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Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies RAINBOW Vol. 9 (2) 2020 Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/rainbow Pre-partition India and the Rise of Indian Nationalism in Amitav Ghosh’s The Shadow Lines: A Postcolonial Analysis Sheikh Zobaer* * Lecturer, Department of English and Modern Languages, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Article Info Abstract Article History: The Shadow Lines is mostly celebrated for capturing the agony and trauma of the artificial Received segregation that divided the Indian subcontinent in 1947. However, the novel also 17 August 2020 provides a great insight into the undivided Indian subcontinent during the British colonial Approved period. Moreover, the novel aptly captures the rise of Indian nationalism and the struggle 13 October 2020 against the British colonial rule through the revolutionary movements. Such image of pre- Published partition India is extremely important because the picture of an undivided India is what 30 October 2020 we need in order to compare the scenario of pre-partition India with that of a postcolonial India divided into two countries, and later into three with the independence of Keywords: Partition, Bangladesh in 1971. This paper explores how The Shadow Lines captures colonial India Nationalism, and the rise of Indian nationalism through the lens of postcolonialism.s. Colonialism, Amitav Ghosh © 2020 Universitas Negeri Semarang Corresponding author: Bashundhara, Dhaka-1229, Bangladesh E-mail: [email protected] but cannot separate the people who share the INTRODUCTION same history and legacy of sharing the same territory and living the same kind of life for The Shadow Lines is arguably the most centuries. There are so many factors that connect famous novel written by Bengali Indian author the people of a particular region together, and if Amitav Ghosh who is famous for his literary there are socio-cultural similarities among the works in English fiction. Published in 1988, the people living in that region, no artificial borders novel lucidly captures the futility of the partition and boundaries can separate them in true sense; of India, earning Amitav Ghosh the Sahitya rather, animosity is all that the imposed Akademi Award. The novel tells the story of a separation spawns. family victimized by the partition of India. But it Many historians and critics have is not just the story of some random family; this questioned the partition of India. Many believe fictional family tells the story of all the families that the partition is just an artificial segregation who were the victims of the tumultuous period of which should have been avoided, and many the great divide in 1947 that saw the Indian believe that India’s partition was a result of the subcontinent divided into two countries who British rulers’ divide and rule policy. Famous have always been hostile to each other. Partition Indian politician and scholar Shashi Tharoor, in can only separate the land by man-made fences, his much-acclaimed 2017 book Inglorious Empire: p-ISSN: 2252-6323 e-ISSN: 2721-4540 156 What the British Did to India, argues that the Years of the British Empire in India points out that partition of India was a result of the divide and “the tragedy of partition and its more than half rule policy adopted by the British who had a century legacy of hatred, fear, and continued “particular talent for creating and exaggerating conflict” could have been avoided, but for the particularist identities” (Tharoor, 2017, p.102). “arrogance and ignorance of a handful of British Bimal Prasad is also in dialogue with Tharoor as and Indian leaders” (Wolpert, 2006, p.4). Prasad argues that in order to create Hindu- This is exactly what The Shadow Lines Muslim tension, the British colonial rulers used explores: the tragedy of the partition by the divide and rule policy as a strategy so that portraying the trauma of diaspora, and the legacy they could “easily play one community against of fear and hatred by portraying the Hindu- the other” (Prasad, 2001, p.257). Jawaharlal Muslim riots in Dhaka in 1964 – almost two Nehru, in his magnum opus The Discovery of India, decades after the independence of India and aptly argues that “any division of India on a Pakistan. In order to explore the trauma of religious basis as between Hindus and Moslems” partition and its legacy of animosity, The Shadow is bound to fail because “they are spread out all Lines paints a pellucid picture of pre-partition over the country,” and “even if the areas in which India which stands in stark contrast with the each group is in a majority are separated, huge legacy of division and hatred that engulfed most minorities belonging to the other group remain in of the subcontinent after the partition. The novel each area. Thus instead of solving the minority also captures how communal harmony in pre- problem, we create several in place of one” partition India gave rise to the nationalist (Nehru, 1994, p.528). Renowned Oxford movement of India which eventually played a historian Yasmin Khan is also in dialogue with significant part in drawing an end to the Nehru as she, in her book The Great Divide: The oppressive British colonial rule in the Making of India and Pakistan, points out that Cyril subcontinent. Radcliffe “hurriedly marked on maps using censuses of ‘minority’ and ‘majority’ METHODS populations” to divide india on religious ground ignoring the devastating consequences such Amitav Ghosh’s novel The Shadow Lines is division might ensue (Khan, 2017, p.3). the subject of study. This study examines the The partition, indeed, came into effect with novel through the lens of history in order to devastating consequences. Tharoor (2017) claims evaluate how the Indian subcontinent prior to its that “over a million people died” in communal partition in 1947 has been captured, and how the riots and about seventeen million people were rise of Indian nationalism during the twilight of displaced (p.144), whereas Daiya (2008) believes British colonial rule has been portrayed in this that “at least sixteen million people” were forced novel. Descriptive qualitative method of textual to migrate and “at least two million were killed in analysis has been applied in this research. One of ethnic violence” (p.6). According to Jeff Hay’s the key aspects of this study is the use and estimate, around ten million people were forced analysis of historical information as secondary to migrate from Punjab only (Hay, 2006, p.84). sources, and in order to ensure an objective and The unprecedented communal violence caused unbiased analysis of the secondary sources, by the partition forced the renowned Muslim information has been obtained from the most leader of the Congress Abul Kalam Azad to authentic and reliable sources which include compare the provinces of West Bengal and encyclopedia, newspaper articles, journal articles, Pubjab with “graveyard of destruction and death” and books authored by some of the most in his autobiographical book India Wins Freedom acclaimed scholars, politicians, historians, and (Azad, 1988, p.228). Famed Indologist Stanley cultural critics. Such variety of sources also Wolpert, in his book Shameful Flight: The Last ensures the necessary diversity a study like this p-ISSN: 2252-6323 e-ISSN: 2721-4540 157 requires in order to ensure the inclusion of a wide of restriction at all. This borderless Indian range of perspectives while examining a subcontinent was very much different from what phenomenon, which in turn contributes to the it is now. People used to travel across the objectivity of the study. This study has been subcontinent in search of better life, job divided into two parts. Through the lens of opportunities, education, and so on eventually postcolonialism, the first part explores the extent resulting into an incredible cultural to which the portrayal of the pre-partition Indian amalgamation of many different ethnic groups subcontinent is authentic. The second part that lived in the Indian subcontinent with their focuses on the textual exploration of The Shadow unique language and culture which also created Lines in order to evaluate how the rise of Indian an environment that allowed their coexistence. nationalism has been captured in this novel. India became a melting pot of different cultures Works of some of the most prominent and a nurturing ground for ethnic diversity. This postcolonial critics and historians including incredible phenomenon set the Indian Frantz Fanon, Shashi Tharoor, and Stanley subcontinent apart from the rest of the world. Wolpert have been used to lay the theoretical The borderless India is portrayed in The foundation of the study. Shadow Lines quite distinctively. We see that Tha'mma and her sister Mayadebi live in Dhaka RESULTS AND DISCUSSION in their early life. They grow up in their Dhaka home, and through Tha'mma’s reminiscence of India before Partition her early life in Dhaka, we come to know how Even though providing a comprehensive much she is actually attached to Dhaka despite insight into the socio-political scenario of India in living in Calcutta for the rest of her life. Tha'mma colonial period is too colossal a task for any receives her early education in Dhaka, and novel, The Shadow Lines, nonetheless, achieves graduates from Dhaka University. But ironically quite a remarkable feat in portraying how the enough, despite being born in Dhaka, living there Indian subcontinent was before the great divide for a long time, and receiving education in Dhaka in 1947. The absence of borders was one of the University, Tha'mma eventually moves to India major aspects of the undivided Indian with her family during 1947 when she could have subcontinent under the British colonial rule. West easily been the citizen of East Pakistan and Bengal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Myanmar – eventually of Bangladesh had she not left Dhaka all were in the same map unrestricted by borders during the partition.
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