempt- ing to use ethnic minorities to undermine Iran’s government
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CENTRAL EURASIAN STUDIES REVIEW (CESR) Is a Publication of the Central Eurasian Studies Society (CESS)
    The CENTRAL EURASIAN STUDIES REVIEW (CESR) is a publication of the Central Eurasian Studies Society (CESS). CESR is a scholarly review of research, resources, events, publications and developments in scholarship and teaching on Central Eurasia. The Review appears two times annually (Winter and Summer) beginning with Volume 4 (2005) and is distributed free of charge to dues paying members of CESS. It is available by subscription at a rate of $50 per year to institutions within North America and $65 outside North America. The Review is also available to all interested readers via the web. Guidelines for Contributors are available via the web at http://cess.fas.harvard.edu/CESR.html. Central Eurasian Studies Review Editorial Board Chief Editor: Marianne Kamp (Laramie, Wyo., USA) Section Editors: Perspectives: Robert M. Cutler (Ottawa/Montreal, Canada) Research Reports: Jamilya Ukudeeva (Aptos, Calif., USA) Reviews and Abstracts: Shoshana Keller (Clinton, N.Y., USA), Philippe Forêt (Zurich, Switzerland) Conferences and Lecture Series: Payam Foroughi (Salt Lake City, Utah, USA) Educational Resources and Developments: Daniel C. Waugh (Seattle, Wash., USA) Editors-at-Large: Ali Iğmen (Seattle, Wash., USA), Morgan Liu (Cambridge, Mass., USA), Sebastien Peyrouse (Washington, D.C., USA) English Language Style Editor: Helen Faller (Philadelphia, Penn., USA) Production Editor: Sada Aksartova (Tokyo, Japan) Web Editor: Paola Raffetta (Buenos Aires, Argentina) Editorial and Production Consultant: John Schoeberlein (Cambridge, Mass., USA) Manuscripts and related correspondence should be addressed to the appropriate section editors: Perspectives: R. Cutler, rmc alum.mit.edu; Research Reports: J. Ukudeeva, jaukudee cabrillo.edu; Reviews and Abstracts: S. Keller, skeller hamilton.edu; Conferences and Lecture Series: P.
    [Show full text]
  • Mah Tir, Mah Bahman & Asfandarmad 1 Mah Asfandarmad 1369
    Mah Tir, Mah Bahman & Asfandarmad 1 Mah Asfandarmad 1369, Fravardin & l FEZAN A IN S I D E T HJ S I S S U E Federation of Zoroastrian • Summer 2000, Tabestal1 1369 YZ • Associations of North America http://www.fezana.org PRESIDENT: Framroze K. Patel 3 Editorial - Pallan R. Ichaporia 9 South Circle, Woodbridge, NJ 07095 (732) 634-8585, (732) 636-5957 (F) 4 From the President - Framroze K. Patel president@ fezana. org 5 FEZANA Update 6 On the North American Scene FEZ ANA 10 Coming Events (World Congress 2000) Jr ([]) UJIR<J~ AIL '14 Interfaith PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF ZOROASTRIAN ASSOCIATIONS OF '15 Around the World NORTH AMERICA 20 A Millennium Gift - Four New Agiaries in Mumbai CHAIRPERSON: Khorshed Jungalwala Rohinton M. Rivetna 53 Firecut Lane, Sudbury, MA 01776 Cover Story: (978) 443-6858, (978) 440-8370 (F) 22 kayj@ ziplink.net Honoring our Past: History of Iran, from Legendary Times EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Roshan Rivetna 5750 S. Jackson St. Hinsdale, IL 60521 through the Sasanian Empire (630) 325-5383, (630) 734-1579 (F) Guest Editor Pallan R. Ichaporia ri vetna@ lucent. com 23 A Place in World History MILESTONES/ ANNOUNCEMENTS Roshan Rivetna with Pallan R. Ichaporia Mahrukh Motafram 33 Legendary History of the Peshdadians - Pallan R. Ichaporia 2390 Chanticleer, Brookfield, WI 53045 (414) 821-5296, [email protected] 35 Jamshid, History or Myth? - Pen1in J. Mist1y EDITORS 37 The Kayanian Dynasty - Pallan R. Ichaporia Adel Engineer, Dolly Malva, Jamshed Udvadia 40 The Persian Empire of the Achaemenians Pallan R. Ichaporia YOUTHFULLY SPEAKING: Nenshad Bardoliwalla 47 The Parthian Empire - Rashna P.
    [Show full text]
  • Interview with Mary Abrahamian and Roxie Maljanian by Bruce M. Stave
    Interview with Mary Abrahamian and Roxie Maljanian by Bruce M. Stave and Sondra Astor Stave, Armenians in Connecticut Oral History Project, New Britain, Connecticut, July 22, 2013. BRUCE M. STAVE: Okay. Okay. Interview with Roxie Maljanian, and Mary Abrahamian, by Bruce M. and Sondra Astor Stave, for the Armenians in Connecticut Oral History Project, July 22, 2013, at the Armenian Church of the Holy Resurrection in New Britain. So first, thank you for participating, and since there are two of you, I would like to get your voices. So Mary, would you say something just to— MARY ABRAHAMIAN: Okay, I’m Mary—Yessian was my maiden name—Abrahamian, and I was born in New Britain. Lived most of my life here, married a local boy—same church, same nationality. And we have four children, and that’s about it. [Laughs]. BS: Thank you. Okay, and now Roxie? ROXIE MALJANIAN: My name is Roxie Yessian Maljanian, and I, too, am married to an Armenian, but from out of town. And I’m married and have three children who are married. And I’ve been in this community since birth, also, like my sister. BS: Okay, good. And which, if I may ask, one of you is the older sister? Okay? MA: Well, she looks younger. RM: Well, yeah. [Laughs] SONDRA ASTOR STAVE: Okay, Roxie has identified herself as the older sister, because they’re not going to— BS: Okay, so the first thing I’d like to ask you—I understand both of you were born in the United States, but your parents were not.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Great Empire to the Islamic Republic Minorities in Iran: Assimilated Identities, & Denied Rights
    From The Great Empire to The Islamic Republic Minorities in Iran: Assimilated Identities, & Denied Rights Tarık Albitar Abstract As the current modern state system is composed of nearly two hundred states that encompass more than five thousand ethnic groups, these groups speak more than three thousand languages. This form of diversity has become a real element within any modern society. Moreover, recognition and respect for these dissimilarities are assumed to be vital for stabilizing domestic affairs and ensure peace and prosperity within a state. In fact, the development of minorities concept came along with/as a result of many factors, one of these factors was the development of other concepts such as nation, citizenship, and superior identity/macro-identity, especially with the rise of remarkable philosophical and intellectual movements during and after the French revolution such as J. J. Rousseau and his social contract. The real development of the minority rights, however, came along with the development of the human rights universalism, which came as a result of the horrifying human losses and the wide-scale of human rights abuses, during the Second World War. Iran, on the other hand, had witnessed enormous historical development; these developments had resulted in creating a widely diversified society in terms of religious views, ethnicities, and linguistic communities. The first national project, however, had failed to emulate the Western model of the modern state and thus was unable to complete its national project, especially after the rise of the Islamic Revolution. On the other hand, the post-revolution Iranian constitution is based on religious interpretations of Islam (Jaafari / Twelfth Shi'a), thus some of the existed minorities are recognized and many others are denied.
    [Show full text]
  • History Brief: Timeline of US-Iran Relations Until the Obama
    MIT International Review | web.mit.edu/mitir 1 of 5 HISTORY BRIEF: TIMELINE OF US‐IRAN RELATIONS UNTIL THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION Key Facts & Catalysts By Sam Sasan Shoamanesh Looking back at key events in this US‐Iran chronicle is helpful in understanding some of the traditional causes of friction and mistrust between Tehran and Washington. A reference to the annals of US‐Iran relations will also be valuable in appreciating that the policies of the past sixty years have not been advantageous to US interests and on the contrary, have resulted in blowbacks, which still vex the relations to this day. 1856: Genesis of Formal Relations | Diplomatic relations between Iran and the United States began in 1856. 1909: American Lafayette in Iran | In 1909, Howard Baskerville, an American teacher and Princeton graduate on a Presbyterian mission in Tabriz, Iran, instantly becomes an Iranian national hero where after joining the Constitutionalists during the Constitutional Revolution of 1905‐1911, loses his young life while fighting the Royalists and the forces of the Qajar king, Mohmmad Ali Shah’s elite Cossack brigade. He is remembered as saying: ʺ[t]he only difference between me and these people is my place of birth, and this is not a big difference.ʺ To this day he is revered by Iranians. Second World War | Until the second World War, the US had no interest or an active policy vis‐à‐vis Iran and relations remained cordial. 1953 C.I.A. Coup | In 1951, Prime Minister Mossadegh and his National Front party (“Jebhe Melli”), a socio‐democratic, liberal‐secular nationalist party in Iran, nationalize the country’s oil industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Asala & ARF 'Veterans' in Armenia and the Nagorno-Karabakh Region
    Karabakh Christopher GUNN Coastal Carolina University ASALA & ARF ‘VETERANS’ IN ARMENIA AND THE NAGORNO-KARABAKH REGION OF AZERBAIJAN Conclusion. See the beginning in IRS- Heritage, 3 (35) 2018 Emblem of ASALA y 1990, Armenia or Nagorno-Karabakh were, arguably, the only two places in the world that Bformer ASALA terrorists could safely go, and not fear pursuit, in one form or another, and it seems that most of them did, indeed, eventually end up in Armenia (36). Not all of the ASALA veterans took up arms, how- ever. Some like, Alex Yenikomshian, former director of the Monte Melkonian Fund and the current Sardarapat Movement leader, who was permanently blinded in October 1980 when a bomb he was preparing explod- ed prematurely in his hotel room, were not capable of actually participating in the fighting (37). Others, like Varoujan Garabedian, the terrorist behind the attack on the Orly Airport in Paris in 1983, who emigrated to Armenia when he was pardoned by the French govern- ment in April 2001 and released from prison, arrived too late (38). Based on the documents and material avail- able today in English, there were at least eight ASALA 48 www.irs-az.com 4(36), AUTUMN 2018 Poster of the Armenian Legion in the troops of fascist Germany and photograph of Garegin Nzhdeh – terrorist and founder of Tseghakronism veterans who can be identified who were actively en- tia group of approximately 50 men, and played a major gaged in the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh (39), but role in the assault and occupation of the Kelbajar region undoubtedly there were more.
    [Show full text]
  • The Uzbek State As Reflected in Eighteenth Century * Bukharan Sources
    The Uzbek State as Reflected in Eighteenth Century * Bukharan Sources Wolfgang Holzwarth The combined research project on “Nomadic rule in a sedentary context – state formation in Central Asia, sixteenth and eighteenth century” focuses on nomads rather close to the political power centres. The states we are dealing with here, originated in a nomadic confederation conquering and migrating to a mixed agro-pastoral zone (Mawarannahr and Khurasan) around 1500. The conquest led by Muḥammad Shaybānī Khān was the last great inroad of pastoralists from the Great Steppe (the Dasht-i Qipchaq) into Mawarannahr, where Uzbek dynasties ruled until 1920. Some of the wide range of questions the project addresses are the following: How and to which extent have the Central Asian states been shaped by nomads since 1500? How and to what extent have nomadic conquerors been subjected to changes after they came from the Great Steppe to Mawarannahr? How and to what extent did the constraints of their new social and ecological environment affect their economic subsistence and mode of life? The combined project focuses, in particular, on the military and the state.1 An attempt is made to trace developments both in sphere of political interaction (between nomads and sedentary groups) and in the military sphere, for instance the participation of sedentary groups in military activities or the building-up of mixed (nomadic and non-nomadic) forces and groups upon which later dynasties, such as the Manghits in Bukhara could rely on. * A revised edition is published in: Asiatische Studien 60,2 (2006), 321–353. 1 Paul, “Documents”; id., “Nomaden”; id., “State and Military”; Holzwarth, “No- maden und Sesshafte”; Berndt, “Organisation”.
    [Show full text]
  • Anesthesia and Pain Management in Traditional Iranian Medicine
    Pregledni rad Acta Med Hist Adriat 2016; 14(2);317-326 Review article ANESTHESIA AND PAIN MANAGEMENT IN TRADITIONAL IRANIAN MEDICINE ANESTEZIJA I UPRAVLJANJE BOLI U TRADICIONALNOJ IRANSKOJ MEDICINI Alireza Salehi, Faranak Alembizar, Ayda Hosseinkhani* Summary Studying the history of science could help develop an understanding of the contributions made by ancient nations towards scientific advances. Although Iranians had an import- ant impact on the improvement of science, the history of Iranian medicine seems not to have been given enough attention by historians. The present study focused on the history of anes- thesia and pain management in Iranian medical history. In this regard, related books such as Avesta and Shahnameh were studied in order to obtain the history of anesthesiology in Iranian pre Islamic era. This subject was also studied in the famous books of Rhazes, Haly Abbas, Avicenna, Jorjani, MomenTunekaboni and Aghili from different times of the Islamic era. Scientific data bases such as PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched using key words “Iranian”, “Persian”, “pain management” and “anesthesia”. It was discovered that pain management and anesthesiology were well known to the Iranians. Rhazes and Avicenna had innovations in this regard. Fourteen Mokhader (anesthetic) herbs, which were included in the collection of the previous knowledge of the 18th century entitled Makhzan al-Advieyh and used as the Persian Materia Medica, were identified and listed. This study introduces the history of anesthesiology and pain management at different periods in the history of Iran. Key words: Anesthesiology; pain management; traditional Iranian medicine. * Research centre for traditional medicine and history of medicine, Shiraz University of medical sciences Shiraz, Iran.
    [Show full text]
  • Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nineteenth-Century Iran
    publications on the near east publications on the near east Poetry’s Voice, Society’s Song: Ottoman Lyric The Transformation of Islamic Art during Poetry by Walter G. Andrews the Sunni Revival by Yasser Tabbaa The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Shiraz in the Age of Hafez: The Glory of Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century a Medieval Persian City by John Limbert by Zeynep Çelik The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi‘i Symbols The Tragedy of Sohráb and Rostám from and Rituals in Modern Iran the Persian National Epic, the Shahname by Kamran Scot Aghaie of Abol-Qasem Ferdowsi, translated by Ottoman Lyric Poetry: An Anthology, Jerome W. Clinton Expanded Edition, edited and translated The Jews in Modern Egypt, 1914–1952 by Walter G. Andrews, Najaat Black, and by Gudrun Krämer Mehmet Kalpaklı Izmir and the Levantine World, 1550–1650 Party Building in the Modern Middle East: by Daniel Goffman The Origins of Competitive and Coercive Rule by Michele Penner Angrist Medieval Agriculture and Islamic Science: The Almanac of a Yemeni Sultan Everyday Life and Consumer Culture by Daniel Martin Varisco in Eighteenth-Century Damascus by James Grehan Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey, edited by Sibel Bozdog˘an and The City’s Pleasures: Istanbul in the Eigh- Res¸at Kasaba teenth Century by Shirine Hamadeh Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle Reading Orientalism: Said and the Unsaid East by Ehud R. Toledano by Daniel Martin Varisco Britons in the Ottoman Empire, 1642–1660 The Merchant Houses of Mocha: Trade by Daniel Goffman and Architecture in an Indian Ocean Port by Nancy Um Popular Preaching and Religious Authority in the Medieval Islamic Near East Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nine- by Jonathan P.
    [Show full text]
  • Britain, British Petroleum, Shell and the Remaking of the International Oil Industry, 1957-1979
    Empires of Energy: Britain, British Petroleum, Shell and the Remaking of the International Oil Industry, 1957-1979 Author: Jonathan Robert Kuiken Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104079 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2013 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. Boston College The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Department of History EMPIRES OF ENERGY: BRITAIN, BRITISH PETROLEUM, SHELL AND THE REMAKING OF THE INTERNATIONAL OIL INDUSTRY, 1957-1979 [A dissertation by] JONATHAN R. KUIKEN submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August, 2013 © copyright by JONATHAN ROBERT KUIKEN 2013 Empires of Energy: Britain, British Petroleum, Shell and the remaking of the international oil industry, 1957-1979 Jonathan R. Kuiken Dissertation Advisor - James E. Cronin Dissertation Abstract This dissertation examines British oil policy from the aftermath of the Suez Crisis in 1956-1957 until the Iranian Revolution and the electoral victory of Margaret Thatcher’s Conservative Party in 1979. It was a period marked by major transitions within Britain’s oil policy as well as broader changes within the international oil market. It argues that the story of Britain, and Britain’s two domestically-based oil companies, BP and Shell, offers a valuable case study in the development of competing ideas about the reorganization of the international oil industry in the wake of the rise of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting countries and the companies’ losing control over the production of oil.
    [Show full text]
  • No. 141-March-2018
    California State University, Fresno Armenian Studies Program Non-Profit and Armenian Students Organization U.S. Postage 5245 N. Backer Ave. M/S PB 4 PAID Fresno, CA 93740-8001 Permit No. 262 Change Service Requested FRESNO, CA HYE SHARZHOOM Armenian Action th FA| <ARVOUM 39 Year March 2018 Vol. 39, No. 3 (141) Ethnic Supplement to The Collegian Mayor Brand Updated on Plans Kazan Visiting Professor Dr. Yektan Türkyılmaz for Saroyan House Museum Begins Spring Semester at Fresno State MıCHAEL RETTıG EDITOR Dr. Yektan Türkyılmaz has had a busy semester since his appointment as the 14th Kazan Visiting Professor at Fresno State for Spring 2018. In addition to teaching a course on “Armenian Urbanism,” and preparing for three public lectures, Dr. Türkyılmaz is spending his time in Fresno preparing his dissertation for publication as a monograph. Dr. Türkyılmaz grew up in a small town east of Sivas. Although he was never exposed Photo: Jim Karagozian Left to right: Avag Simonyan, Fresno Mayor Lee Brand, Mer- to Armenian history in school, Left to right: Prof. Barlow Der Mugrdechian, Dr. Yektan oujan Minassian, and Prof. Barlow Der Mugrdechian at the Dr. Türkyılmaz grew up with an Türkyılmaz, and Richard Hagopian examining early Arme- Mayor’s office in City Hall. Photo: Erik Abrahamyan awareness of Armenians and their nian records. STAFF REPORT The purpose of the meetings past. One of his classmates in so there were eventually less of Armenians. Turkey’s treatment was to familiarize both the Mayor elementary school, the daughter them,” Dr. Türkyılmaz recalled. of the Kurds is a “wound that Avag Simonyan, Director of and the Council President with of the local carpenter, was an “We heard the stories from our let another hidden wound the Saroyan House Museum, the ongoing plans to convert Armenian, as well as some of grandparents.
    [Show full text]
  • The History and Characteristics of Traditional Sports in Central Asia : Tajikistan
    The History and Characteristics of Traditional Sports in Central Asia : Tajikistan 著者 Ubaidulloev Zubaidullo journal or The bulletin of Faculty of Health and Sport publication title Sciences volume 38 page range 43-58 year 2015-03 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2241/00126173 筑波大学体育系紀要 Bull. Facul. Health & Sci., Univ. of Tsukuba 38 43-58, 2015 43 The History and Characteristics of Traditional Sports in Central Asia: Tajikistan Zubaidullo UBAIDULLOEV ＊ Abstract Tajik people have a rich and old traditions of sports. The traditional sports and games of Tajik people, which from ancient times survived till our modern times, are: archery, jogging, jumping, wrestling, horse race, chavgon (equestrian polo), buzkashi, chess, nard (backgammon), etc. The article begins with an introduction observing the Tajik people, their history, origin and hardships to keep their culture, due to several foreign invasions. The article consists of sections Running, Jumping, Lance Throwing, Archery, Wrestling, Buzkashi, Chavgon, Chess, Nard (Backgammon) and Conclusion. In each section, the author tries to analyze the origin, history and characteristics of each game refering to ancient and old Persian literature. Traditional sports of Tajik people contribute as the symbol and identity of Persian culture at one hand, and at another, as the combination and synthesis of the Persian and Central Asian cultures. Central Asia has a rich history of the traditional sports and games, and significantly contributed to the sports world as the birthplace of many modern sports and games, such as polo, wrestling, chess etc. Unfortunately, this theme has not been yet studied academically and internationally in modern times. Few sources and materials are available in Russian, English and Central Asian languages, including Tajiki.
    [Show full text]