Social Science

Standard VIII

Part- 1

Government of Kerala Department of Education 2009 THE NATIONAL ANTHEM

Jana Gana Mana Adhinayaka Jaya He

Bharata Bhagya Vidhata

Punjab Sindhu Gujarata Maratha

Dravid Utkala Banga

Vindhya Himachala Yamuna Ganga

Uchchala Jaladhi Taranga

Tava Subha Name Jage

Tava Subha Asisa Mage,

Gahe Tava Jaya Gatha

Jana Gana Mangala Dayaka Jaya He

Bharata Bhagya Vidhata

Jaya He Jaya He Jaya He

Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya He.

Prepared by : State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 12, Kerala. Website www.scertkerala.gov.in e-mail [email protected] © Government of Kerala • Department of Education • 2009 Dear children,

This book will hopefully widen the horizon of your knowledge through social interaction and inspire you to apply the same in social contexts. I hope it will also empower you to take your own stand in the society.

This book is a window opening out to diverse branches of Social Science. It is imperative that you develop the ability to observe scientifically the regular phenomena of the universe and also to analyse rationally the problems that occur in the course of social dealing. You should maintain this ability throughout your life.

I wish and hope you will learn to discern our yesterdays, to dissect your today rationally and give life and shape to a hopeful tomorrow.

With loving regards,

A.P.M. Mohammed Haneesh I.A.S. Director-in-charge SCERT Social Science Standard VIII Members Participated in the Textbook Workshop National Experts Mr. Alex M George Dr. Senu Kuryan George Dr. Aninditha Datha Mr. Subrahmanyam. C.N. Mr. Aravind Sardana Dr. Sundari Raveendran Dr. Kukum Roy Ms. Yamuna Sunny Dr. Varghees A.J. Members Mr. Ajayakumar Mr. Nijo Joseph Mr. Ashokan K. Mr. Noushad P. P. Mr. Babukuttan P. Mr. Radhakrishnan K. Mr. Chandran T. P. Mr. Rathnakaran K. P. Mr. Dinachandran Mr. Rathnakaran T. Mr. Gopalakrishnan V. M. Mr. Sasidharan Adiyodi K. Mr. Jayachandran Nair. K Mr. Shine Sankardas K. Mr. Jayakrishnan O. K. Mr. Shoujamon K. Mr. Gopakumar G. P. Mr. Subrahmanyadas P.V. Mr. I. P. Joseph Mr. Varghees Pothen Mr. Krishnadas P. Illustrations Experts Mr. Dharmapal K. Prof. K. Balakrishnan Mr. Janardanan K. C. Prof. V. Karthikeyan Nair Mr. Suresh C. Dr. P. C. Prasannakumar Mr. Sreenivasan N. K.

Academic Co-ordinators Mrs. Chithra Madhavan Dr. N. Kala Mr. Remesh K.

English Version Smt. Ashalatha A. Sri. Pradeep Koropath Smt. Saritha Nambarathil

State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) Vidya Bhavan, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 12, Kerala. Contents

`mKw˛ 1

1. Time Zones and Temperature Zones 07 - 19

2. Kuttanad - The Backwaters and the Life of the People 20 - 31

3. People and State Government 32 - 44

4. Colonisation and Resistance 45 - 60

5. Different Faces of Resistance 61 - 67

6. Indian National Movement 68 - 91

7. Story of Exchange 92- 102 TIME ZONES AND TEMPERATURE ZONES 8

Let Us Make a Shadow Clock directions–to the right and to the left. When do you first see the sunrise Place a pole on your school compound where there is plenty of sunlight. Watch on the east side of the continents? the shadow and note down the length Discuss why we feel that the Sun of the shadow and the time every hour. rises in the east and sets in the west. When do you see the shortest shadow? It is due to the rotation of the Earth that Note the time. When does the shadow we feel day and night comes get longer? Mark the shadow and the alternately. It will be always day on one time at one hour interval. Now don’t side of the earth and night on the other you know the time without a watch, just by standing on the ground? But side. Place the globe near a window in shadows are not alike all through the such a way that the day light falls on it year. The length and the direction will and rotate it from west to east. Which be different. Why is it so? You will have place in India gets the sun's rays first? to create new shadow clock every 3 months. Why ? Let us find out. Suppose schools function on the basis of the sun's overhead position in each region. Among Arunachal Pradesh, Chattisgargh, Gujarat where will the schools start first? Where will they start last? Longitudes Sun's rays

Earth

Day and Night We feel that the Sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Is this because the Sun is moving or because the Earth is rotating? • Examine this with the help of a globe. We can rotate the globe in two

Standard - Eight Social Science 9 Observe the lines drawn across the Hints globe connecting the North-South • Train journey, Air travel poles. You know that these are • TV-Radio programmes longitudes. Find out from the globe : • Country wide examinations • In which continent do you find the In order to solve such problems, we highest number of longitudes? have set an Indian Standard Time based on one longitude. • Which are the countries through The Indian Standard Time is set on which the 0° longitude passes? 82½° East longitude. • Do you find any difference in the • Why is this longitude selected? distance between the longitudes Discuss. from the equator to the poles? In this manner, every country in the ...... world has set their own standard time. 0 1 0 0 68 E 82/2 E 97 E Time Zones Earth takes 24 hours to complete a rotation from the West to East. In other words, it takes 1 hour to travel 15° longitude. In this manner, we can divide the earth into 24 time zones with 15° intervals. It is the 0° longitude which is known as the Greenwich Meridian, that is the basic line for setting time zones. This meridian goes through Greenwich, where the Royal British Observatory of England is situated. We feel the time 1 p.m. 1.58 p.m. 2.56 p.m. getting increased or decreased by 4 Indian Prime meridian minutes for 1 degree as we go east and Calculation of Time west respectively of this line. The picture shows the longitudes that • Why do we feel the time increasing pass through the east, west and mid towards the east and decreasing part of India and the local time of those towards the west? areas. What are the inconveniences that • Countries like Russia, USA and may happen by planning things Canada are having wide longitu- according to the local time? dinal extent. Find out the extent of these countries in the globe. It is

Chapter - One Time Zones and Temperature Zones 10 World Time World Zones

Standard - Eight Social Science 11 difficult to set a standard time by • Identify the International Date Line taking a longitude that passes in the globe. How does it differ from through the middle of the country. other longitudes in the globe? Why? Discuss. • Does the International Date Line How different is the time of other places pass through any country? If it passes from the Greenwich Time? We can find through a country, what would be this out from the map showing World the practical difficulties felt in Time Zones. connection with to time and day of that country? • The Earth needs 24 hours to complete one rotation (to turn 360°). Where has I got one day gone? one day extra! 180° • 24 hours is equal to 1440 minutes (24 x 60 = 1440).

• Earth needs 4 minutes to turn 1°. Sunday Saturday 10 p.m. • What is the difference in time 10 p.m. between the Indian Standard Time and the Greenwich Time? Why? • If the Greenwich Time is 10 a.m. on Sunday, what would be the time in the longitudes given below? 0°

Towards West Towards East Look at the picture. How did Longitude Day Time Longitude Day Time 15° Sunday 9 a.m. 15° Sunday 11 a.m. this confusion come between 30° Sunday 8 a.m. 30° Sunday 12 noon the two children crossing the 180° 45° Sunday 7 a.m 45° Sunday 1p.m. 60° 60° longitude? 75° 75° 90° 90° Let Us Make World Clock 105° 105° 120° 120° Cut two circles as shown in the picture. 135° 135° Place a protractor on the centre of each 150° 150° 165° 165° circle and mark the degrees as in the 180° 180° picture. Fix the smaller circle in such a • At what time can the following way that it can rotate at the centre of the countries watch the live telecast of big circle on which the longitudes are One day Cricket Match played in marked. Time is marked in the small Sri Lanka at 9 a.m. on 30-01-2009? circle. Your World Clock is ready now. • Kenya • Australia • Mexico You can find out the time of any country from this chart.

Chapter - One Time Zones and Temperature Zones 12 Midnight Noon

World Clock • What is the time by your watch now? Find out from the globe : Suppose it is 5.45 p.m. • Are all the latitudes marked as circle • Bring the time by your watch in the in each Hemisphere? small circle and the Indian Prime • Is there difference in the size of the meridian of the big circle on a same circle as the degree of the latitudes line. (As in the picture) increase? • Can you now find out the time of • Name the biggest latitude. other countries by looking at the Latitudes, Longitudes and World Clock? First find the longitude Measurement in Degrees of the countries. Then find out the You know that longitudes and latitudes time of the following countries. are marked in degrees. Why? • Japan • Sri Lanka • Brazil Haven’t you noticed the plane of the Latitudes Equator in the picture? Latitudes are drawn as angular measurement from The teacher gives an activity to find out the centre of the Earth. Each latitude of the continents that spread across the the globe is drawn at specific angular North and South Poles. One group of distance. The 40° North latitude is students identified Africa and South drawn in this manner in the picture America alone whereas another group given below. included Asia also. Examine the globe Latitudes are the angular distance from and find out. the south or north of the equator,

Standard - Eight Social Science 13 23.5° North Pole

40º Latitude 66.5°

W E

axis

South Pole Plane of rotation 90° Earth’s inclination in degrees considering the Earth’s centre as a plane the axis of the globe. On the basis of the surface. Since we take the Equator as the plane of rotation of the Earth, we can basic latitude, it is being considered as say that the axis has 66½° inclination in 0° latitude. All latitudes are parallel to other words 23½° inclined from the the equator. perpendicular of the plane of rotation. Some important latitudes are given Note this inclination in the globe. below: The Earth Revolving Around ” Equator the Sun ” Tropic of Cancer As the Earth rotates on its axis, it also ” Tropic of Capricorn goes around the Sun in an elliptical ” Arctic Circle path. It takes 365 days and 6 hours to ” Antarctic Circle complete one revolution around the ” North and South Poles Sun. But we consider 365 days as a year • Draw a globe and mark the above and one extra day is added to the latitudes. Calendar every fourth year ( 6 hrs. x 4 = • Observe a globe and find out the 24 hrs = one day) as a corrective measure. latitudes that pass through India. Thus we have 29 days in February in • Identify the countries through which every 4 years. This is called a ‘Leap the tropic of Capricorn passes through. Day’ and the year is called a 'Leap Year'. The Inclination of the Earth A leap year occurs every four years to You know that the globe represents help synchronize the Calendar year slanting Earth. What is the basis for with the solar year, or the length of time saying that our big Earth is slanting? it takes the earth to complete its orbit If we draw a line across the centre of about the Sun, which is about 365¼ the Earth, connecting the north and days. south poles, we can call it as the axis of • How many leap years have been the Earth. Notice at the inclination of there after your birth?

Chapter - One Time Zones and Temperature Zones 14 Seasons • Which has longer days - Northern Hemisphere or Southern Hemi- Do we feel the same amount of heat or sphere? cold round the year? Certain months are hotter than the other. • Look at the picture where it is Likewise we feel colder in certain marked day. Even when the Earth is months. rotating on its axis 24 hours, there is Seasons in Northern Hemisphere no night in North Pole. Why? Discuss. Months Seasons Our Winter Season May, June, July Summer August, September, The Earth reaches the position shown October Autumn in the picture in the months of November, December, November, December and January. January Winter February, March, April Spring Our Summer Season 0° Sun's rays Sun's

The slanting Earth revolves around the Night Sun. Earth revolves around the sun in Day May, June and July as shown in the picture.

Examine the picture and find out in Day which hemisphere the following Night 0° seasons prevail during the months of Sun's rays November, December and January? • Summer Season • Winter Season Is it the northern hemisphere or the southern hemisphere that slanting • In which part of the Earth do we have towards the Sun? Find out by examining continuous daylight for 6 months? the picture. • Where do we feel continuous night • You know that the Earth rotates 24 for 6 months? hours on its axis. Therefore we feel • The seasons are not the same in the that it is day in some parts and night two hemispheres. What are the at some other parts of the Earth. reasons for this?

Standard - Eight Social Science 15 Examine the globe and find out : Difference in the Availability • Give the names of five countries of Sunlight where it is winter season when it is As we go further South or North from summer in India. the equator, we feel difference in the ...... duration of days and nights. These ...... differences are felt more in the polar Summer Season in Northern regions. The days and nights will be Hemisphere almost of the same duration in equatorial region (12 hour nights and Haven’t you understood from the 12 hour days). above picture that day and night are not • Is it the equatorial region that gets equal in the two hemispheres? The days more sunlight throughout the year? are longer during the summer season Or is it some other region? Discuss. when moving from the equator to the North Pole. Examine the chart given Polar Regions below: A student from Greenland writes :

Latitude Duration of the day Most part of my country is covered with 0 ° 12 Hours 17° North 13 Hours heavy snow round the year. As vegetation, 41° North 15 Hours we can spot only a few trees and moss. The 49° North 16 Hours area which has heavy snow covering is called 63° North 20 Hours ‘Thundra’. We live in the less snowy coastal 66½° North 24 Hours 67° 20' North 1 Month regions 6°C is the normal temperature here. 90° North 6 Month But it is even colder as you go further north • The duration of the day in different towards the North Pole. 7°C is the highest latitudes during summer season in temperature we get during the summer. North Pole is clear from the chart. Can you find out the duration of the day Only a few animals like Polar Bear, Reindeer in different latitudes in Southern etc. survive here. Whales and Zeals live in the Hemisphere during the same seas. We catch small fish for food. period? Latitude Duration of the day Have you heard of houses built using snow 0° blocks? In olden days, we Eskimos mainly 17° South used to live in these types of houses called 41° South Igloo. 49° South 63° South • Compare the summer and winter 66½° South temperatures of the coastal 67º20' South Greenland with that of your area. 90º South

Chapter - One Time Zones and Temperature Zones 16

Penguins that live in the snow- covered parts of the polar regions • Flora and fauna are very limited in Rice is our main produce in the plains. Spices the polar regions. What could be the like coffee, tea, cardamoms, clove and tobacco reason? have special place among our crops.

• Penguin is not included in the list of • Discuss how the lack of sunlight in species living in the Greenland. In the poles and the availability of it in which part of the poles do they live? the equatorial regions play a Discuss and spot the land of significant role. penguins in the globe. Equatorial Region A student from Indonesia says:

Thick and dense forest is a peculiarity of our region. We get heavy rains and hot summer. It usually rains in the afternoons throughout the year. We have a variety of plants and animals here.

As we don’t experience dry weather throughout the year, there is no special season for the leaves to fall. New buds blossom and leaves fall throughout the year. So the dense forests are called evergreen forests. There are mangroves and marshy lands in Evergreen forest in the equatorial region the coastal areas.

Standard - Eight Social Science 17 Temperature Zones You understood that the main reason for the changes in seasons is the fact that we do not get sunlight equally in all parts of the world. You also realized that the changes in seasons are not similar in all parts of the world. The poles are covered with snow, where the Sun does not set for 6 months. Here the Sun's rays are mild. We can divide the Earth into 3 temperature zones according to the Mid-Latitude Region sunlight received round the year. A student who comes from Greece: 1. The region from 23½° North to 23½° South is known as Tropical Zones. We have mild temperature in our country. 2. The region between 23½° North to We have long cloudless summer. The winter 66½° North and 23½° South to 66½° is mild and comfortable. Trees shed leaves South is known as Temperate Zone. during the autumn which falls just before winter. Red, orange and yellow leaves scatter 3. The region between 66½° North to 90° North and 66½° South to 90° South is all over the place like a bed. known as Frigid Zone. The spring before summer is a pleasant one. Flowers bloom and birds make their nest in the branches. We have a lot of grasslands. Arctic Circle We have grapes, orange and lemon orchards too. Tropic of Cancer

We cultivate wheat and barley. But Greece Equator is best known for its olive trees. We export olive oil to various countries. Tropic of Capricorn

• We assume that there are four Antarctic Circle seasons. Which of the following places experience the four seasons

clearly? Tropical Zone • Equatorial region Temperate Zone • Poles Frigid Zone • Mid latitude region

Chapter - One Time Zones and Temperature Zones 18 • How do 23½°, 66½°, 90° latitudes get Cancer in the north and upto Tropic of their importance? Discuss. Capricorn in the south. In between this shift the sun crosses the Equator twice Examine the globe and find out: (on 21 March and 23 September). These • Are there continents that spread are called Equinoxes. During this shift across the three temperature zones? the sun comes vertically over the Tropic • In which temperature zone do the of Cancer on June 21 and over Tropic majority of continents spread? of Capricorn on December 22 . There are Summer Solstice and Winter Solstice • Names of some countries are given respectively. in the table below. Find out the temperature zones to which they On 21 June the Sun moves north and belong. reaches above the Northern Hemisphere. Name of the Temperature Then the Sun rays fall vertically on the Country Zone Northern Hemisphere. This is summer Tanzania solstice in Northern Hemisphere. After Poland that the sun moves south and on Guatemala December 22 reaches the Southern Cambodia Hemisphere. Then the sun rays fall Finland vertically on the Southern Hemisphere. India This is considered as Winter Solstices in South Africa the Northern Hemisphere. In a year,the apparent movement of the In fact, is this change due to the motion sun is maximum towards Tropic of of the sun?

North Pole

Arctic Circle

Tropic of June 21 Cancer May July April October Equator. March 21 September 23 February October January Tropic of Capricorn November December 22

Antarctic Circle

South Pole Some important dates during the evolution of the Earth on its axis (days on which sun's rays fall vertically).

Standard - Eight Social Science 19 This is because the sunrays fall vertically on regions between the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere while rotating elliptically in 23½° slant. Date Known as What happens Results in

Sun comes vertically Equal days and nights March 21 Equinox over the equator Sun comes vertically Summer Solstice Longer days in the June 21 over the Tropic of Northern Hemisphere Cancer

September 23 Equinox Sun comes vertically Days & nights of over the Equator equal duration December Sun comes vertically Longer nights in the Winter Solstice over the Tropic of 22 Capricorn Northern Hemisphere

Complete the table given below considering the change in the position of the sun and the change in the duration of the days in the two hemispheres. [Put a tick mark (9) near the appropriate answer].

Duration of the night in the Duration of the night in the Period Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere Gets Longer Gets Shorter Gets Longer Gets Shorter March 21 to June 21 June 21 to September 23rd September 23 to December 22nd December 22 to March 21st

You have made a shadow clock in the beginning of the lesson. You were told that you cannot use it all round the year and that you will have to change it every three months. Discuss the reason for it and prepare a note on it.

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Chapter - One Time Zones and Temperature Zones 20

KUTTANADKUTTANAD TTHEHE BBACKWATERSACKWATERS AND AND THE THE LLIFEIFE OF OF THE THEP PEOPLEEOPLE

Standard - Eight Social Science 21

Kerala State lies along the Arabian Sea There are many factors which helped Coast in the southern tip of the Indian the growth of spices. One of them is the Sub-continent. landscape. Diversity in landscape and climate are Kerala is the region situated between the the specialties of Kerala. Kerala has Western Ghats in the east and Arabian acquired worldwide renown for her Sea in the west. The topography spices. Because of this, from early of Kerala can be divided into coastal period onwards, many foreign countries area, midland and highland, about had trading relations with Kerala. which we have learnt already. In these areas, the main source of livelihood of Location of Kuttanad the people was agriculture. Kasaragod in Kerala The Tribes of the highland, agriculturists of the midland and the fishfolk of coastal land are all making Kannur use of the diversity of the nature for Wayanad their livelihood. Kuttanad is a region Kozhikkode that generally differs from other

Lakshadweep sea Malappuram regions of Kerala. Let us now examine how the people of Kuttanad found Palakkad their livelihood. Thrissur Paddy Fields in Kuttanad Vembanad Lake is the biggest Ernakulam

Idukki backwater in Kerala. Kuttanad

Kottayam spreads over the land of the back Alappuzha waters. More or less half of the area in Pathanamthitta Kuttanad is lying below sea level. The State Boundary rivers Pamba, Muvattupuzha, District Boundary Kollam State Capital Meenachil, Manimala and Achankovil District Headquarters Kuttanad flow through Kuttanad and join the Thiruvananthapuram Vembanad Lake. During monsoon,

Chapter - Two KUTTANAD - The backwaters and the life of the people 22 these rivers bring large amount of was drained. Prior to the arrival of the water to the Vembanad Lake, causing present pump sets, water wheels were the floods in the Kuttanad region. used for draining. A group of eight to During summer, the flow of fresh water ten persons were given this task. They decreases and saline water enters the worked on the wheel for long hours, and sometimes they had to work day and low-lying regions from the sea. The night continuously to drain water from salinity causes scarcity of drinking the paddy fields. In order to avoid the water and damages agriculture. monotony of operating the water wheels People of Kuttanad called this they would sing songs. "Oruvellam". Because of the above Sprouted seeds were sown in this said reasons agriculture in Kuttanad prepared paddy field. At a time when difficult both during summer and pesticides were not used, pests were monsoon. eliminated using different methods. Traditional Methods of Water was made to fill the paddy field. Agriculture in Kuttanad When the seed sprouted, water level The cultivation was taking place once was made in such a way as to allow the in two or three years. They were tip of the paddy leaves to be seen above cultivating only seeds of paddy like the water level. All the pests used to Chambavu and Karutha Chara, which come and gather at the tip of the leaves. take time to grow and harvest. Elevated Then they would be beaten with a bunds were made to strengthen the broomstick and gathered in a basket borders of the field subjected to water called "wormbasket". logging. Later, water in the paddy field

Standard - Eight Social Science 23 Since Kuttanad is immersed in It was through Vemband Lake backwater, it was not suitable for that the transporting of the trade to cultivation. The life of people developed Kochin, Allappuzha, and Kayamkulam through the continuous efforts they took place. The commodities were sent made to make the land cultivable. With to the trade centres through canoes via the sincere co-operation and solidarity the backwaters. The canoes carrying of the people in the construction of bund commodities used to be robbed for a and in draining of land, they could make long time. During the period of His the land rich in agriculture. Highness Sree Moolam Thirunal of Travancore the robberies were The black soil of Kuttanad is suitable prohibited by law on the basis of for the cultivation of paddy. The people's complaint. fertility of the soil was multipled by Travel Through Waters the organic waste brought by the rivers. The high yield which is not possible in In general, most of the households had small canoes of their own. Even now other regions encouraged the farmers one can see small canoes everywhere to take the risk of cultivating the soil. that connect the backwaters in • Discuss the factors that encouraged Kuttanad. For travel, they were farmers to face adverse circumstances depending mainly on canoes. For the and cultivate in the land. transportation of commodities they were using "Kettuvallam" even the Janmi-kudiyan (landlord-tenant) system households materials were brought was followed in Kuttanad. The lives of through these canoes. Soap, indigo, agricultural labourers who were toiling needles, glass, knives and vessels were like slaves was always filled with part of it. Instead of materials, egg of misery. The janmi-kudiyan relation was chicken and goose were given in based on caste system. Some specific exchange. Canoeists who sold the tasks in agriculture were given to goods were called "Muttakkar". women alone. All the janmis had adiyalar Trip to Thiruvananthapuram and Kochi (bonded labourers) and were called was possible through these backwaters. "Onappanikkar". But now these areas are connected through road. Even today boat services The agricultural labourers used of Kerala State Water Transport to receive paddy and money in Corporation (KSWTC) are operational advance. This practice was known as in Kuttanad. "Velakkadam". In return they worked throughout the year for the janmi. Apart from the agricultural work, they were made to do menial jobs like milking the cows, collecting the cow-dung, bathing the cows etc. They used to work from dawn to dusk. Often the janmis would punish them severely. Passenger boat of KSWTC

Chapter - Two KUTTANAD - The backwaters and the life of the people 24 Catching Fish from the Courtyard and black. The outer layer of the white Most of the houses in Kuttanad are built shells was used for making cement. on the banks of rivers or canals. Canoes This can be seen in places like were essential for travel. Both the rivers Kumarakom. and canals were rich in the availability Black shells are plenty in the areas like of fish. Fish is one of the essential edible Thanneermukkam and Muhamma. Net items of Kuttanad people. Each and fitted in metal ring at the end of the every family used to catch fish from their own ponds and canals. When the bamboo stick is used for collecting water was drained for cultivation they shells. Collection of shells by plunging used to get good catch. This was also a into the backwaters is rare today. source of income for the landlords. Immersing the coconut husk into the Growing Duck in the swamp and canal backwater soaking it to become soft and was another occupation of the then beating it nicely to make coir is also Kuttanad people. Once the harvest was another occupation in this area. over, these Ducks; were brought to the Fish, meat, goose eggs and shell are paddy field. In the paddy field after harvest, there used to be the spilled important food items of the Kuttanad grains of paddy and fish. This was the people. food for Duck. Duck growers from far- • Apart from cultivation, how was the off places used to come to Kuttanad. Vembanadukayal used by the In several places of Kuttanad, people used to dip into the canal to collect shells. There are two types of shells in this area: white

Standard - Eight Social Science 25

Backwater fishing people of Kuttanad? Collect the tXmf-tØmtcm Xqº-bp-ambn details and prepare a seminar paper. sXmgn-em-fn-I-fm-hgn t]mIp-tºmƒ • Fishing ]d-bm-dp≠m XymK-Øn≥IY ]Xn-hmbv ]Xn-hmbv apØ»n.'' • Goose rearing (Njangalude Muthassi) • What is the sacrifice done by the Changing Kuttanad workers in the above lines of the poet, Changes in Kuttanad started with the Vayalar Rama Varma? expansion of the agricultural land by • Many films and literary works have filling the backwaters. Worldwide come out with Kuttanad as the changes that took place in the agrarian backdrop. Find out some of them sectors have affected Kuttanad too. and make notes regarding the life Instead of using water wheels for style of Kuttanad people depicted in draining water kerosene pump sets were the literary work. used. Kayal Kutthu (digging backwaters) Digging Backwaters starts at the auspicious time selected, ""Zqsc Imb-en¬ apßn-Ø∏n with prayer to the ancestral deities, tNdn≥ ]mfn-Iƒ IpØn-s∏m°n by lighting lamp and offering vessel hb-en-\p- Np‰pw tIm´-h-fbv°pw full of rice (Nirapara) Icn-a-e-b-∑m¿ t]mIp-tºmƒ BsI hnb¿Øp Xf¿∂pw Workers move in the canoe with ]´n-Wn- ]mIn hf¿Øm≥ ]Wn-sNbvXpw utensils and materials like coconut

Chapter - Two KUTTANAD - The backwaters and the life of the people 26 stick, bamboo splits and sickle Thanneermukkam Bund and iron rods. They move forward adventurously not giving any heed to The saline water from the sea that enters the roaring waves and the flashing the Vembanattu backwaters during wind. It is their adventure and their summer spoiled the cultivation in hard labour that made the reclaimed Kuttanad. More than one crop is kayal land possible. Like this, many possible if one can control this saline thousands laboured to reclaim several backwater lands." water entry. This was the aim when the Thanneermukkam regulator was Courtesy: N.K. Kamalasanan "Kuttanadum Karshaka Thozhilali Prasthanavum" planted in between Thanneermukkam In Travancore planters started aiming and Vechoor which is the narrowest at export during the 19th century. But area of the backwater. The construction this attempt affected the self-reliance of was over by 1974. With this, it was food security. Government tried some possible to close the regulator of measures to solve this shortage. Rice shutters during December-June when was imported from Asian countries well known for rice production and tapioca the saline water enters, and then open cultivation was encouraged. The it during the monsoon. paddy cultivation in Kuttanad spread Once the Thanneermukkam bund and to many other places. Apart from this, backwaters were reclaimed in spillway became operational two crops abundance. were possible in Kuttanad. The In order to improve the cultivation in widespread use of tractors, electric Kuttanad, entry of saline water and the pump sets, chemical fertilizer, flood, had to be controlled. Before pesticides and high yielding variety of Independence itself, such measures seeds made the production increase at were discussed. Thottappilli Spillway large. More areas became cultivable. in 1951 and the Thanneermukkam Bund in 1955 were the measures The standard of living of the people of implemented for resolving the problem. Kuttanad also increased. Thottappilli Spillway • How did the Thottappilli Spillway This project was designed as a and Thanneermukkam Bund help the permanent solution to the flood paddy cultivation in Kuttanad? Find situation in Kuttanad. The programme out and prepare a note. was envisaged in such a way that flooded waters from • Saline water entry • Flood Pamba, Manimalayar and Achankovil The Social Structure of were diverted to the sea before it Production reached Vemband Lake. The construction of the spillway ended by When the water wheels were replaced 1955. by pump sets, naturally there was a change in the social relations as well.

Standard - Eight Social Science 27 Kuttanad

River Muvattupuzha Kochi

Vaikkom Kochin lagoon Kochin

River Meenachil

LakshadweepSea Thanneermukkam bund

Kottayam

Vembanattu Kayal

Alappuzha

River Manimala

Boundary of River Pamba Kuttanad

Thottappilli spillway River Achankovil

Chapter - Two KUTTANAD - The backwaters and the life of the people 28 The labourers who were working on the employment and hike in wages. wheels were not the same workers who During 1920s the coir workers also operated the pump sets. For this joined the union. workers were hired by the company By 1930, the caste hierarchy from outside. The workers wearing underwent changes. Still in the trousers and shirts were given good Kuttanad area that traditional wages and food by the landlords. customary practices prevailed for some During the early days the catch of fish time. After the Government of Kerala while draining water also was given to passed the Land Reform Bill fixing the such workers. But later, people of ceiling of cultivable land that can be Kuttanad started operating the pump held by an individual, the janmi- set themselves. But they were not given kudiyan relations underwent a total the respect and wages given to the transformation. company labourers. • Find out the influence of the growth th The social reform movements of the 20 of science and technology in the century influenced Kuttanad too. You Kuttanad cultivation, and prepare a have studied about these movements discussion note. in previous classes. Denial of rights • Pump sets on basis of caste was questioned. People from different sections united • Fertilizers for getting education, better • Pesticides

Standard - Eight Social Science 29 Farmer of Today the paddy fields. Considerable effort is required to drain water from the field. Tomichan is a farmer in Kuttanad. His Earlier, water wheels were used and family has been living there for today we have pump sets. Pump sets generations together. Please listen to are quite common today. It is quite him explaining about the cultivation expensive also. But the government is then and now: giving one part of the cost as subsidy. "Today farmers have tractors and Normally we dig deep moat for the free harvest machines for agriculture. This flow of water. A pump is fixed at the was not the situation earlier. One could tip of the moat and water will be drained have only 14-20 'Meni' crop, even if one to the nearest river. All farmers in an strained to the maximum ('Meni' is the area join together and drain water in a measure of paddy harvested for one co-operative way. It is easy to pump water to the paddy 'Para' of seeds). Now we get more than field. If the moat is opened, the field 30-40 menis. In those days we used to will be filled with water. get many labourers but now we are not Most of the houses are on the banks of getting any agricultural workers. canals and backwaters. All the Earlier, traveling was a big problem for houses will have a small canoe. the people of Nedumudi. Now For the transportation of household with the construction of Allappuzha- commodities these canoes are Changanassery road this has been made commonly used. easy. Fish is a part of our livelihood. Karimeen, Normally, in other parts of Kerala, Vala, Chemmeen, Pallathy, Paral etc. shortage of water for cultivation used were plenty. We throw the food for the to be the problem. All the rivers and fish and when it comes we used to take canals flow at a higher elevation than it with a trident shaped stick. The

Chapter - Two KUTTANAD - The backwaters and the life of the people 30 number of fish has decreased now. The Environmental Pollution The households have increased in Problems of Kuttanad number. Then the paddy field used to When the Thanneermukkam Bund was be filled with mud for building houses. constructed, the southern part of the Mud from canal and river was used for Vembanad Lake became fresh water this purpose. Today raising the ground sources and the natural flow of of the field is much easier. Soil is water was affected, resulting in the transported through lorry from the stagnation of water. Eastern Ghats. Government has Chemical fertilizers and pesticides sanctioned reclamation of land up to 10 flowed to the stagnant backwaters and cents . But if this continues, I doubt that the water was polluted. This flow of the Eastern Hill would soon be under chemical fertilizers to the backwaters the water of Kuttanad". resulted in the over growth and spread • Prepare a note on "Kuttanad then of African weeds. This adversely and now". What all can be included affected the natural environment of the in this ? backwaters. The canals and rivers filled • Method of Agriculture with African fern are making the traffic • Mehtods of Transportation through boat and canoe difficult. The $ soaking of the coconut husk in the backwater area also is creating environmental pollution.

A Kuttanadan Channel

Standard - Eight Social Science 31

The entry of saline water in the making their livelihood. We have learnt Vembanad Lake was good for in the chapter how people of Kuttanad the growth of river prawns and sea built their lives making use of the prawns. With the construction of backwater land of the region. In what Thanneermukkam Bund saline water all areas have they progressed? Prepare entry was stopped but this has resulting a seminar paper and present it before in the decrease in the number of these your class. prawns. • The fertility of the backwaters Tourism • Flood Alappuzha, like Venice, is full of canals • Fishing and backwaters and is known as "Venice • Saline water entry of the East". Like mountains valleys • and seashores Kuttanad backwaters also attracts tourists. "Kettuvallams" made for • Find out examples from your the tourists are the main attraction. locality people who overcame the limitations and built their lives Class Seminar • Water logging areas We have now understood how human • Hilly areas beings made use of nature in • Sandy places.

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Chapter - Two KUTTANAD - The backwaters and the life of the people 32

PPEOPLEEOPLE AND AND SSTATETATE GGOVERNMENTOVERNMENT

Standard - Eight Social Science 33

Above are some visuals of a general Discuss in your class room the various election. At the time of election, there activities on a polling day. will be meetings and demonstrations • Voter identification throughout our country. Apart from • Exercising the voting rights this, small groups of campaigners visit houses requesting votes for their In all places in our country, the voter candidate. Both the candidates and their can't cast his/her vote freely. In many campaign workers engage in various regions, obstacles in the form of activities to ensure that the voters cast violence, threat, bogus votes, booth their votes. The Election Commission capturing, influencing the voters by also conducts campaigns through giving them money etc. take place. notifications in the media to make the These undemocratic activities prevent people aware of the significance of many of the people from exercising their franchise. right to vote. Hence, the level of participation in the election process The whole official system will function may not be the same every where. vigilantly at the time of election.

Chapter- Three People and State Government 34 See the picture of the electoral identity card issued by the Election Commission of India. Examine the voter identity card issued to the adult members of your family. What are the details on it?

(Courtesy: Notification published by the Election Commission.)

• Why does the Election Commission publish this notification at the time of election? Can you analyse the reasons? Collect such notifications • Name and address of the voter and use them for your analysis. • Signature of the Electoral Officer Election is an inevitable process in any Political Parties democratic country. The people of a Political parties form an inevitable democratic country elect their own factor in a democratic system. We have representatives directly. This is the seen earlier how these parties prepare the voters to exercise their vote at the most important feature of democracy. time of election. Many political parties In India, people's representatives are function in our state. During election elected for a period of five years. Hence they contest each other for winning elections will be conducted every five votes. They can participate in the years. It is possible to dissolve the electoral contest either as single parties or as alliances. These parties campaign elected houses before the prescribed for their candidates. Each of these term. The period can also be extended parties will be having its own election at the time of emergencies. manifesto. It is through this manifesto Adult Franchise that they publicise their programmes they will implement if they are elected Any Indian citizen who has completed to power. They also highlight before 18 years of age can exercise vote in the the people their achievements while election regardless of his/her caste, they were in power. Each party tries to creed, religion, race, community, attain people's support and win the language and region. Adult franchise is election in this manner. the most important right conferred on a Political parties function by mobilising citizen in any democratic country. people and attain power through their Exercising of franchise provides the support. When they are not in power, citizens an opportunity to participate in their propaganda will be based on the the process of democracy. failures of the ruling party.

Standard - Eight Social Science 35 Any Indian citizen who has completed Election Commission the age of 25 years can contest in an • Announcing the election election. But she/he has to fulfil some • Receiving the nomination conditions to contest for the election. We • will discuss it later. Support of How are the people's representatives recognized political party is not elected? You have your school essential for contesting in the election. parliament election in your school. Candidates who contest without the Collect materials related to these support of political parties are called independent candidates. • Let us now enquire about the election process that took place in our state recently. We have learnt about the activities of the political parties and the Election Commission at the time of election. Did they done the same things during this election also? Find Filing of nomination out as many facts as possible by elections and also the school parliament using the assistance of adult thus formed on the basis of the election. members in your family. You can Write a note, "My School Parliament" also search magazines and newspapers. Sort out the information State Legislative Assembly thus collected and prepare notes. It is the assembly elected by the people Political Parties of the state. How do the people elect their representatives? Can all the voters • Preparing the list of candidates together elect all the representatives? Or • Publishing the election manifesto does each region have its own elected • members?

Kerala Legislative Assembly

Chapter- Three People and State Government 36 Kerala- Parliament Constituency (Delimitation made on the basis of Census Report of 2001)

1 Kasaragod

2 Kannur

4 3 Wayanad Vadakara

5 Kozhikkode

6 Malappuram 8 7 Palakkad Ponnani

9 Alathur (SC reservation) 10 Thrissur

11

12Chalakkudi Ernakulam 13 Idukki 14 15 Kottayam Alappuzha

17 16 Pathanamthitta Mavelikkara (SC reservation) Index 18 State Capital Kollam District Headquarters 19 State boundary Attingal

District boundary 20 Thiruvananthapuram www.eci.gov.in Prepared by NIC

Standard - Eight Social Science 37 Kerala is divided into 140 legislative • Find out the reservation constit- assembly and 20 Lok Sabha constit- uencies from the map of the Lok uencies. Boundaries of each of these are Sabha constituency. determined in such a way that the • Have you studied about the population in each will be almost equal. reservation poling in the three - tier Constituencies will be delimited from Panchayat system? How does this time to time on the basis of the increase differ from reservation in legislative in population. Recently they were assembly? Do you think it necessary delimited on the basis of the 2001 to provide reservation to categories census. which are exempted in this? Discuss • With the help of the map given in your class. above, find out your Lok Sabha Let us find out: constituency. View this map and • Assembly constituencies make a list of the Lok Sabha constit- uencies in Kerala. Find out the • Representative (whether district it belongs to. independent or not) • Make a list of assembly constit- • Party uencies included in your Lok Sabha • Party symbol constituency. You can find out this information • What are the changes that have regarding your assembly constituency. occurred in the boundaries and the Write them in a note book. Record the names of these constituencies? Write changes that have occured from time them down. to time. Reservation Constituencies Electoral Symbols In the legislative assembly, some of the The Election Commission grants constituencies are exclusively reserved electoral symbols to all the recognised for the scheduled caste and scheduled tribe sections of the society. This is to ensure their representation t c Z in the assembly. The reservation Almirah Bat Gas Stove constituencies are determined on the basis of the population of these sections. a d s Bucket Balloon Apple Anglo Indian Reservation (Some of the election symbols granted to the If the Anglo Indian sections of the independent candidates by the Election Commission) population are not properly represented in the legislative assembly, political parties. Candidates who the Governor can nominate one member contest under their banner use the from this section. The Governor acts on symbols during election. The the advice of the ministry. The Commission provides symbols for the membership in the assembly will then independent candidates also. be 141.

Chapter- Three People and State Government 38 These symbols are also inscribed on the The Speaker electronic voting machine along with the name of the candidate. The Speaker presides over the Assembly when it is in session. In his/ Picture of an electronic voting machine her absence, the Deputy Speaker takes which is used in election is given below. charge of the responsibilities. Note the electoral symbols given along with the names of the candidates. Find out the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the current Legislative Assembly in our State. 1St Kerala Legislative Assembly (1957-1959) Total Members - 126 Ruling party Opposition party C.P.I - 60 I.N.C - 43 Independents- 5 P.S.P - 9 Muslim League - 8 Independents - 1 Total - 65 Total - 61

11th Kerala Legislative Assembly (2001-2006) Total Members - 141 Ruling party Opposition party

Ballot unit of electronic voting machine I.N.C - 63 C.P.I (M) - 23 • How does one cast vote using the Muslim League 16 C.P.I. - 7 electronic voting machine? Enquire and find out. R.S.P (B) - 2 J.D. (S) - 3 Oath Taking Kerala Congress Kerala Congress The Governor appoints one of the (M) -9 (J) - 2 members as the Temporary Speaker. Kerala Congress N.C.P. - 2 This is to facilitate the members of the (B) -2 Assembly to take oath. The Speaker thus temporarily appointed is called Kerala Congress R.S.P. - 2 Proterm Speaker. The Proterm Speaker (Jacob) - 2 presides over the first meeting of the J.S.S. - 4 Independents - 1 legislative assembly. The Members elected to the legislative assembly take C.M..P - 1 oath in front of the Proterm Speaker. After this, the Speaker and the Deputy Independents - 2 Speaker will be elected from among the Total - 101 Total - 40 Members who have taken oath.

Standard - Eight Social Science 39 12St Kerala Legislative Assembly (2006-) • Find out whether the local self Total Members - 141 administration in your area is Ruling party Opposition party coalition. C.P.I. (M). - 62 I.N.C. - 24 How do the elected representatives C.P.I - 17 Muslim League - 7 fulfil their responsibility to the people? J.D. (S) - 5 Kerala Congress (M) - 7 Let us view the activities of the Kerala Congress (J)- 4 Kerala Congress (B) - 1 assembly in order to understand this. R.S.P - 3 J.S.S. - 1 Through Legislation… I.N.L. - 1 K.C. (S) - 1 The paddyfields and water bodies in Congress (S) - 1 N.C.P - 2 our state are being reclaimed fast. This Independents - 4 Independents - 1 is done mostly in the name of urban Total - 97 Total - 44 development, transportation facilities • Tables showing the strength of and for the construction of houses and various legislative assemblies in building complexes. Our natural water Kerala during different periods are resources are fast disappearing due to given above. Analyse this table and this. If this continues for long, Kerala find out the changes that took place. will be facing severe water scarcity. Prepare a note. Disappearance of waterbodies may • Change in the strength of members cause grave environmental problems. • Changes in political parties Kerala Legislative Assembly has • passed the aforesaid legislation for • How many members' support was resolving this issue. needed in each Assembly to ensure simple majority?

Simple Majority Half the number of total members plus one will make simple majority Before the election, the political parties which share similar opinions may form political alliance. They face the election Unitedly and to win power. Sometimes, such alliances are formed after the election. The first coalition front came into being in Kerala in 1967. • Which are the political alliances that exist in Kerala at present? Find out the parties included in each of them?

Chapter- Three People and State Government 40

Legislative assembly members will the difficulties which will be faced by point out the adverse impacts of the the people. These will be brought to proposed legislation. They will find out the notice of the assembly and necessary

Standard - Eight Social Science 41 amendments will be made. The bill • Find out whether the people in your formulated by the executive body may locality face any grave issues similar be discussed in the Assembly and to those referred above? Do you amendments are made. think legislation can solve the After detailed discussions, additions problem? Discuss in your class room. and delitions the Assembly will What are the points to be included approve the Bill. Then the bill will be in the discussion? submitted to the Governor for his • Awareness programmes assent. The Bill becomes Law when it • Alternative arrangements is approved by the Governor.

Chapter- Three People and State Government 42 • Ideal punishment for the law Financial Powers breakers The expenditure of finance of the state Apart from legislation, what are the is as important as legislation. No methods sought by the members of the taxation should be imposed upon the assembly to solve problems faced by people without the approval of the the people? Legislative Assembly. The Legislative Assembly can control the executive Question Hour branch in financial matters. The finance The first one hour of the legislative allowed according to the annual budget assembly proceedings is set aside for of the state could be spent only after questions and answers. Question hour presenting it in advance before the is meant for asking questions, seek Assembly and getting its approval. information and to present before the • Collect from the newspapers the news assembly the complaints which are related to the Assembly when it is in important to the general public. session. Also find out the various Questions to be presented in the functions of the Assembly. Discuss them in the class and write notes. assembly should be given to the Speaker in advance. Questions which • Legislation are marked star are to be directly • Question hour answered in the assembly itself. After • the minister's answer, members can ask • How do the Legislative Assemblies sub-questions also. It is the Speaker safeguard the rights of the voter? who permits the sub-questions. With the help of the news media, • See the legislative assembly analyse the functioning of the questions and answers given here. Legislative Assembly. Present your You can use the assembly for solving findings in the class. many of the social issues in your Executive Branch of Government locality. Find out three such issues Governor is the head of the executive in your locality, which could be branch of the State Government. placed before the legislative Governor is appointed by the President assembly. Discuss these issues with of India on the advice of the Central other students in the class. On the Ministry. The term of office of the basis of this discussion, trace other Governor is for 5 years. She/he is issues and form questions which assisted in administrative matters by could be presented in the assembly. the Chief Minister and other members Using these questions, conduct a of the council of ministers. The Governor question hour in the class. functions according to the advice of the council of ministers. The real powers

Standard - Eight Social Science 43 Haven't you studied about the administrative system from the Village level to the District level? Chief Minister is the connecting link between the State Governor and the ministers. The person elected as Chief Minister should be a member of the are vested in the Chief Minister and the legislature. If the person who takes the other ministers. post of Chief Minister is not a member The Governor appoints the leader of the of the legislature, she/he should get majority party or of the coalition front as elected to the legislative assembly the Chief Minister. The other ministers within six months. If she/he cannot do are appointed by the Governor on the this, she/he will lose the post as Chief advice of the Chief Minister. Chief Minister. This provision is applicable Minister is the leader of the legislative assembly. The Chief Minister and the ministers are accountable to the Legislative Assembly. For the convenience of administration, ministers are given charge of various departments. But the council of ministers function with collective to other ministers also if they are responsibility. Resignation of the Chief appointed without membership in the Minister means the resignation of the council of ministers. The legislature. Chief Minister can also ask for the The Legislative Assembly can on resignation of the ministers if their various occasions interfere with the functioning is not satisfactory. The Chief functions of the council of ministers. Secretary and other officials assist the The members of the assembly can seek ministry in day-to-day administration. information from the executive and can also critically examine the functioning of the ministers. If the ministry is functioning against the interests of the Xnc-s™Sp- people, it is possible to present no- confidence motion in the assembly and to discuss and before expose the assembly the activities of the Government. If the no-confidence motion is passed in the assembly, the council of ministers will lose power.

Chapter- Three People and State Government 44 The Ministries functioning against the their candidates who do not keep their interests of the people and the parties election promises. which give support to them could be Project forced to step down. • Your school receives various benefits • Collect information regarding the from the Government. These are part responsibilities of the Governor, of the welfare activities of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and Government. Let us enquire into about the portfolios of the Chief them. Arrange an interview with Minister and other ministers. Prepare your headmaster/mistress. Find notes and present them in your class. various services received by your During the election, political parties school from the Government. From give many promises to the people. They which departments do we get these fulfil these promises when they come services? Which are the other areas to power. At the time of policy that need help? Prepare a decisions, the ministers take into memorandum to obtain them and consideration the promises made before present it to the authorities. the election. But if these promises are • Collect pictures of Governors, Chief ignored, people may defeat the Ministers and Speakers who were in candidates of these parties in the next power in Kerala since 1957. Prepare election. To put it brief by the people short notes about them. react towards the political parties and

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Standard - Eight Social Science CCCCCCOLONISAOLONISATIONTION ANDAND RRRESISTESISTANCEANCE 46

Since ancient times India had overseas materials for the commodity trade relations with Arabs, Greco- production and new markets for the Romans and Chinese. The Europeans sales of commodities. At that time India established supremacy over the was one of the wealthiest countries in th overseas trading activities by the 16 Asia. Most of the territories in India Century A.D. The important European were controlled by the Mughal Dynasty. powers of this period were Portugal, Europeans entered into commercial France, Holland, Britain and Spain. interaction with India. The British They competed with each other to relations with India began with their establish their dominance over the representative William Hawkins's newly conquered colonies like India. meeting with the Mughal Emperor When one country establishes its Jahangir and he obtained permission for supremacy over the market and economy of another country the latter trade. Later, Britain gained supremacy will become the colony of the former. The over Indian trade and also they most successful country in the process established their sovereignty in India of colonization was Great Britain. for about two centuries. The invention of new machinery in x Look at the political map of India. England accelerated the growth of industrial production. It led to the Find out which country controlled requirement of a large quantity of raw most of the trading centres in India. Places where European Companies Established Control in India

Hugli Cambay Chinsura Chandernagor Due Surat Serampur Kalkkatta Bassein Daman Pippli Salsettet Bombay Vizagapatam Masulipatam Goa Nellore Karwar Madras English SanThome French Cananore Pondicherry Mahe Karaikkal Portuguese Calicut Nagapatam Dutch Cochin Danish

Standard - Eight Social Science 47 India Becomes a Colony After the collapse of Mughal Empire in 17th CenturyA.D., there emerged many small local states. The conflict between these states made it easy for the British and by influencing these rulers of the state they secured their needs. Gradually they gained control over these territories. Siraj-Ud-Doula before Robert Clive after defeat Famous historian R.C. Dutt explains the in Plassey War depth of the drain of Indian wealth The East India Company established under colonial rule. their power at first in Bengal. The "Verily the moisture of India blesses English in Bengal began to build a fort in Kolkota without the permission of and fertilises other lands the most Bengal Nawab, SiraJ-Ud-Daula. It prosper nation on earth will soon provoked the Nawab and led to the first know the horrors of famine. A nation conflict with the British and the Nawab prosper if the sources of its wealth are of Bengal. The shrewd company widened, and if the proceeds of officials induced Mir Jaffir, the taxation are spent among the people commander-in-Chief of the Nawab to and for the people." come to their side. The battle between the company and the army of Siraj-Ud- Source:Economic History of India Under Daula took place at Plassey in 1757. British rule, Vol.II. The English army won the battle The Ways of Exploitation effortlessly. Later colonialists declared British needed to spend a large amount Mir Jaffir as the Nawab of Bengal. But Mir Jaffir could not meet his commitments of money for the maintenance of Indian that he made with the Company. Then he administrative system. They realised was dethroned and his relative Mir Kasim the money for this from the Indians secured the position of the Nawab of themselves through various methods. Bengal. He also gave bribes to the East India Company plundered the Company to ascend the post. The fate of wealth of India and transferred it to Kasim was also not different from his England through the export of the raw predecessors. Gradually, Britain gained materials and the import of the control of the Indian sub-continent. manufactured commodities. By using Diwani of Bengal transport and communication facilities After Plassey Battle Company had they intensified the extent of obtained the Diwani, i.e, the right to exploitation. collect the revenues of the province of

Chapter - Four Colonisation and Resistance 48 Bengal. For this the Company signed landowners in the form of their a pact with Mughal Emperor. They products. These landowners were collected large amount of money as called Zamindars. Under the British, Diwani from Bengal and gave only a the peasants lost their freedom to nominal amount to the Mughal cultivate their lands.The British also Emperor. took steps to collect the maximum taxes Control on Princely States from the agricultural lands. The British introduced many policies to Land Revenue Policy bring Indian princely states under their Lord Cornwallis, the Viceroy of British control. Among these, the important India introduced a new revenue system one was Subsidiary Alliance System. in the states of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. According to this the Indian States This is known as Permanent Settlement. entering into alliance with the British The Settlement was made with the had to retain the British army in their Zamindars, who collected revenue territories. The states had to meet the from the peasants and handed over a expenses of the British army and their fixed amount to the British. The officials. The princely states which Zamindars extracted exorbitant revenue entered into alliance with the East from the peasants and became wealthy. India Company were finally compelled The Company also received their share to disband their armies. without any failure. But the condition Another one is the theory of Doctrine of of peasants, who were unable to bear Lapse. Traditionally, if a ruler of a the tax burden, was pathetic. princely state died without having any Ryotwari system prevailed in the heir, his property right would be Southern Provinces of British India. transferred to his adopted son or Under this system company collected daughter. But, according to the revenue directly from farmers. But they Doctrine of lapse, the adopted heir had did not provide any proprietary rights no right and the sovereignty, passed to on the cultivating land to the peasants. the British Empire. The taxes were also very high. • Discuss the hurdles faced by the Mahalwari system of the Northern and princely states who joined the Subsidiary Alliance. Central Provinces was another system of revenue collection. According to this • What were the advantage for the system, the company collected taxes British by implementing the remitted by village heads or heads of Subsidiary system? joint families and not from the • What kind of policies were adopted individual farmers. These land revenue by British East India Company to systems were not favourable to the establish their power in India? farmers. If the crops were destroyed or Against Land and Peasant harvests declined due to adverse climatic conditions, the peasants were Before the coming of the British, the not given any reduction in their revenue peasants had their dues to the demand.

Standard - Eight Social Science 49 The landlords of pre-colonial India Commercialization of imposed taxes on agricultural produce. Agriculture If the crops were lost due to natural calamities, appropriate reduction was Earlier, Indian cultivators produced given to them. But English East India items for daily use and some luxury Company levied taxes in the form of goods such as silk. After Industrial liquid cash. In order to simplify the Revolution, the peasants were taxation process, all the lands were compelled to produce raw materials measured and Pattas were issued to the like cotton and indigo necessary for farmers. Taxes were calculated industrial production. The British according to the extent of land. They encouraged production aimed had to pay a fixed amount and there was for the market. Commercialization of no relaxation even for crop failures. The agriculture resulted in the emergence peasants had to take loans from rural of intermediaries, who collected money lenders to pay their taxes. The products from the cultivators and sold indebted farmers were ill-treated by the them in the markets. The cultivators Zamindars and the money lenders. The were compelled to exchange their British court and police gave their products at prices much lower than support to the Zamindars and money the market price. The decline of lenders. The intensity of the indigenous production brought about exploitation faced by the peasants the entry of foreign goods. India became increased day by day and finally led to a market place for foreign goods. the clashes between landlords and Peasants Towards Poverty peasants. The climate changes and natural • Analyse the relation between peasant calamities adversely affected and agricultural land on the basis of agricultural production. Peasants were following factors and prepare a note: forced to pay taxes even when there was no cultivation. The East India Company • Landlordism also introduced several taxes on • Revenue (taxes) essential commodities like salt, oil and • The revenue collecting agency kerosene. The craftsmen and weavers • The alloction of Revenue who lost their jobs as a result of the • Today governments collect revenue British policies sought and gained work for various social welfare activities. in the newly formed plantations. The Then what was the motive behind gap between the income and the East India Company's collection of liabilities of the peasantry and the labouring classes increased day by day. revenue? Did they have an intention They were transformed into debtors. similar to the modern governments? Even their homesteads were to be given Discuss: to the money lenders to escape the debt • Money for administrative pur- burden. poses • Discuss the problems faced by • Procurement of raw materials Indian farmers under British • Transport facilities. dominance.

Chapter - Four Colonisation and Resistance 50 • Compare British land revenue • We have already discussed the system and the existing revenue problems faced by the craftsmen system. Ask your parents about the under the Company Rule. It is taxes they remit. possible that the craftsmen in your • Base • Amount locality are facing similar crises. Find • Method of revenue payment out the problems faced by the Miseries of Craftsmen craftsmen of your area, discuss them The colonial rulers completely in the classroom and prepare a note. destroyed Indian handicrafts industry. The points that may be included in The British made a policy to buy these the discussion are: products at a low cost and make a • Raw materials • Market huge profit from the resale of them. • Price Company curtailed rights of the craftsmen and weavers on the basis of The Spread of Famine certain conditions and compelled them The British completely disturbed the to produce goods as per the demand of structure of Indian economy. The the Company at a low price. They were British policies turned the lives of the also barred from selling their products peasants upside down. The indebted to others at a higher price. Thus stringent conditions were imposed on farmers gave up agriculture. It affected the artisans. They were also unable to production. People had no other source compete with the industrial goods of income. It created the situation of coming from Britain. The loss of power famine within the country. But colonial by the local rulers also adversely government did not do anything to help affected the artisans. This resulted in a the people struggling with starvation reduction of demand for the products and death. of the craftsmen and weavers, as the local rulers were their patrons and main Read the following account of the consumers of these products. Bengal famine by Bankim Chandra The Proclamation of Prince Firoz-Shah, Chatterjee in his novel, 'Anandamath' one of the leaders of 1857 revolt about the common workers is as follows: It was hot at Padachina even for a summer day. In this village were The Europeans by the introduction of many houses, but not a soul could be English articles into India, have thrown the weavers the cotton seen anywhere. The shops were dressers, the carpenters, the closed, and no one knew where the blacksmith and the shoe-makers etc. shopkeepers had gone. Even the out of employment and have street beggars were absent. The engrossed their occupation. So that weavers wove no more. The every description of nature artisans merchants had no business. have reduced to beggary. Philanthropic persons had nothing to Source: Irfan Habib, The coming of 1857 give. Teachers closed their schools.

Standard - Eight Social Science 51

The British Empire did nothing to reduce the effect of the famine in India. But they deliberately tried to spread a false propaganda across the world that they were doing their best to alleviate the famine. One such example is the above picture published in a newspaper under the caption "The famine in India - Distribution of relief to the sufferers at Bellary, Madras Presidency''. Then during the rainy season it rained to eating leaves of trees, then grass plentifully. Not a drop of rain fell and when the grass was gone they ate during the remaining months of the weeds. People of certain castes began season. The rice fields dried into to eat cats, dogs and rats. heaps of straw. Here and there a few Many fled from their homes, only to fields yielded poor crops, but die of starvation somewhere else. government agents bought these up Those that did not leave home died for the army. anyway. Fever, cholera, tuberculosis So people began to starve again. At and smallpox reaped a rich harvest first they lived on one meal a day. in human lives. Smallpox thrived Soon, even that became scarce, and most, for there was not a home where they began to go without any food at it did not claim some victims. Who all. The crop was too scanty, but the was there to nurse the sick or to treat government revenue collector sought them? Alas, there were none to bury to advance his personal prestige by or to cremate the dead! Even in the increasing the land revenue by ten wealthiest houses the bodies of men, per cent. And in dire misery Bengal women and children rotted unto shed bitter tears. decay. Farmers sold their cattle and their Source: Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, ploughs and ate up the seed grain. Anandamath Then they sold their homes and x There were 16 major famines in the farms. For lack of food they soon took country between 1770-1900. Now

Chapter - Four Colonisation and Resistance 52 such famines are rare in India. How resistance emerged against the British are the policies implemented by our in different parts of country. Governments different from those of The Brave Virapandya the British? Virapandya Kattabomman was the Kings Who Lost their Power ruler of Panchalam Kurichi of The British applied many strategies to Tirunelveli in Tamilnadu. He strongly bring princely states under their control. agitated against the British imposition They used strategies of force, threats of tax upon his subjects. He made and appeasement for this purpose. The Subsidiary Alliance, Doctrine of Lapse and the Permanent Settlement are a few among them. The British army conquered states like Bengal and Mysore, and annexed Sathara of Maharashtra, Nagpur, Udayapur in Rajastan, Jaipur etc. without any battle or bloodshed. A postal stamp issued in 1999 in A Justification for Annexation commemoration of Kattabomman They put forward many reasons to several pacts with the British on the subject but they violated them. His justify their acts of annexation within archers failed to withstand British India. The most important one is their army's bullets and other modern theory of civilizing mission in India. weapons. Seeking a more secure According to this theory, they claimed hideout Virapandya moved to the that Indians are like primitives interiors of the forest. The British army following centuries old life style. They searched even the remote forest-zone condescended to take upon themselves but could not find Virapandya . Finally the civilizing mission in India and they offered one lakh rupees for his called it as the ''Whiteman's burden'' capture. To escape from the clutches of Local Models of Resistance army, he changed his attire and visited his friend and king of Puthukottai. The India is a country that is proud of the greedy king of Puthukottai deceived him contributions of brave patriots who for the amount of one lakh offered by have led several heroic struggles the British and the British hanged him sacrificing their lives for the freedom of on a tamarind tree in the village of our nation. Several individuals and 'Kayathar'. organisations participated in the The Warrior Pazhassi prolonged anti-british protests. Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja was the Before the advent of organised young prince of Pazhassiyil Padinjare struggles, many regional forms of

Standard - Eight Social Science 53 Proclamation of Veluthampi Dalawa Thampi Velayudhan Chempaka Raman was the Minister (Dalawa) of King Balarama Varma of Travancore. On the basis of a pact signed between the British and Travancore in 1795, Colonel Macaulay was appointed as the Resident of Travancore by the Governor General. Macaulay maintained good relations with Veluthampi in the beginning as he was a good administrator. His strict and uncompromising attitude in matters of governance created him many kovilakam of Kottayam near Kannur. enemies . The British increased the Pazhassi acted as an ally of British in tribute levied from the state and their Mysore invasions. The British pressurised the Government to remit offered in return the right to collect the amount in full. To solve the problem revenue in the Kottayam area. After the of shortage of money in treasury, Mysore wars, Malabar came under the Dalawa decided to stop the payment of British and they failed to keep their special wages of Nair troops. This promise. They gave the right to collect created discontent among the soldiers taxes from Kottayam to the King of and they started a rebellion. Kurumbranadu. Provoked by this, Pazhassi blocked the whole revenue When the rebels reached Trivandrum collecting system. The British the enemies of Dalawa also joined proceeded to take action against them. The Dalawa requested the help Pazhassi. They tried to annexe Pazhassi's territories to British India. Pazhassi Raja attempted to eliminate colonial power through guerilla warfare, with the assistance of his soldiers including Kurichyas, the tribal community of Wayanad, Nairs and Mappilas. Defeating Pazhassi was not easy for the British. Pazhassi went into exiled in the Wayanad forest and continued his struggle from there. The British used spies to find the hideout of Pazhassi. In order to evade capture by his enemies, Pazhassi killed himself on 30 November 1805. Veluthambi Dalawa

Chapter - Four Colonisation and Resistance 54 of the Resident and suppressed the Kundara Proclamation rebellion with the assistance of the “It is the nature of the English nation to British army. The British army sent for get possession of countries by treacher- the purpose halted at Kollam. When ous means and should they obtain as- informed about the army rebellion, Lord cendancy in Travancore they will put their own guards in the palaces, Sircar Wellesley wrote a letter to Madras buildings, and the fort gates; destroy the Governor demanding a new Act with royal seal, do away with honorific Travancore. The main objectives of the palanquins and other distinguishing Act was to include clauses for stationing marks; suppress the Brahmin commu- the British army permanently in nities and worship in pagodas; make monopolies of salt and every other thing; Travancore, increase the power of the measure up and assert themselves as king and to strengthen the British absolute owners of waste lands; impose power in Travancore region. exorbitant taxes on paddy lands, coco- Accordingly, Macaulay discussed this nut trees, etc., get low caste people to matter with Veluthampi. Dalawa was inflict heavy punishments for slight faults, put up crosses and Christian in favour of making a act that facilitate flags in pagodas; compel intermarriages the maintenance of the internal security with Brahmin women without reference of Travancore. He did not agree to the to caste or creed, and practise all the clauses for increasing the tribute. Due unjust and unlawful things which char- acterise Kaliyuga. to continuous pressure from the British and the king the Dalawa decided to Let us, therefore, exert ourselves to keep off impending calamities such as those sign the agreement. The pact was we have sketched above and endeavour confirmed on 12 January 1805 in the so far as lies in our power that no dis- Fort of Anchuthengu. paragement or discredit may be imputed to us in guarding our homes, the chari- Veluthampi tried his maximum to remit table institutions, and the manners and the arrears of tribute without burdening customs of our land. The rest, of course, the people. He apprised Macaulay of we must leave to the divine will. These the pathetic economic situation of the measures which we have enumerated and incumbent upon us to adopt to de- country. The Resident advised fend ourselves against the action taken Veluthampi to disband the native army by the English.” of Travancore and pay the arrears with Dalawa Thambi Chembakaraman the amount thus saved. But Veluthampi Velayudhan informed him that if the army was Kundara disbanded or their number decreased, 1 Makaram 984 it would be impossible to maintain x Prepare a chart containing important peace or to collect tax arrears. The ideas in Kundara proclamation and Resident began to interfere in all make a presentation in your class internal affairs of Travancore. He room. criticised the Diwan using abusive Veluthampi was well aware of the language and also demanded his importance of popular struggles to dismissal. eliminate the British force from the

Standard - Eight Social Science 55 country. In this particular context another person as Dalawa. He offered a Dalawa established a centre in Kundara reward to those who could capture the near Kollam where he made his historic ex-Dalawa and also ordered a Kundara Proclamation. proclamation that no one should call After the Kundara Proclamation the him by his official name. Travancore army revolted against the Veluthampi with his brother, took British army in Kollam. But the army asylum in Mannadi Temple in of Travancore could not match the might Kottarakkara. The combined army of of the British army. Travancore and the British besieged the Temple. Before the army could capture

Postal stamps issued in commemoration of first war of Independence

him, he committed suicide to avoid a shameful death in the hands of British. • We have now studied the mode of resistance against the East India Company through the stories of the struggles of Virapandyan, Pazhassi Raja and Veluthampi. Find out the common features in their Given above is a copy of Kundara Proclamation copied by the famous Travancore historian struggles and prepare a note after Vaikom Pachumoothathu. The copy is discussion. preserved at the Central Archives, Thiruvanan- thapuram. The above is an excerpt from the document. It was from his temporary official Point of Discussion headquarters at Kundara that Dalawa Thampi Velayudhan Chempakaraman Pilla exhorted • Revenue Policy of the East India his fellow countrymen to save the country from Company the foreign rulers • British policy of conquest Veluthampi visited the king at Trivandrum and then decided to go • Patriotism underground. The King appointed

Chapter - Four Colonisation and Resistance 56 Beginning of Organized of India, that army will sympathise Struggles with them, for they are part of the "It was the morning of 11th May 1857. population." The city of Delhi had not yet woken Source: Hariprasad Chattopadhyaya, Sepoy mu- up when a band of sepoys from tiny, 1857 - Social Study and Analysis Meerut, who had defied and killed Underprivileged Among the the European Officers the previous Soldiers day, crossed Jamuna, set the toll The British army in India was a house on fire and marched to Red combined force of both Indian and Fort... The revolt of 1857 and British soldiers. But there existed an unsuccessful but heroic effort to unjust level of discrimination between eliminate foreign rule, had begun." them. An Indian soldier of long Source: K. M. Paniker, India's struggle for experience did not get the power or independence Bipan Chandra (Ed.). The soldiers under the East India position awarded to a fresh British Company expressed their strong soldier joining the army. discontent against oppressive policies Wounded Religious Sentiment of the British. The revolt within the The British wanted Indian soldier to British military camp that broke out in engage in battle in far away lands by 1857 developed into a major anti-British crossing the sea. According to Hindu uprising. The peasants, craftsmen, beliefs, crossing the sea would result in soldiers and local rulers who were excommunication from the caste. The discontented with the British policies order to remove turban and beard joined this resistance. The first war of among the soldiers also offended the independence was the sum total of religious sentiments of certain sections resistance by all classes of people. for whom these were a part of their Farmers in Uniform belief. Certain British Policies Most of the soldiers belonged to the wounded the religious sentiments of class of petty landowners. Like the Indian soldiers belonging to different ordinary people the landowners were sects. also against the revenue policies of In order to increase the armament The British in their native villages. strength, Enfield rifles were introduced A military officer had warned Lord by the British . There spread a rumour Dalhousie about the possible that the grease of cartridges used in the consequences of his policies: Enfield guns contained the fat of pig and cow. Before using the cartridges "Your army is derived from peasantry their grease had to be bitten off. The of the country who have rights and soldiers of Indian army that included those rights were infringed upon.. Muslims, Hindu Brahmins and Rajputs. you will no longer have to depend According to religious belief, pigs were on the fidelity of the army... If you forbidden to Muslims and Hindus of infringe the institutions of the people

Standard - Eight Social Science 57 India considered cow as their holy of Lapse. He was the adopted son of animal. So they refused to use the Baji Rao II. After the death of Baji Rao, greased cartridges. This incident Nana Sahib did not get the right to resulted in widespread anger and inherit the property of his father. They protest among the soldiers. This curtailed the privilege of pension to him incident also incited the soldiers to unite and exiled him and his family from against the British, irrespective of Pune to Kanpur. Nana Sahib strongly religion. protested against the action of the

Rani of Jhansi in warfront (a painting) Resentment of the Local Chieftains Along with the peasants, soldiers and craftsmen, the Rulers of Princely States also joined the revolt. Rani of Jhansi, the one who lost her power due to the British Act of Doctrine of Lapse, led a historic war against British. In Bihar, the revolt was led by Kunwar Singh, a 70 year old Zamindar. The British annexed all his property. It made him a rebel at the age of 70. He bravely fought against the British like a youngster. Nana Sahib, was the Nana Sahib another prince who lost his property according to the Doctrine One of the letters of Nana Sahib

Chapter - Four Colonisation and Resistance 58 British. Along with his loyal servant by the rebels, the revolt spread to other Thanthia Thopi he led a guerilla war parts of the country like Kanpur, against the British. Allahabad, Banaras, Bareili, Nana Sahib, one of the prominent Jagadeeshpur and Jhansi. leaders of freedom movement even in Traders and the intelligensia kept defeat, wrote some inspired words away from revolt. Some rulers about the Ist war of independence of considered the British as their protectors. 1857 (p.88) They gave all support to the British "I swear. I will make India free by kicking by means of money and man power. out the British by taking rebirth in another About 50% of the soldiers in the British place." Indian army were against the revolt. • What are the reasons which brought When the British recaptured Delhi, people of different strata into the there were 3200 Indian soldiers along with 1700 British in the army. stream of freedom struggle? Discuss the factors and prepare notes Only Mental Strength Against The rebels in Delhi formed a governing Military Strength Assembly. It consisted of 10 members How long can the antequated Indian of which 6 were from military and 4 weapons fight with modern weapons were among Common Assembly. and the well developed communication According to the opinion of majority methods used by the British? Even in they ruled under the Mughal Emperor, such an unfavorable situation Indian Bahadur Shah II. This gave a political army continued their resistance against clout to the revolt. the British force for about an year. It was Within days after the conquest of Delhi only because of their determination and commitment. The first war of independence came to a tragic end. The mutiny was suppressed by the British. Nehru describes the incidents in the following words. "Henceforth and for many months afterwards the British crushed the revolt. In doing so they spread terror every where. Vast numbers were shot down in cold blood; large numbers were shot in to pieces from the mouth cannon; thousands were hanged on Bahadur Shah II the way side trees. An English

Standard - Eight Social Science 59 Places affected by the rebellion - 1857

Peshavar Manippoori Fathegar Atha Shajahanapur Roorkki Shapur Meerat Elawab Dalhi Aligar Kanpur Laknow Gowrakhpur Madhura Hatara Bharatpur Agra Asamgar Patna Gwaliar Dehri Jchansi Allahabad Hasaribag Dakka Nazeerabad Banta Ranchi Indore Faizabad Barakhpur Jabalpoor

Sambalpur Chittagong

Katak

Kolapur

General, Neill who marched from Queen. This paved the way for the Allahabad to Cawnpore, is said to British to exploit India more rigorously. have hanged people all along the x Look at the map and try to locate the way, till hardly a tree remained by the main centres of 1857 revolt and also road side which had not been find out the name of the State in converted into a gibbet. Prosperous present day India in which these villages were routed out and places are located. destroyed. It is all a terrible and most painful story." • Was the first war of independence Source: Jawaharlal Nehru, Glimpses of World really a failure? Could this revolt History (P.58) provide the necessary direction and Power Changes…Exploitation energy for the later protests? Continues… • What were the factors that led to the After the revolt of 1857 power to rule India failure of the Indians and the success was transferred from English East India of the British in the 1857 revolt? Company to the direct rule of the British

Chapter - Four Colonisation and Resistance 60

Copy of the Queen's Proclamation in 1858

• Are there any general reasons for the • Organise a seminar on the anti- revolt of 1857 and the local protests imperialist resistance in Kerala that took place prior to it? under the auspices of the social • The taxation policy of the British science club on the day of martyrdom of Pazhassi Raja. • Doctrine of Lapse • Subsidiary Alliance $

Standard - Eight Social Science DDIFFERENTIFFERENT FFACESACES OF OF RRESISTANCEESISTANCE 62

We have discussed the revolt of 1857 in right on land for the Bhaiyya the previous chapter. In this revolt both Community of Mathura. This created a the local Chieftains and the people favourable atmosphere for the rallied against the British policies. intervention of moneylenders and tax When the administrative policies collectors. People of Mathura turned became widespread, protests began to against the moneylenders during the be raised by all sections of people. This revolt of 1857, People of 14 villages was transformed into popular agitations around the "Raya village" joined for the freedom of the nation. Peasants, together to resist the British. Devi Singh Adivasis, workers and women played a proclaimed himself as the 'peasant significant role in the history of the anti- king'. A school in the village was his colonial struggles. Most of these administrative centre. But this rule did agitations were organized regionally. not survive for long. The British troops Many of the struggles of tribes and from Agra entered this area, defeated peasants were anti-feudal and anti- and hanged him. renter in character. But the basic reason Revolts of the Indigo Farmers for this was also the unjustified revenue of Bengal system imposed by the British. Anti- Indigo used to dye clothes, was an colonial agitation took place in many agricultural product. The European parts of India at different times. Thus, industrialists stationed in Bengal the stimulus for the agitations was the compelled the peasants to produce the protest against the British policies and necessary Indigo for their factories. The the exploitation of the landlords. factory owners came into contact with Peasants in Struggle the peasants by giving a fixed amount Peasants started to protest against as advance. The price paid to the Indigo exploitation and repression. The revolt farmers was lower than the market of the Indigo cultivators of Bengal, value. The peasants also lost their Malabar rebellion and the rural revolt freedom to cultivate more profitable of Mathura are a few examples. crops. The planters often used force to Devi Singh of Mathura implement the agreement. For this, they appointed goondas. The British police Raya village is situated near Mathura in and judiciary took the side of the Uttar Pradesh. Devi Singh was a planters. revolutionary of this village. British revenue policies denied the property The indigo - cultivators of Nadia District of Bengal conducted a mass protest and

Standard- Eight Social Science 63 they faced the goondas of the planters many rebellions during the 19th and the with country weapons. They refused to first quarter of the 20th Century. accept advance money and cultivate The major centres of Mappila revolt in indigo for the planters. Later, revolt the 19th century were located in the spread to all indigo-cultivating areas of Eranad and Valluvanad Taluks of South Bengal. Peasants of Bengal resisted Malabar. The living conditions of the other threats from the planters, like rent peasantry in the region were no better increase and eviction. The planters than that in other parts of the country. began to close down factories. By the Mappilas made their livelihood by end of 1860, Indigo plantation in Bengal obtaining lands on lease and doing had come to a standstill. waged labour. But they had to face Peasant Rebellions of Malabar frequent evictions by the landlords, which increased their hardship. The The Mappilas of Malabar organized reasons for the rebellions that took

Malabar District South Canara Koorg 19th Century Area of Mass Movements Chirackal

Kottayam Mysore

Waynad

Kurumbranad

Nilgiri

Eranad Kozhikkode Manjery Coimbatore Mannur Pandikkad Arabian Sea Irumbuzhi Chembrassery

Mamburam Pandalur Melathur Tirurangadi Malappuram Kulathur Valluvanad PonnaniMelmuri Angadippuram

Pallippuram Palakkad

Kochi

Area of mass movements District Boundary Taluk Boundary Costal line Mass movement area - 19 Century Malabar

Chapter - Five Different Faces of Resistance 64 place during 1841 in Pallippuram and Ghonu of Chota Nagpur Mannur were the quarrels between Kols were one of the dominant tribal landlords and tenants. The groups in Chota Nagpur. The British discontented Mappila peasantry revenue policy created discontent revolted against the landlords and the among the peasants of the area. The British State during 1849 in Manjeri, Government increased taxes many 1851 in Kulathur and 1852 in Mattanur. times between 1844 and 1882. Ghonu, The peasant struggles against the British an ordinary peasant of the region, took continued during the end of the 19th the initiative to unite the restive farmers and the beginning of the 20th century. and his activities envigorated the British Government used stringent movement of the sipahis of Ramgadh measures to suppress the rebellions. in Chotta Nagpur against the British. Mappilas heroically fought against the For a while, Ghonu was the leader of oppression and injustice of landlords the entire region. But the British and government. The last among these subdued Ghonu through a military series of revolts was the Malabar operation. Rebellion of 1921, which is considered Fighters on Hilltops to be one of the significant chapters in the freedom struggle. The struggles of Kurichia community • Find out the differences between of Wayanad against the British revenue Indigo revolt and other revolts. system are a really memorable incident in the freedom struggle. The taxes • What are the common features of Peasant revolts? imposed by the British were too heavy for them to bear. In the name of the non- • Evaluate the statement that the payment of taxes, the British peasantry had conducted stirring confiscated all their property. The tax resistance against British colonialism collectors made them work as slaves. Tribal Uprisings The discontented Kurichiyas raised the Like the peasantry the tribes in India flag of revolt against the British. Here also were discontented. The tribals, who also the final victory was for the British. led a free life, were subjected to Santhal Rebellion repression and exploitation with the advent of the British. The Colonial rule Santhals were a tribal community that compelled them to shift to the interior lived between the areas of Bhagalpur forests. This made their conditions and Rajmahal. They lived in the forests miserable. Thus revolts broke out in the by hunting and farming. The British tribal areas also. Important tribal started establishing their rights over uprisings of colonial India were led by forest lands. Santhals withdrew to Raj- the 'Santhals' of Jharkhand, Kols' of Mahal hills. There also they were unable Chottanagpur, and Mundas of to survive. The British continued Southern Ranchi. encroachment of the hills with the help

Standard- Eight Social Science 65 of the local landlords. Santhals were army of 6000 and fought against the reduced to slavery. The continued British. The Munda revolts took place encroachments plundering and forcible during the period 1898-99. The Mundas occupation of land made their life attacked British using bows and arrows, miserable. The Santhal tribal leaders during the Christmas day of 1899. In decided to revolt. They attacked the January 1900, they attacked the police. houses of the landlords, police stations But they were defeated by the police, and centres for constructing railway and who imprisoned their leader Birsa mail wagons. More than 60000 Santhals Munda. About 350 Mundas under went participated in the rebellion. The British trial. 44 of them were hanged. In 1908, brutally oppressed the revolt and about the British made some alteration on the 15000 Santhals lost their lives. Santhals existing tenant-law and forbade bonded observe 30 June, the day revolt began, labour. This was a belated recognition as the day of struggle. 150 years after of the issues raised by the Munda the rebellion, a tribal majority state was rebels. formed in India, named Jharkhand. • What are the common causes for the Munda Revolt tribal uprisings in different parts of Mundas are a tribal group living in India? Southern Ranchi. They maintained • What are the main differences collective ownership on land. The between peasant revolts and Tribal collective ownership was later shattered revolts? by the landlords, money lenders and The Early Working Class merchants. They were forced to do bonded labour for the landlords. Birsa Struggles Munda, a tribal leader, organized an Towards the last decades of the 19th Century the labourers of Mumbai and Kolkata conducted agitations. Although the struggles were against the factory owners, they were the result of the British colonial policies. The Factory laws of 1881 and 1891 were framed by the legislation banning child labour and the laws related to the problems of women in the workplace. But the British did not ensure the strict implementation of these laws. The labourers were forced to work for 15 to 18 hours a day. Cotton-mill Labourers During 1884, Mumbai cotton mill workers conducted meetings and demanded the government to reduce Birsa Munda the working hours. In 1890 they formed

Chapter - Five Different Faces of Resistance 66 Bombay Mill Hands Association to Tarabai, Begum Husrath Mahal and the protect the rights of cotton mill workers. queens of Ramgadh and Tulsipur . But it did not acquire the form of a There were 10 women delegates in the Trade Union. 1887 Bombay session of Indian National Jute Mill Workers Congress. The presence of women is noticeable as the Indian Freedom Most of the Jute mill workers were Movement gathered momentum. migrants from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Kadambani Ganguly commanded Their life was miserable. People began attention by giving a speech in Calcutta to migrate from distant places to the Conference of the Indian National Tea-plantations of Assam and the mines Congress in 1890. A number of women of Bihar and Bengal. In Bengal, participated in the extreme struggles were taking against the slave- revolutionary activities of the period. like labouring conditions in Tea- Some of them were Santhi Ghosh, plantations under the leadership of Beena Das and Kalpana Dutt. Dwarakanath Ganguly. Workers continued in the path of Madame Cama agitations to alleviate their problems. Madame Cama was born in a Parsi About 25 agitations took place between family of Mumbai. She started her the period of 1882 - 1890 in major cities activities with Indian National like Bombay and Madras. The rise in Congress and was later attracted prices of essential commodities and the towards the revolutionary extremists. famine in Bengal imposed additional She was the first person to put forward burden on the workers. The discontent among the workers increased due to problems like low-wages, extra work, prolonged working hours, unhygienic working conditions and the harsh behaviour of the employers. Along with these, they also had to endure the sides of the colonial rule. Women in the Struggle Front Women came into the platform of struggle even in those times when they were denied the right to enter the public space. This indicates the spirit of struggle among women. This is evident in the involvement of women in the 1857 struggle. Several women, apart from Rani Lakshmi Bai, participated in

the 1857 struggle. They include Rani Madame Cama

Standard- Eight Social Science 67 the idea of self Government and she was • Evaluate the context leading to the the first person to hoist the flag of India formation of anti-colonial protests in in the international platform. This was India. a symbol of the aspirations of the Indian India witnessed many anti-colonial revolutionaries. protests from different groups of people. • Prepare a special issue on the topic: Most of them were concentrated in local 'The popular anti-colonial protests in areas but sharing many common characters. Make a comparison between India'. the protests conducted by different • In what way did the British-policies groups and present the common affect the lives of Indians? Discuss. features in the form of a seminar.

•

Chapter - Five Different Faces of Resistance 68

IINDIANNDIAN NNATIONALATIONAL MMOVEMENTOVEMENT

Standard - Eight Social Science 69

Faizabad Jail 1927 December 16 I have done my duty in the soil of India right or wrong? What I have done is based on my free will. My people can admire me or disregard me. But even the enemies can admire our attitude and bravery.

Brothers of Hindustan, join together for our nation irrespec- tive of the religion you belong to. Don't quarrel with others live in Peace with each other and become united. If not the assault of Hindustan's misfortune will fall on your necks and you are the reason for the slavery. There is a respect in my heart for you and even as I die I completely agree with your political goal. I aspired for an independent India which the poor would live in happiness and comfort and all would be Ashfaqulla Khan equal. My comrades, my revolutionary brothers I am also proud indeed that being a true revolutionary. I am giving up my life. My last salute for all of you Does India get Independence Your Brother Ashfaqulla Khan

Source: Orkkuka Vallappozhum, Publication division

Ashfaqulla Khan, a revolutionary • What do you understand from during the time of the freedom struggle. Ashfaq's letter? Discuss. He led many struggles against British The impetus of first war of in association with the Hindustan independence in 1857 created a new Republican Association. Later, he was political consciousness among the Indians. From the inspiration of 1857 executed by the British. The above movement there emerged many local mentioned message was given by him political organizations. Early members to the people of his motherland just of these associations were the wealthy before the moment of execution. and aristocratic groups of society. Their main demands were administrative

Chapter - Six Indian National Movement 70 reforms, participation of Indians in also members of this organisation. He the Government and the spread of argued that the main cause of India's education. They presented the poverty lay in the exploitation of demands of Indians to the governing colonialists. Surendranath Banerjee authorities by means of resolutions and founded Indian Association in Bengal. memoranda. It received popular support in the Organisations are Formed urban and rural areas of Bengal. It attempted to create strong public The development of national opinion on the political issues. consciousness in India was the result of Apart from this there were many other the direct and indirect policies adopted organisations like Pune Sarvajanik by the British. The excessive taxation Sabha founded by Justice Mahadeva imposed by the British made the life of Govinda Ranade, Bombay Presidency peasants miserable. The economic Association under the leadership of exploitation of the British was a great Badaruddhin Tyabji and Madras torture to the common people. The Mahajanasabha founded by M. Veera Government, which took a lenient Raghavachari. But these organisations attitude towards the capitalists and did not have an all-India character. landlords, suppressed the agitations of They intervened actively in local issues. the labourers. It was in this context that These organisations paved the way to a strong anti-British attitude developed the development of modern political in India. activity in India. The English educated groups in India • How did the resentment towards gave shape to organisations to fight the British rule help the formation against the foreign rule. The Indian of new organisations? Prepare a note perspectives regarding the British policies were brought out through based on the period before the news papers and literary works. formation of Congress. Patriotic writings began to appear in An Organisation at All-India vernacular languages. The middle Level class, including lawyers, teachers and writers, worked hard to instill national • To develop a friendly relation consciousness among people. among the nationalist activists working in different parts of India. As the educated Indians became aware of the results of the British policies, they • Promotion of the concept of national began to criticize the government. Their consciousness among the Indians discontent led them to political activity. irrespective of class, caste, religion Gradually, new organisations began to and province. be formed. • Preparation and presentation of Dadabhai Naoroji organised East India popular demands before the Association in 1896. The British were government.

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Delegates to the first session of the Indian National Congress The above-mentioned were the main • How was the INC different from its aims of the Indian National Congress predecessors? Make a comparative at the time of its formation. analysis of the aims of INC and pre- The Indian National Congress (INC) Congress organisations. was formed in 1885 under the leadership • Compare the circumstances that led of A.O. Hume, a retired English Civil to the formation of INC and that of Servant and an Indian called W.C. the pre-Congress organisations in a Banerjee. The venue was Tejpal Sanskrit tabular form. College in Bombay. In this second session of INC, Dadabhai Naoroji Moderates and Extremists addressed the public in the following Some of the INC leaders were greatly words: dissatisfied with the style of functioning of the organisation. Some "A National Congress must confine of them tried to bring about changes in itself to questions in which the entire its functioning. They advocated strong nation has direct participation. We actions within the movement. They are met together as political body to believed that it was impossible to defeat represent to our rules our political the British through conventional methods of protest. Hence, they aspiration." adopted more adventurous methods Gradually, the INC became the largest for liberation. Thus, these groups came anti-colonial popular movement of to be known as the extremists within the India during twentieth century. It congress. Those who adopted the extended the foundation of the National method of consensus and compromise Movement and led the anti-colonial were known as moderates. struggles.

Chapter - Six Indian National Movement 72

Gopalakrishna Gokhale Extremist leaders of Indian National Congress Lal-Bal-Pal constitutional methods. When the British implemented their policy of The extremist groups were under the divide and rule the moderates leadership Balagangadhara Tilak and distanced themselves from British the moderates united under the Government. Later, in the Lucknow leadership of Gopalakrishna Gokhale. session of the Congress, two wings of Other two prominent leaders of the congress were united. extremists were Lala Lajpath Rai and Bipin Chandrapal. The three extremist Amar Sona Bangla.... leaders were together known as Lal- "My ancestors had conquered India Bal-Pal. They began to question the with guns and swords. I would method of the prayers and petitions follow the same method and followed by moderates and began to would rule India with guns and argue for direct action to achieve swords." political objectives. Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India, Moderates under the leadership of expressed his stand thus. By this time Surendranatha Banerjee, Firoze Shah the anti-British feelings had become Mehta and Gopalakrishna Gokhale stronger in India. The British tried their moved forward with purely level best to stem this tide. Lord

Map of Bengal after division - 1905

Standard - Eight Social Science 73 Curzon entered the scene with the the meetings conducted in every nook strategy of divide and rule. The and corner of Bengal. Partition of Bengal in 1905 was part of Swadeshi Movement this strategy. Note the official statement that clarifies the objective of the The Swadeshi movement emerged as a partition. protest against the partition of Bengal. "Bengal united is a power, Bengal The anger against the British was divided will pull in several different manifested in the anger against their ways. That is what the Congress leaders products. The Swadeshi Movement feel; their apprehensions are perfectly was formally launched on 7 August correct and they form one of the great 1905. This patriotic movement became merits of the scheme... one our main a milestone in the Indian National objects is to splitup and thereby weaken Movement. The protests continued a solid body of opponents to our until the British withdrew the partition rule". of Bengal in 1911. They also put forward the slogan of "Swaraj" or "Self rule" Source : Note. Dated 06 December 1904 by Risley, the Home Secretary. during the Swadeshi movement. Bengal was the stronghold of the Swadeshi National Movement at that period. The The adoption of Indian made goods Hindu-Muslim unity of Bengal and boycott of foreign articles became strengthened the National Movement. very strong throughout Bengal. It was Then what was the real interest behind a great inspiration to the National the partition of Bengal as West Bengal Movement. Government employees and East Bengal? resigned from their jobs and joined in the Movement. Even the children "British Government has taken strong enthusiastically joined the decision to divide us. But they can't movement. College students refused separate our hearts." to write on British-made paper. The The incidents that took place after leaders of the movement were the partition really proved the authenticity extremists like Lala Lajpath Rai, of Rabindranath Tagore's words quoted Balagangadhara Tilak, Bipin above. On 16 October 1905 Bengal was Chandrapal and Arabindo Ghosh. divided into two. People of Bengal Arabindo Ghosh promoted swadeshi observed it as a mourning day. Men and in the field of education also. As a part of Swadeshi Movement, cottage women marched along the streets industries, handicrafts, spinning singing vandemataram. Thousands of mills, banks and insurance people observed fast. In many places, companies were started. they burnt heaps of foreign goods and picketed the shops selling foreign goods. • What were the forms of protest The song "Amar Sona Bangla" (my golden followed by agitators during the Bengal) by Tagore reverberated in the struggle against partition of Bengal? streets of Bengal during the protests. Along with fasting they boycotted Thousands of people participated in foreign goods and picketed the

Chapter - Six Indian National Movement 74 foreign goods shops. What were • What was the intention behind the factors that led to such a method of introduction of separate electorates protest? Organise a discussion in for Muslims according to Minto- your class. Morley Reforms? How did it weaken • The economic interest of Britain. the National Movement? Discuss. • Promotion of swadeshi articles. • Make a note on the impact of Minto- Morley reforms and the formation of • 'Swadeshi Movement became a All India Muslim League on the strong weapon during the National National Movement. Movement.' What are the arguments that you can put forward to justify Home Rule India this statement? Prepare a note. The early years of the 20th century • Boycott of foreign articles. witnessed intensified competition among the imperialists to conquer and • Formation of swadeshi annexe more colonies. The rich institutions. countries were divided into two • opposite camps. The result of this popularisation was the First World War • If we use products that we make in of 1914. Indian support was our country, what are the advantages indispensable for Britain in this critical that it will provide to our locality? moment. So the British offered Self- Discuss the problem and prepare a Government to Indians in return for note. their support in the war. It meant Self Government for India under the British Divide and Rule Policy control. The Nationalists believed in Minto-Morley reforms were introduced this offer and supported Britain during as a part of the British policy of divide the war. After this, the method of and rule. According to this, they struggle against the British underwent change. Even extremists like Tilak reserved constituencies with separate changed their position and offered electorates for Muslims in the provincial support to the British for the legislative councils. achievement of Self-Government. For An organization called All-India achieving Home Rule, Tilak formed the Muslim League had been formed in Home Rule League and became active 1906. The British supported the new in Maharashtra. Annie Basant formed organization in order to weaken the another Home Rule League in other Congress. As a result of the parts of India. She was a lady from interventions of nationalist leaders who Ireland and had come to India recognised the British vested interest in impressed very much with Indian extending support to the League, the culture. Congress and Muslim League took the • Make a note on the changes brought decision to work together in the about by the concept of Home Rule Lucknow Congress of 1916. in Indian National Movement.

Standard - Eight Social Science 75 from South Africa during the course of the First World War. Once Gandhiji joined the leadership of the National Movement, it came to have a new sense of direction. Champaran Experiences The British plantation owners followed Annie Basant cruel exploitation methods towards the • How can we differentiate Home Rule indigenous indigo farmers in the Movement from the struggles of District of Champaran in Bihar. Gandhiji 1857? intervened in this issue in order the problems of these farmers and the My Life is My Message Government took a decision in favour "He was always dressed simple; the of the indigo farmers. language was always simple and to Gandhiji took the leadership in solving the point and seldom was an unnec- the dispute on bonus between the essary word used. It was the utter sin- labourers and the employers of the cerity of the man and his personality textile mills of Ahmedabad in Gujarat. that gripped... every gesture had He also took steps to solve the meaning and grace and had great problems of cultivators of Kheda power over people. He used to speak District in Gujarat at the time when they mostly in his mother tongue Gujarati or in Hindi ... He was like a peasant..." were facing hardship due to a major crop failure. He also intervened in the Given above are Nehru's words about peasant struggle in Bardoli when they Gandhiji. Gandhiji arrived in India refused to pay taxes to the Government. Mahatma Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi was born on 2 October 1869 in the coastal town of Porbandar in Gujarat. His real name was Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Karamchand Gandhi was his father and Putlibai his mother. After finishing elementary education he became a law graduate in London. He went to South Africa and started his legal practice. The racial discrimination suffered by the Blacks and Indians in South Africa under colonial rule made him furious. Before long, he became the leader of the racially discriminated masses of South Africa. It was during this period that Gandhiji experimented with his method of protest called satyagraha. Gandhiji proved that non-violence is not the weapon of the cowards and the weak, but a powerful weapon in the hands of the brave and strong. He returned to India by 1915 and stood at the helm of the Indian National Movement from then onwards. The United Nations Organisation observes October 2, the birthday of Gandhiji, as the World Peace Day.

Chapter - Six Indian National Movement 76 • How did Gandhiji win the love and violated basic human rights. Protests respect of Indian population within against Rowlatt Act soon gathered a short period? Discuss. strength. The agitation gathered more • He used the common man's issues strength in Punjab. as a weapon of protest. Satyapal and Dr. Saifuddhin Kichlu • were the leaders of the struggle in Punjab. The Police arrested them. The • How did the individual struggles of people of Punjab who protested against the people strengthen the National this police action assembled peacefully Movement? Prepare a note. at Jallianwala Bagh. General Dyer, a • Champaran British Police Official, ordered firing • Textile mill agitations without any warning. It was very • Non-tax payment protests difficult to escape from the Maidan Jallianwala Bagh surrounded on all the three sides by buildings. Hundreds of people lost The British, who promised self- their lives and thousands wounded in Government to the Indians during the the firing. One of the British eye witness war period, retracted from their of the Jallianwala Bagh incident on promise after the war and began to 13 April 1919, describes it thus. implement policies and legislation that "In the attempt of fleeing the people denied the fundamental rights of the people. Rowlatt Act was one among were running to both sides of the way. them. This Act empowered the British Falling and stumbling, pushing Government to arrest any Indian together and creeping and jostling. without any reason and put him or her People fell roaring. Squeezed by in prison without trial. Gandhiji called stamping of the people came back. for struggle against this Act which Those who were being shot were piled upon the people directly shot down. When it was found that there was no way out, they ran up to the wall. In this attempt many were shot to death." Source: Bhisham Sahni, Jallianwala Bagh The world was shocked at this most cruel incident. In protest, great poet Rabindranath Tagore renounced the knighthood bestowed on him by the British Government. The anti-British sentiment was inflamed which strengthened the National Movement. There was unprecedented mass Memorial of Jallianwala Bagh massacre participation in the National Movement.

Standard - Eight Social Science 77 The Indian independence can also be • Khilafat Movement said to be the result of the self-sacrifice • Slogans of Jallianwala Bagh victims. • • Jallianwala Bagh massacre is one of great incidents in the history of Malabar Rebellion Indian National Movement. Prepare We have already discussed the peasant a note on the Jallianwala Bagh uprisings of Eranad and Valluvanad incident. regions of Malabar during the 19th Non-Cooperation and Khilafat century. In connection with Khilafat Gandhi led the people along the path Movement the Khilafat Committees of peaceful agitation to attain the aim were formed all over Malabar. The of Swaraj. The Non-Cooperation British police tried to arrest Kalathingal Movement was the first people's protest Muhamed, the Secretary of Pukottur under the leadership of Gandhi. It Khilafat Committee. The Mappilas involved the refusal to co-operate with gathered to protest against this. After the British rule. The main objectives of this, the British decided to arrest all this Non-Cooperation Movement were Khilafat leaders. The rumour was to develop Hindu-Muslim unity and to ensure the participation of village spread that Ali Musaliar, an eminent peasants in the Movement. This agitation was based on the values of Khilafat Movement Non-violence. When Non-cooperation Movement and Khilafat movement joined together, people's unity got strengthened. Petitions and memoranda were replaced by the direct struggles of the people. All sections of society including women, children and the aged joined the protest. Ali Brothers • Non-cooperation Movement caught Khalifa was the spiritual leader of the the attention due to the participation Muslims all over the world. When of ordinary people of India. What are the First World War ended the British the factors that attracted the masses divided Turkey and nullified the to the Movement? Present a seminar power of Khalifa. Khilafat was the on the topic. movement of the Muslims formed • Role of peasants and the rural against this act of the British. masses Moulana Shoukat Ali and his brother Moulana Muhammad Ali gave • Non-violent character leadership to the Khilafat Movement • Non-cooperation as a method of in India. protest

Chapter - Six Indian National Movement 78 Khilafat leader was arrested by the • The British always adopted the most British Police after surrounding the brutal methods to suppress revolts. Tirurangadi Mosque. The angry mob Analyse this statement on the basis proceeded to Tirurangadi. The British of the Malabar Revolt and prepare army started firing at them. a note. The revolt spread to the rural areas of Chawri Chawra Incident Eranad and Valluvanad . Mappilas destroyed railway lines, post offices On 5 February 1922, about 3000, and roads. Variyam Kannathu peasants of Chawri - Chawra at the Muhammad Haji and his followers Gorakhpur District of Uttar Pradesh founded a Khilafat Raj in Manjeri. But were marching in a rally in protest the British army moved in and crushed against the British rule. Suddenly the all protests. police fired towards this mob without Wagon Tragedy "Keeping the door open, They began to stuff people inside.. limbs of many were already fitting out.. those who were inside could not even get a foothold.. the train journey continued, with the body suspended above the roof and the legs not even touching the floor of the train… I began to suffocate and cried out of thirst… even tired in vain to quench my thirst by collecting urine in my hands… people started to scratch and bite one another.. I somehow managed to get close to a nail hole from which the nail had peeled off and tried to sustain breath by keeping my nose near the hole.. after some time I fainted.. the train reached podanur at few early in the morning.. the sight inside was terrible enough to shock even those devils.. '' This is a first hand report by an eye witness who had a narrow escape from the wagon of goods that set out from Tirur to Coimbatore. Thousands at the riot areas were punished by the strict Martial Law. In Malabar there was no convenience for housing the bulk of prisoners. And there were not sufficient policemen to escort the prisoners over such a long distance. So, one hundred and twenty two prisoners who were arrested from Tirur were stuffed in a wagon of a goods train and brought to the prison at Coimbatore. On the way to podanur many had died of suffocation. Source: Wagon Tragedy Smaranika • Kerala also actively participated in any provocation from their side. Three the freedom struggle. The British of them died on the spot. Riotous mob and landlords together made attacked the police station and set fire attempts to suppress the protests. to it. In this attack 22 policemen lost May be your locality also has historic their lives. evidences of freedom struggle. If so • Prepare a table after comparing the make some notes on it after a detailed Malabar Rebellion and Chawri study. Chawra incident.

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Kozhikode Eranad Nilgiri Eruvanna Nilambur Areekkode Mannur Pookkottur Vandoor Kondotti Manjeri Kalikavu Karuvarakkundu Vellumbram Thuvvur Melatur Parappanangadi Pandikkad Vangara Kodur Thirurangadi Pandalur Valluvanad Thanur Malappuram Mannarcad Nannambra Kottaykkal Coimbatore Thirur Angadippuram Perindalmanna Ponnani Vaniyamkulam Ottapalam Ponnani Kodaykkal

Kochi Palakkad

Affected area Railway line District Border Talik Border Costal line

Map of the areas affected by Malabar Rebellion, Source: K.N. Panicker, Against lord and State

Malabar Rebellion Chawri Chawra Swaraj Party incident The Non-cooperation Movement of 1922 • Peasant revolt • Peasant revolt filled fighters with new energy. But the suspension of movement disappointed • Suppressed by • Suppressed by people. It also revealed the ideological the police the police differences within the Congress. In this •• tensed context a split within the Congress •• became inevitable and contributed the birth of Swaraj Party. Some prominent leaders of Swaraj Party were Motilal Gandhiji called for a non-violent protest. Nehru, Vallabhai Patel, Hakkim Ajmal The incident of Chawri-Chawra Khan, Madan Mohan Malavya etc. prompted Gandhi to suspend the Non- • What is your opinion regarding the cooperation Movement. It created suspension of Non-cooperation ideological clashes between the leaders Movement? Analyse Gandhian of Freedom Movement and some method of protesting the light of the condemned Gandhi's act. The formation above incident. of Swaraj Party under the leadership of Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das was a • Ahimsa • Satyagraha result of this. •• $$

Chapter - Six Indian National Movement 80 Reforms Without Salt Satyagraha Representation The Lahore Congress session of 1929 3 February 1928 the Bombay Port was decided to begin the Civil Disobedience covered with black flags as a symbol of Movement. The British Government protest. The waves of protests could be increased the tax on salt to 24 times seen in every nook and corner. That was greater than its original rate to tide over the day Sir. John Simon the Chairperson, the world economic depression of 1929. of the Indian Constitutional Reform Committee, arrived at the Bombay Port. Salt is the commonest food of all classes People received Sir. Simon by shouting of society. So the imposing of tax on salt would affect all sections of society, especially the poor. Hence Gandhi decided to break the law and he called for an agitation. Satyagrahi A Satyagrahi is a fearless person. He will never submit to any arbitrary action. He who has attained the Demonstration against Simon Commission in Madras Satyagrahi's state of mind will remain victorious and calm under the slogan "Simon Commission, go back". all conditions. His aim is to destroy The reason behind the protest was that evil, not the evildoer. It is not by there was not even a single member from hurting the enemies that a Satyagrahi India in the Commission. All the members guards the truth but by himself of the Commission were white men. Lala suffering the pain. He thus hopes Lajpath Rai the leader of Lahore March to awaken the conscience of the was brutally lathi charged by the British guilty. and he died within a few days.

Gandhiji with his volunteers during Dandi March

Standard - Eight Social Science 81 On 12 March 1930, Gandhi began his Round Table Conference march to Dandi situated 200 miles from To discuss the problems facing Indians, Sabarmati, along with 78 followers. The the British convened three Round Table journey covered on foot received warm Conferences in London. The first Round welcome from the masses on the route Table Conference highlighted the Simon to Dandi. On 6 April, Gandhiji reached Commission report. So the Congress Dandi and collected salt from there by decided to boycott the Conference. The breaking the salt laws. Followed by Second Conference was based on these incidents Gandhiji and others Gandhi- Irwin pact. But it failed. The were arrested by the British. The British did not agree with even a single symbolic breaking of salt laws took demand put forward by Indians. Indian place all over the country. Hundreds National Congress boycotted the Third were arrested as part of this movement. and Final Round Table Conferences • Make a short note on Salt Satyagraha convened in 1932. The Government in Kerala by collecting data from India Act of 1935 was the result of Third different sources. conference. Lahore Conference Freedom Movement and Revolutionaries In December 1929 under the presidentship of Jawaharlal Nehru, Revolutionary ideas had started taking roots in India even during the period Congress members gathered in Lahore. of Bengal partition. Revolutionaries The Lahore Congress declared that the were persons who believed in the ultimate goal of Congress was the means of direct actions and mass attainment of Poorna Swaraj. It also uprising and not in peaceful methods. decided to start the Civil Disobedience Movement. In this meeting the Kakori Conspiracy Case Congress selected the tricolour flag as Kakori was a small village near the national flag of India. Steps were Lucknow. On 9 August 1925 a group also taken to observe 1930 January 26 of revolutionaries led by Ram Prasad as the Indian independence day. Bismil, plundered the railway Red Shirt Army treasury inside the railway guard’s room. This incident is known as Red Shirt Army was launched under Kakori Conspiracy. In this case Ram the leadership of Khan Abdul Gaffar Prasad Bismil, Roshan Singh, Khan also known as the Frontier Rajendra Lahiri and Ashfaqulla Khan Gandhi. The centre of activities was were executed by the British among the pathans of North West Government and four persons who regions of India. They were both indulged in the conspiracy got a life freedom fighters and believers in non- sentence and were exiled to the violence. Andaman Nicobar Islands.

Chapter - Six Indian National Movement 82 Ghadar effort of the Ex-revolutionaries. They followed the way of armed revolts to During the First World War expel British from power. Socialist revolutionary movements were very ideologies influenced the HRA leaders active in the country. The Ghadar like Bhagat Singh and Chandrasekhar Party was formed in 1913 by Azad. They targeted corrupt officers. In revolutionaries of Indian origin in 1930 under the leadership of Surya Sen revolutionaries raided the Chittagong U.S.A. and Canada. It had members Armoury. Surya Sen was later tried and from religions like Islam, Sikh and hanged by the government. Hindu. Along with the civilians Bhagat Singh and his followers killed military personnel also joined the Saunders, the British officer behind movement. Lala Hardayal was the Lala Lajpat Rai's death. spirit behind the Ghadar Party. They According to a joint decision taken by planned armed revolts against British the Association, Bhagat Singh and B. K. rule in Punjab. But the mission failed. Dutt took the responsibility to execute Police arrested Ghadar Party members an explosion in the Central Legislative in Punjab and executed 42 of them. Assembly. They thought that through Some of the revolutionaries were this they could present the demands of extremists. Kingsford was a British judge Indians before the government. After who was notorious for his cruelty. He conducting explosion, they distributed pamphlets instead of escaping from used his office to torture those who there. The British government captured protested against the partition of Bengal brave revolutionaries and executed and would punish them accusing them them ignoring the mass protest against of conspiracy against the British. the execution. Khudiram Bose and Profulla Chaki were On 24 March 1931, the day following entrusted with the task of assassinating the execution of Bhagat Singh and his Kingsford. The attempt failed, Khudiram Comrades, in a carefully drafted Bose was captured by the Police. Profulla statement to the press in New Delhi, Chaki killed himself. Later Khudiram Nehru stated: "I have remained Bose was hanged to death. The most absolutely silent during their last important revolutionary organizations of days, lest a word of mine may injure that time were Anuseelan Samiti and their prospect of commutation. I have Yuganthar. They expanded their activity remained silent, though I felt like abroad also. Madame Bhikaj Cama, bursting and now all is over." V.D. Savarkar, Ajith Singh and Hardayal "None of us could save them, who controlled the revolutionary activities of were so dear to us and whose Europe. By the First World War most of magnificent courage and sacrifice the leaders were either hiding or have been an inspiration to the youth imprisoned by the British. of India. India cannot even save her Hindustan Republic clearly loved children from the gallows." Association (HRA) "There will be hartals and mournings, Hindustan Republic Association took processions everywhere. There will birth in October 1924 in Kanpur as an be sorrow in the land at our utter

Standard - Eight Social Science 83 helplessness but there will also be • The First World War provided a pride in him who is no more, and favourable situation for the growth when England speaks to us and talks of new freedom movement. Make a of settlement there will be the corpse critical study on this statement with of Bhagat Singh between us lest we evidence. forget" Source: Selected speeches of Jawaharlal Nehru, Vol-6 • Ghadar Party • Home Rule Movement • Hindustan Republic Association. Influence of New Ideologies Socialist ideologies received a warm welcome within the Congress itself. Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose were prominent among people who showed interest towards Socialist ideologies. The formation of Forward Bhagat Singh Bloc by Chandra Bose was under the influence of Socialist ideologies. Bharat Chodo (Quit India)

When the Second World War broke out the British needed India’s support. The Congress considered this as a great opportunity and planned programmes to get Indian demands accepted by the Sukhdev Rajguru British.

• How did Gandhian method of On 8 August 1942 the Bombay session protests differ from that of the of the All India Congress Committee revolutionaries? passed the historical quit India • Discuss the circumstances which resolution. Here also the priority was attracted youngsters from different for non-violent mode of protest Gandhiji parts of the country to the delivered a speech to the delegates of revolutionary methods during the Congress beginning of the last century? "I, therefore, want freedom • Relentless actions of the British immediately, this very night, before • dawn, if it can be had... Fraud and

Chapter - Six Indian National Movement 84 untruth today are stalking the On 9 August, early in the morning itself, world... You may take it from me Gandhiji and other Congress leaders that I am not going to strike a bargain were arrested; the Congress was with the Viceroy for Ministries and declared illegal. Following this the the like; I am not whole nation was going to be in turmoil. News satisfied with any of their leaders thing short of arrest enraged the complete people. Even in freedom... Here is the absence of a mantra, a short leaders and one, that I give organisation a you. You may wave of agitation imprint it on your spread through hearts and let out the country. every breath of Hartals and yours give demonstrations expression to it. took place in Newspaper headlines on the arrest of The mantra is: "Do Gandhiji factories, schools or Die". We shall and colleges. The either free India or die in the government tried to suppress the attempt; we shall not live to see the agitation, using lathi charge and firing. perpetuation of our slavery." People were provoked by repeated lathi charges and firings and the Source :Bipan Chandra, Modern India. agitation slowly turned violent. Police

Gandhiji, Nehru and other leaders during the discussion of Quit India resolution

Standard - Eight Social Science 85 stations, post offices and railway 1857 1942 stations were attacked. Telegraph and • In some places • Nation wide telephone wires and railway lines were cut and government buildings were only burnt. In many places, the rebels seized • Participation by • Great majority of control over towns and villages. In only a few sections people participated several areas, the rebels set up parallel of people governments as in Midnapur in •• Bengal and Satara in Bombay. Students, peasants and workers were in the •• forefront of the struggle. But the Dilli Chalo government suppressed the agitation. The national leader Subhash Chandra Slogans like 'Bharat Chchodo' 'Leave Bose wished to liberate India through a India' and 'Quit India' reverberated military campaign. throughout India. The Government went all out to crush the movement. In the Second World War a number of Indian soldiers in the British army were They used even machine guns against captured and made prisoners by the the crowds. The military took over Japanese. Using these prisoners control of towns and cities. of war, an anti-British force was formed with Japanese support. Rash • Prepare a table comparing the Behari Bose, an old revolutionary gave struggles of 1857 and 1942. leadership to this. All this time, Subhash

Subhash Chandra Bose and Captain Lekshmi with INA Women regiment

Chapter - Six Indian National Movement 86 Chandra Bose who had escaped from • What were the factors that gave a set India reached Japan and joined the Azad back to the attempts made by INA to Hind Fauj (INA—Indian National obtain India's freedom through Army) Centering Singapore and military means? Prepare a note. Rangoon. Subhash Chandra Bose reorganised the INA. However, in the Post-War Struggle Second World War, Britain and Allies A struggle against the trial of the officers became victorious. Japan was on the and soldiers of the I NA was the first defeated side and INA lost Japanese thing that post-war India witnessed. At support. With this, INA failed to one stage, some of the officers of the achieve its objective. British Army worked as part of the I N A.

A newspaper report on the trail of INA officers at Red Fort on 1st November 1945

Standard - Eight Social Science 87 The British action to put on trial, the INA leaseholders of Bengal against their officers-General Shah Nawas, Gurdayak landlords, the struggle led the workers Singh Dhillon and Prem Sehgal led to and farmers' of Punnapra Vayalar protest from the people. Popular against the landlords and imperialism demonstrations demanding their and the farmers agitation in Telungana release were held all over the country. added to the spirit of struggle. Even though the British Court Martial Towards Freedom held the INA prisoners guilty, the British Government set them free. The British realised that they could no In February 1946, in Bombay, the Naval longer continue to rule the country as Ratings of the Royal Indian Navy they had before. The change in mutinied against the British Army and government in post-war Britain also Naval Force. They readily surrendered created a favourable atmosphere for only when asked to do so by the India. The Government of Britain national leaders. There were strikes in seriously thought of transferring power the other wings of the armed forces too. to Indians. For this, detailed The Government could no longer rely programmes both long term and short on the armed forces and police to term to be checked out. A three member suppress the National Movement. Cabinet Mission from Britain was sent India was in a state of turmoil till she to India. They held negotiations with achieved independence. The strike by Indian leaders on the transfer of power. the postal and telegraph workers and And made their mission clear. The the railway workers were the reasons Congress and the League initially for this. The Thebhaga agitation of the favoured the Mission’s proposal but

Members of the Interim Government, October 1946 From left, front: Baldev Singh, John Matthai, C. Rajagopalachari, Jawaharlal Nehru, Liaquat Ali Khan, Vallabhai Patel, I.I. Chundrigar, Asaf Ali, C.H. Bhabha. Rear: Jagjivan Ram, Ghazanfar Ali Khan, Rajendra Prasad, Abdul Rab Nishtar.

Chapter - Six Indian National Movement 88 later differences started cropping up. Mount Batten took charge as the The Congress advocated for a federal Viceroy of India in 1947. He held union type of government for India discussions with Indian leaders and whereas the Muslim League pressed its arrived at a compromise, known as the demand for a separate state of Pakistan. Mount Batten Plan. It was decided to In the meanwhile the British divide India into two self-governing Government conceded to the Congress countries and also to divide Punjab and demand for a Constituent Assembly to Bengal. An independent Pakistan was start the work of framing the Constitution of India. formed with West Punjab, East Bengal, Silhat District in Assam, Sind, Protests and clashes instigated by the Muslim League to create a separate Baluchistan and the North-West homeland - Pakistan for them unleashed Frontier Province. Mohammed Ali unprecedented carnage and bloodshed. Jinnah became its first Governor The British Government decided to General. The Indian Union came into form an interim Government to being comprising the rest of the unified overcome this dangerous situation. India. India and Pakistan, two new Subsequently 12 member Interim Dominions, were thus formed. But Government under the leadership of Gandhi was opposed the partition. Jawaharlal Nehru came into being on 2 Freedom had at last come to us after a September 1946. The Muslim League long struggle but with the wounds of a was unyielding at the beginning but partition. later joined the Government. But the unity of the coalition could not be • After suppressing the 1857 Revolt, sustained. the British were able to rule India for Transfer of Power a long time. But what was the condition after the agitations By now the British Government had of 1942? made it clear that it intended to leave India by June 1948. They started Prepare and present a seminar paper working on the transfer of power to comparing the struggles of both these India. But later it was decided to periods. What all topics could be in- partition the country. When the British cluded in this? finally left India, it was only after • People's participation inflicting an eternal wound on the hearts of a people, by cutting into two what • Conditions after the agitations had remained unified for long. • People's self confidence. Prior to transfer of power, Lord •

Standard - Eight Social Science 89

India in 1947

Jammu and Kashmir

Western Pakistan

Eastern Pakistan

Chandranagore (French) Junagadh Diu Daman Dadra Nagar Haieli (Portuguese)

Yanam Goa (French) (Portuguese)

Mahe Pondicherri (French) (French) Karaikkal (French)

Chapter - Six Indian National Movement 90 The Wound of Freedom

The flow of refugees from the border villages at the time of partition. The movement of joy was mixed with pain and sadness. The work for the transfer of power to Indians was started. The decision arrived at later was to partition India. The British left India after tearing apart a single nation of historical times and leaving a permanent wound in the minds of the people. The All India Muslim League had strongly demanded that there must be a separate nation for the Muslims. India's partition was an aftermath of the British diplomacy of Divide and Rule. As prelude to the transfer of power, in 1947 Lord Mount Batten took over as India's Viceroy. He held discussions with Indian leaders. At the end of discussions a settlement was arrived at and two nations -India and Pakistan- came into existence. Gandhiji did not agree to this. The dream of India's unity was shattered; brother was torn away from brother, indescribable brutalities happened. As a result of the communal riots, around two lakh people were killed in both countries.

India to Life opportunity, to the greater triumphs and achievements that await us." In his address to the nation, on the day of Independence Nehru said like this. Mahatmaji who gave to the people of India the message of truth, non- "At the stroke of the midnight hour, violence, love and courage was shot when the world sleeps, India will awake dead by Nathuram Vinayakgodse on to life and freedom... When the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds 30 January 1948. utterance... We end today a period of The great scientist of 20th century illfortune... The achievement we celebrate Albert Einstein said like this about today is but a step, an opening of Mahatmaji.

Standard - Eight Social Science 91

Jawaharlal Nehru being sworn in as the first Prime Minister of Independent India

"Posterity will not believe that a man • Compare the political map of India like this walked on this earth". now with that of India just after the partition. • Conduct a seminar on "The role played by different streams of the • You will find in the map a area freedom struggle in making India marked as East Pakistan. What is its independent". name now? Is it still a part of Pakistan? •

Chapter - Six Indian National Movement 92

STORY OF EXCHANGE

Standard - Eight Social Science 93

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Did you notice the news? How do the importing expense also falls. Then we fluctuations in the price of crude oil in get petroleum products like petrol, the international market influence the diesel and cooking gas at reduced price of petrol and diesel in our prices. Now, imagine that the price of country? Can you find out the reason? crude oil rises in the global market.

Transporting charge Price of Change in raw materials salary

Price of crude oil

Change in Price Bus fare of commodities Taxi fare

We import over 70 per cent of crude oil How will it affect us? we need from the petroleum exporting countries. When the price of crude oil $ Prepare a note with help of the falls in international market, the diagram given above.

Chapter - Seven Story of Exchange 94 Events at the international level affect Masalakkadakal (Grocery shops). our lives however minor they are. The Coconut oil and gingelly oil were Gulf War of 1991, the collapse of directly available from the oil-mills. banking institutions in America and Clothes were bought directly from the Europe and the economic recession are weavers. Sesame seeds were given in a few examples. When there is a rise in exchange for oil. Exchanging price of the commodities, we will have commodities was a common practice to spend more money to buy things. The then. What about rice and vegetables? elders will tell you about the miseries Where were they bought from in those of such a situation. days? They were either cultivated by all What are the services and goods we or bought directly from the farmers. need in our daily life? Money is And what is the condition today? There required to fulfil most of these needs. are so many supermarkets even in Prepare a list of the things we need villages. They sell almost everything. money for. There are buyers for anything. Food, electricity, house rent, Did people pay money for all service medicine…. The list will be a very long and commodities all the time? How did one. Can you think of a time when there people buy and sell things in a time was no money at all? when there was no money in practice? Daily Life Products for Products We buy many things we need in our The harvest is done. Farmers are in high daily life-grocery,vegetables,consumer spirits because of the good harvest. It is time goods etc. We will get any of these for the next crop. The land is to be tilled. goods even from a village shop. This Various implements are to be kept in good was unimaginable to older generations. condition. One farmer decided to get a new Fifty years ago, life was quite different. plough. He has already asked a carpenter to The life-style was so different then in make him a good plough. So one day he took every aspect-food, dress, rituals etc. some paddy and went to the carpenter. Their needs were much limited compared to ours. The carpenter has made the plough by then Write down the things we buy from the farmer took the plough and gave the shops. Was it like this 50 or 60 years paddy to the carpenter. The carpenter was back? overwhelmed with happiness. He told the In those days, the shops that sold salt, farmer: "My wife has only just now told me chillies, cumin, jaggery, tea, coffee that we need rice for tomorrow's meals. It is powder and kerosene were called a great boon for us. I wish you good crops."

Standard - Eight Social Science 95 Barter System such a system? Discuss in the class and prepare a note. You can also ask the Before money or currency came into elders in your home about their practice, people exchanged their childhood experiences of this system. products to get various other things they wanted. This system of trading • Discuss in your class, the difficulties by exchange of commodities or faced by people before the invention products is called the Barter system. of currency and prepare a brief notes. Do we follow this kind of trading anymore? Do you buy anything by The Necessity of Money barter system? What will be the Money came into existence as a means difficulties/problems we face, if we to overcome the short comings of barter follow this system today? Let us see a system. In what ways might have the typical experience of those days. invention of money helped man? More and more people began to gather • Money enabled people to buy and at the village squire. Some came with sell anything. bunches of bananas on their heads. Some others came with domestic • They amassed wealth in the form of animals like chicken, goats and cows to money. exchange. • Money helped in valuing things and All kinds of grocery, vegetables and services. fruits, coconuts, paddy, mangoes, • How did people meet their various jackfruits—were brought into the needs before the invention of market. money? Prepare a note after One man with a bunch of banana on his discussions with people of older head wanted some rice in exchange for it. He was searching for someone generation. carrying rice. At last he spotted one. But Story of the Coin alas! The person who brought rice did Coins were first made of valuable not need any bananas. He wanted metals, especially gold and silver. But chicken. But the owner of the chickens very soon there was a huge demand for did not want rice. He wanted some coconuts in exchange for the chickens. coins. It was difficult to meet the Thus everyone toiled hard to get what demand for coins made of valuable they wanted. Would all these suffering metals. Thus, relatively cheaper metals come to an end some day? People then like brass and nickel began to be used might have thought so. to make coins. Later aluminium and Now you might have a fair concept stainless steel were used. With the about the peculiarities of barter system? coming of these coins, brass and nickel What are the merits and demerits of coins disappeared forever.

Chapter - Seven Story of Exchange 96

See the picture of ancient coins. Did you notice the diversity in size and shape?

first coins minted after this rule were imprinted with naya paisa (see picture • Study the above). coins in the picture. The first two coins in the picture are What are the made of bronze whereas the third one differences is minted with an alloy of aluminium between and nickel. them? How do they differ? Numismatics • What metal is used to make the coins Numismatics is the study of coins. It that we use today? is also called Numismatology. This The Earlier Coins of branch of study is concerned with the Independent India collection and scientific study of coins, medals and paper currency. Karshapanam, Purana, Rupaka and Suvarna were some of the earliest coins of India. They were minted in silver. Why don’t you start collecting coins During the British rule, Rupee became now? our coin. The British divided the rupee Some suggestions about collecting into 16 annas (64 paise). The first coin coins are given at the end of this chapter. seen in the above picture was in use in You should also study the collected independent India before the India Coin coins carefully. Rule of 1955. What to study: This rule did not make any change in • The shapes of various coins the name of our currency. But Rupee was divided into hundred paise. The • Their weight

Standard - Eight Social Science 97 • The metals with which they are copper coins. For that he had to put made gold and silver equal to the face value • The imprints: seals or writings of the copper coins into the market. • Their value The main reason of this crisis was the • Their historic background absence of a central agency responsible for the minting and control of currency. Studying these coins will be very Tuglaq had to revoke his reforms interesting for you. It will also help you because they caused uncontrollable to learn more about the different layers problems. of life of that time. • What inferences can we draw about The First Coin minting of coins from the failure of The first coin known so far is the the currency reforms of Tuglaq? Lydian Lion of B.C.673. Other oldest coins are Daric of Persia, Hectai of • What will happen if such a reform is Asia Minor and Oll of Athens. effected today? • What are the problems of counterfeit Counterfeit Coins currency being circulated in the Muhammed Bin Tuglaq who ruled in society? Discuss in your class. the 14th century was one of the famous If Tuglaq failed in his coin reform, the rulers of Delhi Sultanate. He conducted Mughals did it successfully. many experiments in coin minting. Minting brass coins was one of them. Thus we have seen that an official He ordered that the brass coins would system is essential for controlling the be considered as equivalent to gold and production and circulation of currency. silver coins. But he did not care to make To Paper Currency the minting of the coins the sole monopoly of the state. As a result of As time passed, the requirements of this, counterfeit coins became plenty in man increased. With that the trade also the society. They looked exactly like the developed considerably. Development coins made in the royal mint. People in sectors other than agriculture and the turned their houses into mints and changes in the life style caused an produced brass coins at large scale. increase in the circulation of coins. Use These counterfeit coins were used to of money became so vast that coins pay taxes and to buy goods became so inadequate to meet the indiscriminately. This uncontrolled flow of coins into market caused a requirements of trading activities. What collapse of the value of the currency. were the problems people faced This, in turn caused stagnation in trade because of this? Think of the and industry. Finally the emperor had inconvenience of carrying coins for the to revoke his decision to propagate value of a thousand or more rupees!

Chapter - Seven Story of Exchange 98 Paper currency was used to solve this Production There, problem. Consumption Here Let us examine the currency notes that In a discussion in the first part of this are in use today. What details do you lesson, we have found that require- notice? ments in our lives have increased very Record your findings. How do the much and that in order to meet them all, we need many goods. currency notes differ from coins? Can we produce all of them in our • Material used. locality? We have learned in previous • Value classes that many goods that we use are • Changes according to the increase in produced in other/foreign countries. value How do we get those goods? Can the • Agency responsible for printing producers themselves sell out all their products? Which Bank has the authority to print Farmers keep a portion of the harvest our Currency Notes? as seeds for next crop and another for In all nations,the duty to print the their use. They sell the rest. Special currency and to control the currency arrangements were made to preserve system is vested with the Central the grain kept apart. In the past huge Banking Agencies. Our Central Bank is wooden chests (Pathayam) were used the Reserve Bank of India (R.B.I.). You to preserve grain. The foreigners who might have noticed this name when you came here for trade used to build large were examining the currency notes warehouses and forts by the side of earlier. rivers and on sea shores. These Reserve Bank of India warehouses made the collection and transportation of the collected goods The Reserve Bank of India was easier. Now the producers keep their established in 1935 by the British products in storehouses. Government. It was officially declared as the Central Bank of India in 1949. The headquarters of R.B.I. is in Mumbai. The R.B.I. advises the Union Government in affairs related to currency system.

With the advent of a controlled currency system, trade and commerce of the country became very smooth.

Standard - Eight Social Science 99 How do these goods reach the retail • Does he buy them directly from the shops of our locality from the store producers? Is there somebody to houses? deliver him the goods to him? Study the flow chart: • What do we call a person who distributes goods to a retailer? Producer Discuss the above questions and prepare notes. Wholesaler Prepare a flow chart that shows how the money spent by the consumer as price Retailer reaches the producer.

• Such a chain exists in the trade of Consumer almost all goods. What other factors are required for smooth trade? • How does a retail dealer of your Complete the table below to find out. locality collect the goods made in Mumbai?

Factors that help trade Services available

$ x Delivery of raw material to the facto- ries and products to the market.

$ x A means to bring news about products and marketing and vice versa.

$ x An institution that gives loans for marketing and receives deposits.

$ x Precautions against possible damages and losses during production and distribution.

$ x An arrangement to store products safely in a situation if the producer will suffer losses in the market.

Chapter - Seven Story of Exchange 100 Money is an essential factor in all steps Trade of a trading process. The availability of Trade is the continuous process of the money is to be ensured for successful exchange of commodities and trade. Commercial Banks were services. The trading activities established for this purpose. In the between persons and firms within the initial years, these banks only gave out country are called domestic trade. loans and received deposits. The trade among countries is called But now they engage in a variety of international trade. business.

• Prepare a list of the Banks of your Safiya wanted an application form from an locality. institution in New Delhi. It was impractical • In addition to the Banks of your to go that far for this purpose alone. Instead, locality, are you familiar with any she approached the nearby bank. Bank other Banks? received money from Safiya and gave her a With the advent of Banks, more demand draft (D.D.) for the amount. Safiya convenient and safe ways to handle sent this D.D. to the institution in New money were revealed. Delhi. Safiya received the required form Substitute for Money within one week. How could the institution Exchanging money soon became a big in New Delhi get the money which Safiya problem in trading activities. remitted in the bank? How can a retailer dealer in Kerala give the price of goods to the wholesale Demand Draft merchant in Mumbai or New Delhi? How can wholesalers of remote places Demand Draft is a document given by give money to the producers? These the banks in return for the money problems were solved through banks. remitted by individuals or firms. The It was generally agreed that the drafts D.D. can be cashed with the help of and cheques issued by banks can be banks. The bank directs its particular used as money. Trade became branch to give the amount recorded in smoother with this. Banks became the the D.D. to the person who submits it. mediators of money exchanges in trade. One can transfer any amount of money New methods in this regard are being developed by information technology. to another using this service.

Standard - Eight Social Science 101

Model of a Cheque leaf

Cheque • How helpful are the Cheques and Cheque is a document given by the Demand Drafts in our life? Find out banks to the account holders. This can and discuss in the class. be used by the account holder to • Examine a Cheque leaf and find out withdraw money or give to others what are the facts recorded on it. instead of money. The person who Discuss in the class how to fill up a receives the Cheque can encash it from cheque leaf. the account of the giver with the help of the bank.

ATM/Debit Cards Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs) are mini banks with no staff. The customers can withdraw money from their account through these machines at any time. ATM/Debit Cards are the medium used for this. This plastic card bears a unique number for the holder.

ATM Card ATM Card - Reverse side

What are the other services provided by Points to be included: commercial banks today? Conduct a x Deposits field trip to a nearby bank. Discuss in x Loan schemes groups before preparing the x Rate of interest questionnaire to be used. x Cheque, D.D., A.T.M. Cards.

Chapter - Seven Story of Exchange 102 x How do the banks help in trading x Have you come across news reports activities? about the closure of such private x Prepare an essay/ a write-up about financial firms without prior notice? commercial banks with the help of x What are the miseries brought by this the data you collected. to the customers? Try to find answers for the questions x Even though there are so many banks given below from the bank: in area, people deposit in private financial firms. What do you think of x What are the differences between a it? Commercial bank and a Co-operative bank? x What are the differences between a We have found that there is a common Cheque and a Demand Draft? system in the society that makes goods available to those who want. We have x What conveniences do these provide also enlisted above, various factors that a customer? help trade. Commerce includes trade Analyze the collected data and prepare and various factors like procurement, a note on Cheque and D.D. transportation, banking, insurance, Besides the commercial branches there advertisement and communication that may also be some institutions run by facilitate trade. Commerce becomes individuals in our locality. effective when all these factors are made x What are the differences between use of properly. these firms and banks? My Coin Collection The basic fact to be adopted at the starting of the coin collection is that start by collecting the latest coins of one’s own country. This is because the latest coins would be easily available. Collect whatever comes to your hand in the initial stage. Then collect the coins of one’s own country. Next stage is that of specific analysis and micro study.

Standard - Eight Social Science 103

India - Industrial Map

Srinagar

Nangal

Panipat Digboi Delhi Dadri Mathura Kanpur Sawai Madhopur Barouny Varanasi Kota Ahamadabad Durgapur Vadodara Bhopal Kolkata Indore Raurkela Porbandar Trombay Mumbai

Vishakhapatnam Pune

Vijayawada Panaji

Bhadravadhi Mangalapuram Chennai

Coimbatore Palakkad Neyveli Aluva Kochi Cement

Thiruvananthapuram Petroleum Chemicals and Fertilizers Fertilizer

Chapter - Seven Story of Exchange 104

India in 2001

Jammu and Kashmir

Himachal Pradesh

Punjab Uttaranchal Haryana P A K I S T A N Delhi Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh

Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Assam Nagaland Bihar Meghalaya Manipur

Jharkhand Tripura Mizoram Gujarat Madhya Pradesh W. Bengal

Orissa Chhattis garh Maharashtra Bay of Bengal Arabian Sea Andhra Pradesh

Goa Karnataka Lakshadweep Andaman & Nicobar

Sea

Islands Lakshadweep

Kerala Tamilnadu

Srilanka

Standard - Eight Social Science PLEDGE

India is my country. All Indians are my brothers and sisters.

I love my country, and I am proud of its rich and varied heritage. I shall always strive to be worthy of it.

I shall give respect to my parents, teachers and all elders and treat everyone with courtesy.

I pledge my devotion to my country and my people. In their well-being and prosperity alone lies my happiness. CONSTITUTION OF INDIA Part IV A

FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES OF CITIZENS

ARTICLE 51 A Fundamental Duties—It shall be the duty of every citizen of India: (a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and Institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem; (b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom; (c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India; (d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so; (e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practice derogatory to the dignity of women; (f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture; (g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures; (h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform; (i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence; (j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievements.