Revolutionaries In India (Indian National Movement) (Important Points) B.A III, Paper VI, Anuradha Jaiswal

Phase 1 1) Anusilan Samiti • It was the first revolutionary organisation of Bengal. • Second Branch at Baroda. • Their leader was Rabindra Kumar Ghosh • Another important leader was P.Mitra who was the actual leader of the group. • In 1908, the samiti published a book called Bhawani Mandir. • In 1909 they published Vartaman Ranniti. • They also published a book called Mukti Kon Pathe (which way lie salvation) • Barindra Ghosh tried to explore a bomb in Maniktala in Calcutta. • Members – a) Gurudas Banerjee. b) B.C.Pal • Both of them believed in the cult of Durga. • Aurobindo Ghosh started Anushilan Samiti in Baroda. • He sent Jatindra Nath Banerjee to Calcutta and his association merged with Anusilan Samiti in Calcutta.

2) Prafull Chaki and Khudi Ram Bose • They tried to kill Kings Ford, Chief Presidency Magistrate, who was a judge at Muzaffarpur in Bihar but Mrs Kennedy and her daughter were killed instead in the blast. • Prafulla Chaki was arrested but he shot himself dead and Khudiram was hanged. This bomb blast occurred on 30TH April 1908.

3) Aurobindo Ghosh and Barindra Ghosh • They were arrested on May 2, 1908. • Barindra was sentenced for life imprisonment (Kalapani) and Aurobindo Ghosh was acquitted. • This conspiracy was called Alipore conspiracy. • The conspiracy was leaked by the authorities by Narendra Gosain who was killed by Kanhiya Lal Dutta and Satyen Bose within the jail compound.

4. Lala Hardayal, Ajit Singhand &Sufi Amba Prasad formed a group at Saharanpur in 1904.

5. V.D.Sarvarkar started Mitra Mela at Nasik in 1900. • He was influenced by Mazzini’s Young Italy. • In 1906 V.D . Sarvarkar founded Abhinav Bharat . Its members were a) Mirza Abbas b) Sikandar Hyat c) P.N.Bapat and d) Hem Chandra Das.

6. Arjun Lal Sethi: • He founded an educational institute which became a centre of revolutionary activities.

7. Vanchi Aiyar • He belonged to ‘Bharat Mata Association’ • In 1911, the District Magistrate of Tinnevali, Asche was shot dead by him.

8. Madam Cama became active in 1902. • She is called the mother of Indian Revolution,

9.Damodar Chapekar and Bal Krisan Chapekar (Chapekar Bandhu) • In 1897, W.C.Rand (President of Plague Committee) and Ayrest was killed by Damodar Chapekar and Bal Krisna Chapekar at Poona. This was the first political assassination.

10. Ganesh Sarvarkar , killed D.M of Nasik in 1909. • He was the younger brother of V.D.Sarvarkar and belonged to Abhinav Bharat Group.

Phase II

Hindustan Republican Association • In 1924 at Kanpur, Hindustan Republican Association was formed. • The leaders were Ram Prasad Bismil, Sachindra Nath Sanyal and Yogesh Chatterjee. Manifesto • Armed revolution to overthrow colonial rule. • To establish federal republic of United States of India. • Voting on adult franchise basis.

Activities • On 9th August 1925, they looted a train 8 Down. In this four persons were involved namely, Ram Prasad Bismil, Roshan Lal Asfaqullah, Rajendra Lahiri. All the four were arrested but Chandra Shekhar Azad fled.. The train 8 Down was looted at Kakori, this is known as Kakori Conspiracy.

Hindustan Socialist Republican Association • This was founded on 10th September 1928, under the leadership of Chandra Shekhar Azad. • It had the following members namely, Vinay Kumar Sinha, Shiv Verma, Jaidev Kapoor, Bhagwati Charan Vohra, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Batukeshwar Dutt,

Objectives • To establish a Socialist state In India. • To arouse consciousness among Indians in the futility of Gandhian method of non-violence.

Works • On 8th April, 1929, Bhagat Singh and Battukeshwar Dutt, threw a bomb in Central Legislative Council to protest against Public Safety Bill and Trade Dispute Bill. • They dropped the copies of Red Pamphlet on the House Floor. • They did not leave the Central Legislative Council and they were arrested on 23rd March, 1931. • Bhagat Singh, Raj Guru and Sukhdev were hanged. • Bhagat Singh was executed because he was deliberately involved in the Saunders murder case. • This is known as Lahore Conspiracy case. • In Lahore Conspiracy case, Jatin Das kept 64 days fast and he died on September 13 1929. • On February 27, 1931, Chandrashekhar shot himself dead in Alfred Park in Allahabad. • On December 27,1930, the governor of Punjab was injured by Harkishan and he was hanged. • On February, 1, 1932, a bomb was placed on railway line on Hardinge Bridge in Delhi, but it did not damage the train.

Revolutionary Activities in Bengal

• In Bengal the greatest revolutionary upsurge was Chittagong Armoury road. • In 1930, Surya Sen occupied two main Armouries and destroyed telegraph lines. • Surya Sen was arrested on 16th February, 1933. • On January 12, 1934 he was hanged. • This organisation had the following members namely, Ambika, Kalpana, Preetilata, Loken Nath Pal ,Anant Pal, Somnath Pal • In 1836, Bhang Bhasa Prakashika Sabha was formed.

Revolutionary terrorism gradually withered out. It lacked a mass base, despite heroism, it could not withstand the suppression by the still strong colonial state. Still there contribution is remarkable to the growth of nationalism in India.