Yemen : Dancing on the Heads of Snakes / Victoria Clark

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Yemen : Dancing on the Heads of Snakes / Victoria Clark 3107_FM_UK.qxp 5/7/10 3:59 PM Page i 1 2 3 4 YEMEN 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 31 32 33 3107_FM_UK.qxp 5/7/10 3:59 PM Page ii 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 31 32 33 3107_FM_UK.qxp 5/7/10 3:59 PM Page iii 1 2 3 4 5 6 YEMEN 7 DANCING ON THE HEADS OF SNAKES 8 9 VICTORIA CLARK 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS 31 NEW HAVEN AND LONDON 32 33 3107_FM_UK.qxp 1/23/12 2:12 PM Page iv 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Copyright © 2010 Victoria Clark 10 The right of Victoria Clark to be identified as author of this work has been asserted 1 by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. 2 All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright 3 Law and except by reviewers for the public press) without written permission from 4 the publishers. 5 For information about this and other Yale University Press publications, please contact: 6 U.S. Office: [email protected] yalebooks.com Europe Office: [email protected] www.yalebooks.co.uk 7 Set in Janson by IDSUK (DataConnection) Ltd. 8 Printed in Great Britain by Hobbs the Printers Ltd, Totton, Hampshire 9 Map by Martin Brown Design 20 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 1 Clark, Victoria. 2 Yemen : dancing on the heads of snakes / Victoria Clark. p. cm. 3 Includes bibliographical references and index. 4 ISBN 978-0-300-16734-4 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Yemen (Republic)—History. 2. Yemen (Republic)—Religious life and customs. 5 3. Islamic fundamentalism—Yemen (Republic) 4. Jihad. 5. War—Religious aspects— 6 Islam. 6. Yemen (Republic)—Description and travel. 7. Clark, Victoria—Travel— Yemen (Republic) I. Title. 7 DS247.Y48C53 2010 953.3—dc22 8 2009047235 9 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. 30 31 109 87 65 43 21 32 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 33 3107_FM_UK.qxp 5/7/10 3:59 PM Page v 1 2 3 4 CONTENTS 5 6 7 8 List of Illustrations vi 9 10 Acknowledgements ix 1 Introduction 1 2 PART ONE 3 Chapter 1 Unwanted Visitors (1538–1918) 11 4 5 Chapter 2 Revolutionary Roads (1918–1967) 46 6 Chapter 3 Two Yemeni Republics (1967–1990) 89 7 Chapter 4 A Shotgun Wedding (1990–2000) 130 8 9 20 PART TWO 1 Chapter 5 First Generation Jihad 149 2 Chapter 6 A Tribal Disorder? 177 3 Chapter 7 Keeping Up With the Saudis 207 4 5 Chapter 8 Al-Qaeda, plus Two Insurgencies 235 6 Chapter 9 Can the Centre Hold? 260 7 Afterword 284 8 9 Notes 289 30 Bibliography 299 31 Index 305 32 33 3107_FM_US.qxp 1/23/12 2:02 PM Page vi 1 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 2 3 Rights were not granted to include these illustrations in electronic 4 media. Please refer to print publication. 5 p. xii Map of Yemen as it is today 6 7 8 PLATE SECTION 9 1. The old city of Sanaa (Dominic Clark, 2009) 10 2. Aden’s harbour (Dominic Clark, 2009) 1 3. Imam Yahya’s headstone (Dominic Clark, 2009) 2 4. Imam Ahmad, while on a visit to Rome in 1957 (David 3 Holden, 1957) 4 5. History jeep, Sanaa (Victoria Clark, 2008) 5 6. Statue of Queen Victoria, Aden (Dominic Clark, 2009) 6 7. Silent Valley cemetery (Victoria Clark, 2008) 7 8. Queen Elizabeth II knighting Abubakr al-Kaff, 1954 (Port of Aden 8 Annual, 1953–4) 9 9. Wadi Doan, Hadhramaut (Charles Foster-Hall, 2008) 20 10. Buqshan Palace, Wadi Doan (Charles Foster-Hall, 2008) 1 11. Sheikh Tariq al-Fadhli and Ahmad al-Fadhli ( Joan Baranski, 2007) 2 12. Leaders of Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, early 2009 3 (courtesy of Intelcenter) 4 13. Nasir al-Fadhli, with Mustafa and Ahmad al-Fadhli ( Joan 5 Baranski, 2007) 6 14. Qat-time for the barrow boys, Sanaa (Dominic Clark, 2009) 7 15. Marib desert (Victoria Clark, 2008) 8 16. President Ali Abdullah Salih (AP/Press Association Images, 2005) 9 17. Sheikh Abdullah al-Ahmar (RABIH MOGHRABI/AFP/Getty Images, 1997) 30 18. Hamid al-Ahmar and Sheikh Abdul Majid al-Zindani (KHALED 31 FAZAA/AFP/Getty Images, 2009) 32 19. Nasir al-Bahri (Dominic Clark, 2009) 33 20. Aref Othman (Dominic Clark, 2009) 1 The old city of Sanaa, with President Salih’s new mosque visible in the background 2 Aden’s harbour, with a billboard poster of President Salih and the old Jewish cemetery in the foreground 3 Imam Yahya’s simple headstone, engraved with 4 Imam Ahmad, while on a visit to Rome in 1957 his long sayyid genealogy, Sanaa 5 Sanaa’s mobile history class, displaying images of Yasser Arafat and President Salih in his tribesman’s costume 6 A statue of Queen Victoria, removed during 7 Silent Valley, the half-filled last British the PDRY period but now back in the public cemetery in Aden garden at Steamer Point in Aden 8 Queen Elizabeth II in Aden in 1954, knighting the Hadhrami sayyid businessman Abubakr al-Kaff 9 Wadi Doan, Hadhramaut, ‘ancestral home’ of Osama bin Laden 10 Wadi Doan’s Indonesian baroque-style Buqshan Palace, the property of Abdullah Buqshan, a wealthy Saudi-Yemeni 11 Sheikh Tariq al-Fadhli (left), 12 Leaders of Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) Afghan War veteran and now in a video released in early 2009, from left to right: Qasim al- a leader of Yemen’s southern Raymi, Said Ali al-Shihri, Nasir al-Wahayshi, Abu al-Harith secessionist movement, and his cousin Ahmad al-Fadhli 13 The last sultan of the Fadhli tribe, Nasir al-Fadhli, flanked by his policeman son Mustafa (left) and his nephew Ahmad al-Fadhli 14 Qat-time for the barrow boys in Sanaa’s main souk 15 In the Marib desert, with oil-worker Ibrahim al-Harithi, friend and driver Walid, and Muhammad the Bedouin camel-breeder 16 President Ali Abdullah Salih arriving at a 17 Sheikh Abdullah al-Ahmar, paramount summit meeting in Qatar, June 2005 sheikh of the Hashid tribal federation, eminence grise and kingmaker until his death in 2007 18 Tribesman, businessman and politician Hamid al-Ahmar with Islamist cleric Sheikh Abdul Majid al-Zindani at an Islah party conference in Sanaa, March 2009 19 Osama bin Laden’s former bodyguard Nasir al-Bahri in conversation 20 Aref Othman in Aden, displaying a file of US-censored letters from his brother Othman Othman in Guantanamo Bay detention camp 3107_FM_UK.qxp 5/7/10 3:59 PM Page vii 1 2 3 4 In memory of my father, Noel Clark, who died in December 2004, 5 while I was away in Yemen 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 31 32 33 3107_FM_UK.qxp 5/7/10 3:59 PM Page viii 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 31 32 33 3107_FM_UK.qxp 5/7/10 3:59 PM Page ix 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 I have my parents to thank for the genesis of myself and this book 6 because I was born in Britain’s Crown colony of Aden in 1961, while 7 my father was the BBC’s South Arabia correspondent. A happy acci- 8 dent has therefore given me a ready-made reason to take an interest in 9 a place few people know about. 20 My warmest thanks, of course, go to all the Yemenis I encountered, 1 who were unfailingly generous with their time and suggestions, not to 2 mention their hospitality. Yemenis are not hard to contact and meet, 3 and mobile-phone technology seems to have made them uniquely 4 approachable. Khaled al-Yemani at the embassy in London and Faris 5 al-Sanabani in Sanaa were kind enough to set my research ball rolling 6 with plenty of contacts. 7 Stephen Day and John Shipman, both of whom spent much of their 8 youths in what is now southern Yemen in the 1960s as members of the 9 Colonial Service, were constantly helpful with contacts, expertise and 30 enthusiasm. Sarah Phillips and Tim Mackintosh-Smith in Sanaa and 31 Henry Thompson and Ginny Hill in the UK were all hugely generous 32 with their insights and suggestions. All passionately bound up with 33 3107_FM_UK.qxp 5/7/10 3:59 PM Page x YEMEN 1 Yemen and especially its people and fearful about its future, they 2 reassured me that a book about an obscure and impoverished country 3 was worth writing. Gregory D. Johnsen and Brian O’Neill in the US, 4 via their excellent blog Waq al-Waq, were constantly helpful. 5 James Meek has been a source of constant support as well as 6 constructive criticism.
Recommended publications
  • World Bank Document
    Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Report No. 16530 PERFORMANCE AUDIT REPORT REPUBLIC OF YEMEN Public Disclosure Authorized SEIYUN REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY (CREDIT 1418-YDR) GREATER ADEN SECOND WATER SUPPLY PROJECT (CREDIT 1739-YDR) AND SANA'A URBAN DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (CREDIT 1202-YAR) Public Disclosure Authorized April 23, 1997 OperationsEvaluation Department Public Disclosure Authorized This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (annual averages) Currency Units 1981 US$1.00 YR 4.50 1983 US$1.00 YR 4.58 1983 US$1.00 YD 0.35 1986 US$1.00 YR 7.40 1986 US$1.00 YD 0.35 1989 US$1.00 YR 19.76 1989 US$1.00 YD 0.34 1990 US$1.00 YR 11.26 1991 - March 1995 US$1.00 YR 12.00 April 1995 US$1.00 YR 50.00 May 1996 US$1.00 YR 135.00 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS Aden Project Greater Aden Second Water Supply Project (Credit 1739-YDR) ICR Implementation Completion Report KfW Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (Bank for Reconstruction), Germany lcd Liters per Capita per Day MAWR Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources MCHP Ministry of Construction, Housing and Urban Planning MEW Ministry of Electricity and Water NWRA The National Water Resources Authority NWSA National Water and Sanitation Authority ODs Operational Directives OED Operations Evaluation Department O&M Operation & Maintenance PCR Project Completion Report PDRY Peoples Democratic Republic of Yemen PWC Public Water Corporation ROY Republic of Yemen SAR Staff Appraisal Report Seiyun Project Seiyun Regional Water Supply Project (Credit 1418-YDR) SUDP Sana'a Urban Development Project (Credit 1202-YAR) UFW Unaccounted-for Water YAR Yemen Arab Republic FISCAL YEAR NWSA January 1 - December 31 Director-General, Operations Evaluation Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Yemen in Crisis
    A Conflict Overlooked: Yemen in Crisis Jamison Boley Kent Evans Sean Grassie Sara Romeih Conflict Risk Diagnostic 2017 Conflict Background Yemen has a weak, highly decentralized central government that has struggled to rule the northern Yemen Arab Republic (YAR) and the southern People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY).1 Since the unification of these entities in 1990, Yemen has experienced three civil conflicts. As the poorest country in the Arab world, Yemen faces serious food and water shortages for a population dispersed over mountainous terrain.2 The country’s weaknesses have been exploited by Saudi Arabia which shares a porous border with Yemen. Further, the instability of Yemen’s central government has created a power vacuum filled by foreign states and terrorist groups.3 The central government has never had effective control of all Yemeni territory. Ali Abdullah Saleh, who was president of Yemen for 34 years, secured his power through playing factions within the population off one another. The Yemeni conflict is not solely a result of a Sunni-Shia conflict, although sectarianism plays a role.4 The 2011 Arab Spring re-energized the Houthi movement, a Zaydi Shia movement, which led to the overthrow of the Saleh government. Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi took office as interim president in a transition led by a coalition of Arab Gulf states and backed by the United States. Hadi has struggled to deal with a variety of problems, including insurgency, the continuing loyalty of many military officers to former president Saleh, as well as corruption, unemployment and food insecurity.5 Conflict Risk Diagnostic Indicators Key: (+) Stabilizing factor; (-) Destabilizing factor; (±) Mixed factor Severe Risk - Government military expenditures have been generally stable between 2002-2015, at an average of 4.8% of GDP.
    [Show full text]
  • Republic of Yemen Air Transport Sector Review Note
    Republic of Yemen Air Transport Sector Review Note May, 2009 Middle East and North Africa Region Energy and Transport Unit CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange rate effective on January, 2009) Currency Unit = Yemeni Rial (YER) 1 YER = 0.005 USD 1 USD = 200 YER Fiscal Year: January 1 – December 31 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ACAC Arab Civil Aviation Commission ADE Aden International Airport AOC Air Operator Certificate ATC Air Traffic Control ATIS Automated Terminal Information System BASA Bilateral Air Service Agreements CAMA Civil Aviation and Meteorological Authority of Yemen FIR Fligths Information Region GNSS Global Navigation Satellite Systems GoY Government of Yemen GPS Global Positioning System IATA International Air Transport Association ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ILS Instrument Landing Approach MoT Ministry of Transport RIY Al-Mukalla Airport SAH Sana’a International Airport SARP Standards and Recommended Practices UAE United Arab Emirates USOAP Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme VOR - DME VHF Omni-Directional Radio Range - Distance Measuring Equipment 2/65 January 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 4 I. THE AIR TRANSPORT SECTOR AT A GLANCE ....................................................................... 9 II. AIR TRANSPORT SERVICES AND COMPETITION POLICY..........................................10 A. DOMESTIC AIR TRANSPORT ...............................................................................................................10
    [Show full text]
  • The Two Yemens
    1390_A24-A34 11/4/08 5:14 PM Page 543 330-383/B428-S/40005 The Two Yemens 171. Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in the People’s Republic of Southern Yemen1 Washington, February 27, 1969, 1710Z. 30762. Subj: US–PRSY Relations. 1. PRSY UN Perm Rep Nu’man,2 who currently in Washington as PRSYG observer at INTELSAT Conference, had frank but cordial talk with ARP Country Director Brewer February 26. 2. In analyzing causes existing coolness in USG–PRSYG relations, Ambassador Nu’man claimed USG failure offer substantial aid at time of independence and subsequent seizure of American arms with clasped hands insignia3 in possession of anti-PRSYG dissidents had led Aden to “natural” conclusion that USG distrusts PRSYG. He specu- lated this due to close US relationship with Saudis whom Nu’man al- leged, somewhat vaguely, had privately conveyed threats to overthrow NLF regime, claiming USG support. Nu’man asserted PRSYG desired good relations with USG and hoped USG would reciprocate. 3. Recalling history of USG attempts to develop good relations with PRSYG, Brewer underlined our feeling it was PRSYG which had not re- ciprocated. He reviewed our position re non-interference PRSY internal affairs, regretting publicity anti-USG charges (e.g. re arms) without first seeking our explanation. Brewer noted USG seeks maintain friendly relations with Saudi Arabia as well as PRSYG but we not responsible for foreign policy of either. 4. Nu’man reiterated SAG responsible poor state Saudi-PRSY con- tacts. Brewer demurred, noting SAG had good reasons be concerned over hostile attitude PRSYG leaders.
    [Show full text]
  • Tribes and Politics in Yemen
    Arabian Peninsula Background Notes APBN-007 December 2008 Tribes and Politics in Yemen Yemen’s government is not a tribal regime. The Tribal Nature of Yemen Yet tribalism pervades Yemeni society and influences and limits Yemeni politics. The ‘Ali Yemen, perhaps more than any other state ‘Abdullah Salih regime depends essentially on in the Arab world, is fundamentally a tribal only two tribes, although it can expect to rely society and nation. To a very large degree, on the tribally dominated military and security social standing in Yemen is defined by tribal forces in general. But tribesmen in these membership. The tribesman is the norm of institutions are likely to be motivated by career society. Other Yemenis either hold a roughly considerations as much or more than tribal equal status to the tribesman, for example, the identity. Some shaykhs also serve as officers sayyids and the qadi families, or they are but their control over their own tribes is often inferior, such as the muzayyins and the suspect. Many tribes oppose the government akhdam. The tribes in Yemen hold far greater in general on grounds of autonomy and self- importance vis-à-vis the state than elsewhere interest. The Republic of Yemen (ROY) and continue to challenge the state on various government can expect to face tribal resistance levels. At the same time, a broad swath of to its authority if it moves aggressively or central Yemen below the Zaydi-Shafi‘i divide – inappropriately in both north and south. But including the highlands north and south of it should be stressed that tribal attitudes do Ta‘izz and in the Tihamah coastal plain – not differ fundamentally from the attitudes of consists of a more peasantized society where other Yemenis and that tribes often seek to tribal ties and reliance is muted.
    [Show full text]
  • Yemen's National Dialogue
    arab uprisings Yemen’s National Dialogue March 21, 2013 MOHAMMED HUWAIS/AFP/GETTY IMAGES HUWAIS/AFP/GETTY MOHAMMED POMEPS Briefings 19 Contents Overcoming the Pitfalls of Yemen’s National Dialogue . 5 Consolidating Uncertainty in Yemen . 7 Can Yemen be a Nation United? . 10 Yemen’s Southern Intifada . 13 Best Friends Forever for Yemen’s Revolutionaries? . 18 A Shake Up in Yemen’s GPC? . 21 Hot Pants: A Visit to Ousted Yemeni Leader Ali Abdullah Saleh’s New Presidential Museum . .. 23 Triage for a fracturing Yemen . 26 Building a Yemeni state while losing a nation . 32 Yemen’s Rocky Roadmap . 35 Don’t call Yemen a “failed state” . 38 The Project on Middle East Political Science The Project on Middle East Political Science (POMEPS) is a collaborative network which aims to increase the impact of political scientists specializing in the study of the Middle East in the public sphere and in the academic community . POMEPS, directed by Marc Lynch, is based at the Institute for Middle East Studies at the George Washington University and is supported by the Carnegie Corporation and the Social Science Research Council . It is a co-sponsor of the Middle East Channel (http://mideast .foreignpolicy .com) . For more information, see http://www .pomeps .org . Online Article Index Overcoming the Pitfalls of Yemen’s National Dialogue http://mideast .foreignpolicy .com/posts/2013/03/18/overcoming_the_pitfalls_of_yemen_s_national_dialogue Consolidating Uncertainty in Yemen http://mideast .foreignpolicy .com/posts/2013/02/22/consolidating_uncertainty_in_yemen
    [Show full text]
  • The Terrorism Trap: the Hidden Impact of America's War on Terror
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2019 The Terrorism Trap: The Hidden Impact of America's War on Terror John Akins University of Tennessee, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Recommended Citation Akins, John, "The Terrorism Trap: The Hidden Impact of America's War on Terror. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2019. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/5624 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by John Akins entitled "The Terrorism Trap: The Hidden Impact of America's War on Terror." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Political Science. Krista Wiegand, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Brandon Prins, Gary Uzonyi, Candace White Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) The Terrorism Trap: The Hidden Impact of America’s War on Terror A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville John Harrison Akins August 2019 Copyright © 2019 by John Harrison Akins All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Security Council Distr.: General 27 January 2020
    United Nations S/2020/70 Security Council Distr.: General 27 January 2020 Original: English Letter dated 27 January 2020 from the Panel of Experts on Yemen addressed to the President of the Security Council The members of the Panel of Experts on Yemen have the honour to transmit herewith the final report of the Panel, prepared in accordance with paragraph 6 of resolution 2456 (2019). The report was provided to the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 2140 (2014) on 27 December 2019 and was considered by the Committee on 10 January 2020. We would appreciate it if the present letter and the report were brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council and issued as a document of the Council. (Signed) Dakshinie Ruwanthika Gunaratne Coordinator Panel of Experts on Yemen (Signed) Ahmed Himmiche Expert (Signed) Henry Thompson Expert (Signed) Marie-Louise Tougas Expert (Signed) Wolf-Christian Paes Expert 19-22391 (E) 070220 *1922391* S/2020/70 Final report of the Panel of Experts on Yemen Summary After more than five years of conflict, the humanitarian crisis in Yemen continues. The country’s many conflicts are interconnected and can no longer be separated by clear divisions between external and internal actors and events. Throughout 2019, the Houthis and the Government of Yemen made little headway towards either a political settlement or a conclusive military victory. In a continuation from 2018, the belligerents continued to practice economic warfare: using economic obstruction and financial tools as weapons to starve opponents of funds or materials. Profiteering from the conflict is endemic.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONIY Public Disclosure Authorized Report No. 7543 PROJECT PERFORMANCE AUDIT REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC TIHAMA DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS II AND IV (CREDITS 805-YAR AND 978-YAR) DECEMBER 22, 1988 Public Disclosure Authorized Operations Evaluation Department Public Disclosure Authorized This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only Inthe performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS CACB - Co-operative Agricultural Credit Bank CPO - Central Planning Organization CARS - Central Agricultural Research Station CHTC - Central High Tendering Committee DCA - Development Credit Agreement DHV - DHV Counsulting Engineers , ECWA - Economic Commission for West aia EEC - European Economic Community ERR - Economic Rate of Return FAOCP - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Bank Cooperative Program GDP - Gross Domestic Proudet GNP - Gross National Product ICA - International Advisory Company ICB - International Competitive Bidding IDA - International Development Association KFAED - Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic-Development LDA - Local Development Association LRD - Land Resources Division of (0DM) HAF - Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries M&E - Monitoring and Evaluation OED - Operations Evaluation Department ODM - Overseas Development Ministry (UK) O&M - Operation and Maintenance PCR - Project Completion Report PPAM - Project Performance Audit Memorandum PPAR - Project Performance Audit Report SAR - Staff Appraisal Report TDA - Tihama Development Authority TDPII - Tihama Development Project II TDPIV - Tihama Development Project IV UNDP - United Nations Development Program YAR - Yemen Arab Republic THE YMAEN ARAB REPUBLIC FISCAL YEAR July 1 - June 30 OFFICIAL USE ONLY THE WORLD SANK FOR Washington. D.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Instability in Yemen (1962- 2014)
    T.C. ANKARA YILDIRIM BEYAZIT UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN YEMEN (1962- 2014) MASTER’S THESIS Sohaib Abdulhameed Abdulsalam SHAMSAN DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ANKARA, 2020 T.C. ANKARA YILDIRIM BEYAZIT UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN YEMEN (1962- 2014) MASTER’S THESIS Sohaib Abdulhameed Abdulsalam SHAMSAN DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Prof. Dr. Yılmaz BINGÖL ANKARA 2020 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences __________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Seyfullah YILDIRIM Manager of Institute of Social Science I certify that this thesis satisfies the entire requirement as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in Political Science and Public Administration. ___________________________ Prof. Dr. Yılmaz Bingöl Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. ___________________________ Prof. Dr. Yılmaz Bingöl Supervisor Examining Committee Members: 1. Prof. Dr. Yılmaz BİNGÖL AYBU, PSPA ________________________ 2. Assist. Prof. Dr Güliz Dinç. AYBU, PSPA ________________________ 3. Prof. Dr. Murat ÖNDER ASBÜ ________________________ DECLARATION I hereby declare that all information in this document obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Sohaib Abdulhameed Abdulsalam SHAMSAN ___________________________ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First, I wish to show my gratitude to, and express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Professor Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Document de La Banque Mondiale IFILE COp<1 A N'UTlLlSER QU'A DES FINS OFFICIELLES Public Disclosure Authorized Rapport No. 3867-DI RAPPORT D'EVALUATION Public Disclosure Authorized DJIBOUTI PROJET D'ENTRETIEN ROUTIER Public Disclosure Authorized 24 septembre 1982 Division des transports 1 Bureau regional Afrique de l'Est Public Disclosure Authorized TRADUCTION NON-OFFICIELLE A TITRE D'INFORMATlON e pre5.ent document fait l'objE't d'une diffu5.ion reslreinte, et ne peut (:Ire utilise par ~es destinataires que dans I'exereh:e de leurs fonetions officieJles. Sa teneur ne peut etre DaUllrement divulguee sans I'aulorisation de la Banque Mondiale. ~ d TAUX DE CHANGE Unite monetaire = Franc de Djibouti (FD) $ EU 1 = FD 175 POlDS ET ~lEStJRES Systeme met rique SIGLES ET ABREVIATIONS FED Fonds europeen de developpement FAC Fonds d'aide et de cooperation (France) DTP Direction des travaux publics TRE Taux de rentabilite economique EXERCICE 1er janvier - 31 decembre A N'UTILISER QU'A DES FINS OFFICIELLES DJIBOUTI PROJET D'ENTRETIEN ROUTIER RAPPORT D'EVALUATION Table des matieres I.. LE SECTEUR DES TRANSPORTS ...................................... 1 A. Le cadre economique ....................................... 1 B. Le reseau des transports - Generalites ..... ............... 1 C. Le sous·secteur routier ..................... :.... ... ...... 3 D. Planification et financement des transports ... ............ 9 E. Politique de developpement des routes............ ......... 10 II. LE PROJET ...................................................... 11 A. Objectifs ................................................. 11 B. Description du projet ..................................... 11 C. Estimations des couts du projet et financement .... ..... ... 14 D. Execution du projet et passation des marches.............. 15 E. Decaissements ............................................. 17 F, Criteres d'etablissement des comptes et des rapports...... 19 G. Impact sur l'environnement ...............................
    [Show full text]
  • Warfare and the State, 1450–1900
    Chapter Title: Warfare and the State, 1450–1900 Book Title: War and the World Book Subtitle: Military Power and the Fate of Continents, 1450-2000 Book Author(s): Jeremy Black Published by: Yale University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.com/stable/j.ctt1npk2b.13 JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms Yale University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to War and the World This content downloaded from 79.147.42.147 on Sat, 06 Jun 2020 05:03:48 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 8 Warfare and the State, 1450-1900 War as the cause, course and consequence of state-building is an established and cur­ rently fashionable means of approaching history among both historians and political scientists: war equals state-building and state-building equals war. In place of an organic, or alternatively episodic, account that might focus on socio-economic trends or constitutional-political developments centring on domestic situations, war offers an explanatory model that makes it possible to relate international and domestic spheres and to align state-building - a central, structural feature of contemporary political society - with chronological specifics: the derails of conflicts.
    [Show full text]