Coalizão Saudita Na República Do Iêmen Csi-Orh

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Coalizão Saudita Na República Do Iêmen Csi-Orh COALIZÃO SAUDITA NA REPÚBLICA DO IÊMEN CSI-ORH 2018 UFRGSMUN | UFRGS Model United Nations ISSN 2318-3195 | v. 6 2018 | p. 252 - 309 COALIZÃO SAUDITA COALIZÃO SAUDITA NA REPÚBLICA DO NA REPÚBLICA IÊMEN: OPERAÇÃO RENEWAL OF HOPE DO IÊMEN CSI-ORH Beatriz Vieira Rauber1 Eduardo Tomankievicz Secchi2 João Otávio Figueiredo Bueno Cadore3 João Vitor Corrêa Nogueira4 Pedro Bandeira dos Santos5 Thaís Peixoto6 RESUMO O presente Guia de Estudos tem como objetivo instrumentalizar o debate acerca da Operação Renewal of Hope (ORH), sendo esta um mandato da Coalizão Saudita que atua na República do Iêmen. A Coalizão teve início em 2015, após a fuga do então presidente iemenita Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi, com a intenção de restaurar o po- der do antigo governo. A crise do Iêmen possui diferentes faces; além de contar com uma gama de atores internos e disputas territoriais, ela é tida por muitos(as) pesqui- sadores(as) como uma espécie de “guerra proxy” entre as principais potências regio- nais: a República Islâmica do Irã e o Reino da Arábia Saudita. A fim de compreender e operacionalizar os interesses envolvidos na região, é necessário conhecer, dentre outros fatores, a origem histórica do conflito e suas disputas geopolíticas. Será anali- sado, portanto, o processo histórico de unificação do Iêmen e a formação dos grupos rebeldes, com o intuito de instrumentalizar os(as) leitores(as) quanto às origens e objetivos de cada ator do conflito. Ademais, procurar-se-á entender as disputas geo- estratégicas e os interesses de atores externos na estabilização do Iêmen, bem como a situação atual entre os membros da Coalizão. Por fim, deve-se compreender que a participação da Operação Renewal of Hope cumpre, hoje, um papel decisivo na história do país e da região, uma vez que definirá não apenas quem estará no poder no Iêmen, mas também a quem este Estado se aliará. 1 Beatriz é estudante do 3º ano de Relações Internacionais na UFRGS e Diretora-Geral do CSI-ORH. 2 Eduardo é estudante do 4º ano de Relações Internacionais na UFRGS e Diretor do CSI-ORH. 3 João Otávio é estudante do 5º ano de Relações Internacionais na UFRGS e Diretor do CSI-ORH. 4 João Vitor é estudante do 4º ano de Relações Internacionais na UFRGS e Diretor do CSI-ORH. 5 Pedro é estudante do 2º ano de Relações Internacionais na UFRGS Diretor-Assistente do CSI-ORH. 6 Thaís é estudante do 2º ano de Relações Internacionais na UFRGS e Diretora-Assistente do CSI- 2018 -ORH. 253 UFRGSMUN | COALIZÃO SAUDITA NA REPÚBLICA DO IÊMEN 1 INTRODUÇÃO O Iêmen, na maior parte de sua história, não foi um país unificado. Este pro- cesso deu-se apenas no final do século XX, após o fim da Guerra Fria. Assim, são no- táveis as diferenças culturais entre o norte e o sul, principalmente dadas as distintas correntes islâmicas que dominam a região. Após a unificação, houve um período de estabilidade, o qual se encerrou em 2011 com o advento da Primavera Árabe. As desa- venças políticas no país se deterioraram até 2015, quando, com a saída do Presidente, o grupo rebelde tomou a capital do país e proclamou-se como novo governo. Deu-se início, assim, à Operação Renewal of Hope, organizada por uma coalizão liderada pela Arábia Saudita cujo principal objetivo é a estabilização do país por meio da reto- mada de poder pelo antigo presidente. A unificação do Iêmen deu-se na década de 1990, após o final da Guerra Fria, tendo o seu período mais estável politicamente durado menos de 20 anos. Em 2011, com o advento dos protestos da Primavera Árabe7, a oposição ao governante Ali Ab- dullah Saleh difundiu-se e foi reprimida veementemente pelas forças nacionais. As críticas da comunidade internacional às medidas repressivas do governo de Saleh e à longa duração de seu governo inflaram o desagrado da população e culminaram na renúncia do presidente em 2014, assumindo interinamente o Vice-Presidente Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi, até que uma eleição em seguida o elegeu formalmente. Dois grupos que se destacaram no apoio e organização destas manifestações e que ganharam importância significativa no conflito seguinte são os Houthis e o -al -Hirak. Os Houthis são um grupo rebelde – de oposição política e militar ao governo iemenita – com grande influência no norte do país, de ideologia zaidita, levando o nome de seu antigo líder, morto em 2004, Hussein Badr al-Deen al-Houthi. O al-Hi- rak, por sua vez, é um grupo sulista formado após a unificação que prega pelo fim da dominância do norte sobre o sistema político nacional e o posterior separatismo. O grupo de al-Houthi é acusado de receber forte apoio, tanto financeiro quanto logís- tico, da República Islâmica do Irã. Durante este período de instabilidade, o grupo al-Qaeda aproveita para se ex- pandir, fortalecendo, na porção sul do Iêmen, o seu braço regional, a al-Qaeda na Península Arábica (AQAP). Saleh retorna ao jogo político em seguida, agora apoian- do os Houthi, que fazem dura oposição ao governo Hadi. As diferenças chegaram a um ponto em que, em 2015, o grupo toma a capital Sana’a, obrigando o presidente a fugir para a Arábia Saudita, de onde solicita aos sauditas uma intervenção militar. Desta forma, a Operação Decisive Storm é iniciada em março daquele ano, sendo substituída pela Operação Renewal of Hope (ORH) em abril. 2 CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO HISTÓRICA Durante grande parte da ocupação humana na região que atualmente é iden- tificada como Iêmen, a centralização política foi a exceção e não a regra. Entender o processo de formação das sociedades e do presente Estado unificado é de extrema 7 A Primavera Árabe foi o desenvolvimento de uma onda de revoltas tanto pacíficas quanto violentas do Marrocos ao Golfo Pérsico que abalou e, por vezes, até derrubou velhas oligarquias que domina- vam a política da região havia décadas. Ela representou, portanto, um movimento geral com bases comuns em toda a região, relacionado à crise econômica mundial (Visentini 2012). 254 OPERAÇÃO RENEWAL OF HOPE importância para compreensão da situação atual. Dentre as razões que podem ser observadas para esta falta de unidade, desta- ca-se a condição geográfica da região, com áreas significativamente isoladas umas das outras por um relevo bastante heterogêneo, e a divisão religiosa entre duas ver- tentes islâmicas, o sunismo chafeíta e o xiismo zaidita8. O primeiro foi precursor na expansão islâmica na região, concentrando-se na porção sul e existindo, hoje, apenas no Iêmen. A segunda vertente deslocou-se cerca de dois séculos depois, concentran- do-se na região noroeste e norte. Por se tratarem de vertentes moderadas tanto do xiismo quanto do sunismo, a paz foi mantida por um tempo considerável apesar das diferenças teológicas (Machry 2016). Apesar de as cidades antigas serem economicamente prósperas, o território eventualmente acabou sendo dominado por grandes impérios. Em 1838, Aden, futu- ra capital do Iêmen do Sul, tornou-se parte do Império Britânico, numa estratégia de servir como porto seguro entre a Índia e o Egito, também possessões britânicas (Bi- dwell 1985). Em contrapartida, em 1872, os otomanos ocuparam o norte do território. Com crescente expansão e consequente choque entre os dois impérios na região, um tratado foi firmado em 1904 para delimitação das fronteiras, sendo implementado em 1914 (Machry 2016). 2.1 FORMAÇÃO E DESENVOLVIMENTO DO IÊMEN DO SUL Por mais de cem anos, a região que posteriormente viria a ser o Iêmen do Sul esteve sob jurisdição britânica, dividindo-se em três principais territórios com dife- rentes níveis de dominação: a Colônia de Aden, o Protetorado de Áden Ocidental e o Protetorado de Áden Oriental. De certa forma, a administração do território era bastante descentralizada, com significativa autoridade permitida pelos britânicos às elites locais (Brehony 2011). Ao fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial, o ideal nacionalista e republicano começa a se espalhar pela região, bastante influenciado pelo Iêmen do Norte, que passava por um processo de fortalecimento nacional. Com isso, os britânicos e as elites ie- menitas do Sul decidem que uma transição controlada para um sistema de governo mais autônomo seria a melhor forma de evitar que ideários mais radicais ganhassem espaço (Machry 2016). Em 1959, a Federação dos Emirados Árabes do Sul é constitu- ída, com o aval do Reino Unido, pelos Emirados de Bayhan, Fadhli, Awlaqi, Dhala e Yafi’i do Sul, passando a se chamar Federação da Arábia do Sul ao incorporar outros emirados (Brehony 2011). Apesar da expansão inicial, a desconfiança dos emirados do leste quanto à influência britânica no processo e o custo-benefício cada vez menor para o Reino Unido manter suas bases em Aden acabaram levando a entidade ao fracasso. Simultaneamente, duas guerrilhas que buscavam uma completa autono- mia do país, a Frente pela Liberação do Iêmen do Sul Ocupado (FLISO) e a Frente de Libertação Nacional (FLN), ganhavam cada vez mais força e empreendiam uma 8 O zaidismo é uma corrente do islamismo xiita que, dentro do mundo moderno muçulmano, só ga- nhou espaço no norte do Iêmen, entre os Houthis. Possui características mais próximas ao islamismo sunita do que ao xiismo iraniano, contrariando a ideia de aproximação dos Houthis com o Irã devido às suas convergências religiosas (Popp 2015). A principal diferença entre o sunismo e o zaidismo é que esse defende ‘Ali’ como o herdeiro legítimo do poder político no mundo islâmico (Firdausi e Anshu 2018). 255 UFRGSMUN | COALIZÃO SAUDITA NA REPÚBLICA DO IÊMEN verdadeira guerra civil (Machry 2016). Após quatro anos de conflitos, uma vitória decisiva da FLN em 1967 sobre a FLISO, que possuía grande assistência egípcia, converteu a entidade na real repre- sentante iemenita quanto às negociações de independência.
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