Social Science Standard VIII Part- 1 Government of Kerala Department of Education 2009 THE NATIONAL ANTHEM Jana Gana Mana Adhinayaka Jaya He Bharata Bhagya Vidhata Punjab Sindhu Gujarata Maratha Dravid Utkala Banga Vindhya Himachala Yamuna Ganga Uchchala Jaladhi Taranga Tava Subha Name Jage Tava Subha Asisa Mage, Gahe Tava Jaya Gatha Jana Gana Mangala Dayaka Jaya He Bharata Bhagya Vidhata Jaya He Jaya He Jaya He Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya He. Prepared by : State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 12, Kerala. Website www.scertkerala.gov.in e-mail [email protected] © Government of Kerala • Department of Education • 2009 Dear children, This book will hopefully widen the horizon of your knowledge through social interaction and inspire you to apply the same in social contexts. I hope it will also empower you to take your own stand in the society. This book is a window opening out to diverse branches of Social Science. It is imperative that you develop the ability to observe scientifically the regular phenomena of the universe and also to analyse rationally the problems that occur in the course of social dealing. You should maintain this ability throughout your life. I wish and hope you will learn to discern our yesterdays, to dissect your today rationally and give life and shape to a hopeful tomorrow. With loving regards, A.P.M. Mohammed Haneesh I.A.S. Director-in-charge SCERT Social Science Standard VIII Members Participated in the Textbook Workshop National Experts Mr. Alex M George Dr. Senu Kuryan George Dr. Aninditha Datha Mr. Subrahmanyam. C.N. Mr. Aravind Sardana Dr. Sundari Raveendran Dr. Kukum Roy Ms. Yamuna Sunny Dr. Varghees A.J. Members Mr. Ajayakumar Mr. Nijo Joseph Mr. Ashokan K. Mr. Noushad P. P. Mr. Babukuttan P. Mr. Radhakrishnan K. Mr. Chandran T. P. Mr. Rathnakaran K. P. Mr. Dinachandran Mr. Rathnakaran T. Mr. Gopalakrishnan V. M. Mr. Sasidharan Adiyodi K. Mr. Jayachandran Nair. K Mr. Shine Sankardas K. Mr. Jayakrishnan O. K. Mr. Shoujamon K. Mr. Gopakumar G. P. Mr. Subrahmanyadas P.V. Mr. I. P. Joseph Mr. Varghees Pothen Mr. Krishnadas P. Illustrations Experts Mr. Dharmapal K. Prof. K. Balakrishnan Mr. Janardanan K. C. Prof. V. Karthikeyan Nair Mr. Suresh C. Dr. P. C. Prasannakumar Mr. Sreenivasan N. K. Academic Co-ordinators Mrs. Chithra Madhavan Dr. N. Kala Mr. Remesh K. English Version Smt. Ashalatha A. Sri. Pradeep Koropath Smt. Saritha Nambarathil State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) Vidya Bhavan, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 12, Kerala. Contents `mKw˛ 1 1. Time Zones and Temperature Zones 07 - 19 2. Kuttanad - The Backwaters and the Life of the People 20 - 31 3. People and State Government 32 - 44 4. Colonisation and Resistance 45 - 60 5. Different Faces of Resistance 61 - 67 6. Indian National Movement 68 - 91 7. Story of Exchange 92- 102 TIME ZONES AND TEMPERATURE ZONES 8 Let Us Make a Shadow Clock directions–to the right and to the left. When do you first see the sunrise Place a pole on your school compound where there is plenty of sunlight. Watch on the east side of the continents? the shadow and note down the length Discuss why we feel that the Sun of the shadow and the time every hour. rises in the east and sets in the west. When do you see the shortest shadow? It is due to the rotation of the Earth that Note the time. When does the shadow we feel day and night comes get longer? Mark the shadow and the alternately. It will be always day on one time at one hour interval. Now don’t side of the earth and night on the other you know the time without a watch, just by standing on the ground? But side. Place the globe near a window in shadows are not alike all through the such a way that the day light falls on it year. The length and the direction will and rotate it from west to east. Which be different. Why is it so? You will have place in India gets the sun's rays first? to create new shadow clock every 3 months. Why ? Let us find out. Suppose schools function on the basis of the sun's overhead position in each region. Among Arunachal Pradesh, Chattisgargh, Gujarat where will the schools start first? Where will they start last? Longitudes Sun's rays Earth Day and Night We feel that the Sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Is this because the Sun is moving or because the Earth is rotating? • Examine this with the help of a globe. We can rotate the globe in two Standard - Eight Social Science 9 Observe the lines drawn across the Hints globe connecting the North-South • Train journey, Air travel poles. You know that these are • TV-Radio programmes longitudes. Find out from the globe : • Country wide examinations • In which continent do you find the In order to solve such problems, we highest number of longitudes? have set an Indian Standard Time based on one longitude. • Which are the countries through The Indian Standard Time is set on which the 0° longitude passes? 82½° East longitude. • Do you find any difference in the • Why is this longitude selected? distance between the longitudes Discuss. from the equator to the poles? In this manner, every country in the ............................................. world has set their own standard time. 0 1 0 0 68 E 82/2 E 97 E Time Zones Earth takes 24 hours to complete a rotation from the West to East. In other words, it takes 1 hour to travel 15° longitude. In this manner, we can divide the earth into 24 time zones with 15° intervals. It is the 0° longitude which is known as the Greenwich Meridian, that is the basic line for setting time zones. This meridian goes through Greenwich, where the Royal British Observatory of England is situated. We feel the time 1 p.m. 1.58 p.m. 2.56 p.m. getting increased or decreased by 4 Indian Prime meridian minutes for 1 degree as we go east and Calculation of Time west respectively of this line. The picture shows the longitudes that • Why do we feel the time increasing pass through the east, west and mid towards the east and decreasing part of India and the local time of those towards the west? areas. What are the inconveniences that • Countries like Russia, USA and may happen by planning things Canada are having wide longitu- according to the local time? dinal extent. Find out the extent of these countries in the globe. It is Chapter - One Time Zones and Temperature Zones 10 World World Time Zones Standard - Eight Social Science 11 difficult to set a standard time by • Identify the International Date Line taking a longitude that passes in the globe. How does it differ from through the middle of the country. other longitudes in the globe? Why? Discuss. • Does the International Date Line How different is the time of other places pass through any country? If it passes from the Greenwich Time? We can find through a country, what would be this out from the map showing World the practical difficulties felt in Time Zones. connection with to time and day of that country? • The Earth needs 24 hours to complete one rotation (to turn 360°). Where has I got one day gone? one day extra! 180° • 24 hours is equal to 1440 minutes (24 x 60 = 1440). • Earth needs 4 minutes to turn 1°. Sunday Saturday 10 p.m. • What is the difference in time 10 p.m. between the Indian Standard Time and the Greenwich Time? Why? • If the Greenwich Time is 10 a.m. on Sunday, what would be the time in the longitudes given below? 0° Towards West Towards East Look at the picture. How did Longitude Day Time Longitude Day Time 15° Sunday 9 a.m. 15° Sunday 11 a.m. this confusion come between 30° Sunday 8 a.m. 30° Sunday 12 noon the two children crossing the 180° 45° Sunday 7 a.m 45° Sunday 1p.m. 60° 60° longitude? 75° 75° 90° 90° Let Us Make World Clock 105° 105° 120° 120° Cut two circles as shown in the picture. 135° 135° Place a protractor on the centre of each 150° 150° 165° 165° circle and mark the degrees as in the 180° 180° picture. Fix the smaller circle in such a • At what time can the following way that it can rotate at the centre of the countries watch the live telecast of big circle on which the longitudes are One day Cricket Match played in marked. Time is marked in the small Sri Lanka at 9 a.m. on 30-01-2009? circle. Your World Clock is ready now. • Kenya • Australia • Mexico You can find out the time of any country from this chart. Chapter - One Time Zones and Temperature Zones 12 Midnight Noon World Clock • What is the time by your watch now? Find out from the globe : Suppose it is 5.45 p.m. • Are all the latitudes marked as circle • Bring the time by your watch in the in each Hemisphere? small circle and the Indian Prime • Is there difference in the size of the meridian of the big circle on a same circle as the degree of the latitudes line. (As in the picture) increase? • Can you now find out the time of • Name the biggest latitude. other countries by looking at the Latitudes, Longitudes and World Clock? First find the longitude Measurement in Degrees of the countries.