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Information to Users THE IMPACT OF MODERNIZATION ON MIDDLE EASTERN POLITICS. Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors HASHIM, WAHID HAMZA. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 11/10/2021 08:03:42 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184061 INFORMATION TO USERS While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. For example: • Manuscript pages may have indistinct print. In such cases, the best available copy has been filmed. • Manuscripts may not always be complete. In such cases, a note will indicate that it is not possible to obtain missing pages. • Copyrighted material may have been removed from the manuscript. In such cases, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is also filmed as one exposure and is available, for an additional charge, as a standard 35mm slide or as a 17"x 23" black and white photographic print. Most photographs reproduce acceptably on positive microfilm or microfiche but lack the clarity on xerographic copies made from the microfilm. For an additional charge, 35mm slides of 6"x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography. 8712876 Hashim, Wahid Hamza THE IMPACT OF MODERNIZATION ON MIDDLE EASTERN POLITICS The University of Arizona PH.D. 1987 University Microfilms InternHtional 300N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor,M148106 Copyright 1987 by Hashim, Wahid Hamza All Rights Reserved THE IMPACT OF MODERNIZATION ON MIDDLE EASTERN POLITICS by Wahid Hamza Hashim A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 198 7 Copyri.ght 1987 Wahid Hamza Hashim THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by ____W_a_h_i_d __ H_amz __ a__ H_Ta_s~h~i~m~ ______________________ entitled The Impact of Modernization on Middle Eastern Politics --------------~--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requ.irement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy ----------------------------~~~----------------------- Date r ' r/;7/f7 Date 7 I 4( I tlrv; Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Dissertation Director STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allow­ able without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manu­ script in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED~ W· r/~ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My sincere and special thanks and gratitude to my mentor Professor Edward N. Muller. I am indebted for his assistance, direction, and interest in the preparation of this work. I am also grateful for the assistance and guidance of Professor Kenneth Godwin and Professor Edward Williams, both members of my committee. All members of my committee freely gave of their valuable time and expertise toward the completion of this study. The Political Science Department at the University of Arizona has been generous and helpful in guiding my academic interests and growth. The supportive academic environment has been invaluable. The opportunity and financial assistance given to me by the Saudi government are deeply appreciated. I would like to express my gratitude to my father for his support throughout my undergraduate education. My deepest appreciation to my wife and children for their love, care, and patience. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES vii ABSTRACT. ix 1. THE IMPACT OF MODERNIZATION ON MIDDLE EASTERN POLITICS 1 Introduction • • • • • • • • • 1 Modernization Theories • • • • • • 3 Definitions of Modernization • 3 Optimistic and Pessimistic Perspectives 7 Critique of Modernization Theori~s 16 Modernization or Westernization: A Distinction • • • • • • • • 19 The Research Problem • • • • • • 23 2. EGYPT: UNSUCCESSFUL OSCILLATION BETWEEN WEST AND EAST • • • • 33 The Phases of Modernization in Egypt • 34 The First Phase, 1798-1881 •• 35 The Second Phase, 1882-1952 40 The Third Phase, 1953-1970 •• •••••• 48 The Fourth Phase, 1971-present •••• 69 Concl us ion • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 88 3. LEBANON: THE FAILURE OF THE LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC PATH . 92 The Historical Evolution of Lebanon • • • 97 The Rise of tlew Nationalisms in Lebanon 99 Lebanon Under the French Rule •• • • 101 The Status of the Religious Groups Within the Lebanese Power Structure • • •• 102 Lebanon's Governmental Structure. • • • 104 Causes of Lebanon's Liberal Democratic Break Down • • • • • • • • • 107 The Early Cause of the Lebanese Civil War 107 Modern Sources of Lebanon's Democratic Failure • • • • • • • • • • • •• 111 iv v TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Page The Preconditions for Lebanon's Democratic Failure • • • • • • . 112 The Accelerators to Lebanon's Democratic Failure • 114 Conclusion ••••••••• 116 4. THE BA'ATHIST-SOCIALIST PATH TO MODERNIZATION • • • • • . 119 overview of Current Development, syria and Iraq • • • • • • ••• • • 121 Politics During the Colonial Era • • • • • 123 Syria . 123 Iraq . 126 Pre-Ba'athist Military Era. 131 Syria • • • • • • . 131 Iraq • • • • • • • 135 The Ba'athist Military Era 141 Syria • • • • • • 141 Iraq . 150 The Role of the Ba'athist Ideology as a Path to Development • • • • • 156 Conclusion • • • • • • • • • • • . 161 5. VARIATIONS OF THE SOCIALIST PATH: SOUTH YEMEN, LIBYA, AND ALGERIA 163 General Overview • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 165 South Yemen: A Marxist Leninist Model 169 Impact of Colonization on Development • • • • 169 Post-Independence Political Approaches: FLOSY and NLF •••••• 171 Marxist-Leninist Ideology 175 Conclusion • • • • • • • • • • 179 Libya: The Third International Theory 182 Impact of Colonization on Development. • 182 Post-Independence Political Approaches • 185 Concl usion • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 195 Algeria: Pragmatic Socialism •••••••• 198 Impact of Colonization on DevelGpment 198 Post-Independence Political Approaches 204 Conclusion • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 213 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Page 6. TRADITIONAL MONARCHIES AND THE !SLAMIC PATH 216 The Politics of Modernization and the Monarchical Dilemma 217 The Politics of Traditional Modernization: Third Path 222 Unification and Nation Building 227 Kuwait • 227 Saudi Arabia • 230 Jordan • 234 !-1orocco 239 The' Political Systems of the Traditional Monarchies 242 Kuwait • 244 Saudi Arabia • 245 Jordan • 247 Morocco 248 The Approach of the Traditional Monarchies to Modernity 250 Kuwait • 255 Saudi Arabia • 259 Jordan • 262 Morocco 265 Potential Sources of Instability 267 Conclusion • 271 7. CONCLUSION AND REFINED FOCUS • 273 Future Research Objectives 287 REFERENCES • 289 LIST OF TABLES Table Page Number of Persons Occupied in Different Industries • • • • · . 42 2. Indices of Economic and Social Development, 1949 · . 49 3. Distribution of Work Force by Sector 1947-1976 • • • • • • · . 54 4. Egyptls Debts to the Socialist Countries ••••••• · . 62 5. National Per Capita Income 1952-1979 in Constant 1952-53 Prices • • • • · . 64 6. Basic Developmental Indicators for Selected Middle Eastern Countries · . 65 7. Major Political Protest in Egypt During Nasserls Era ••• . 68 8. Lebanonls Indicators of Political Instability . 109 9. Developmental Indicators of Syria and Iraq • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 122 10. Indicators of Syrials Political Instability • • • • • • · . 149 11. Comparing Iraqis Political Stability with the Soviet Union and Cuba, from 1973 to 1977 • • • • • • '. • · . 153 12. Indicators of Development and Modernization • • • • • • • · . 166 13. Regime Repressiveness and Deaths from Political Violence • • • • • • • • • •• 167 14. Population and National Wealth of the Traditional Monarchies . 252 vii viii LIST OF TABLES--Continued Table Page 15. Basic Developmental Indicators of the Traditional Monarchies 253 16. Regime Repressiveness and Deaths from Political Violence 254 ABSTRACT This study analyzes various perspectives of modernization theory in s,ome Middle Eastern countries and examines the impact of modernization, both in its western and eastern formula, on the legitimacy and stability of these countries. It also examines those external factors that influenced these countries I internal and external
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