Revolutionary WOMEN (IN MORE WAYS THAN ONE)

TINKERS, TAILORS, SOLDIERS, LOYAL SPIES PATRIOTS PATRIOTIC LOYALISTS

GALS DISGUISED

AS GUYS IN PARTNERSHIP WITH

Revolutionary_Women_FC.indd 1 3/7/17 2:31 PM 2 Ready for Revolution In 1775, Britain ruled 13 colonies on North America’s eastern coast, from Mas- sachusetts (which included what is now Maine) to Georgia. Many colonists were tired of British rule. They had argued with u Colonists wanted into Boston Harbor. Afterward, she Britain for years about taxes and laws they to protest a British The event is now heated water in tax on tea. On the called the Boston her kitchen so they thought were unfair. In April 1775, fight- night of December Tea Party. Sarah could wash off the ing broke out between the colonists and 16, 1773, some Fulton helped disguises. That’s the British army. The American Revolu- men boarded ships the men disguise why she is called and threw all of themselves as the Mother of the tion had begun. their cargo of tea Mohawk warriors. . At the time of the Revolution, a woman’s role in society was limited. Most women were expected to spend their lives taking care of their home and family. Women pre- pared meals over an open fire, milked the cows, and fed the chickens. They churned butter and made candles and soap. Most of u Mercy Otis Warren was the them also made their family’s clothing. sister and the wife Poor women and enslaved African women of well-known did all this while also working for other Patriots. She received her edu- people. Women were not expected to take cation by listening part in politics or business. The world of in on her brothers’ lessons. She wrote politics was for white male property own- plays that made ers. Still, many women became involved in fun of British rul- events leading up to the Revolution and in u In 1774, in of for women to ers. Back then, Edenton, North take such a public plays usually were the Revolution itself. Some were Patriots, Carolina, 51 stand. This British not staged in New who believed in independence for the col- women signed a cartoon pokes fun England. But they onies. Others were Loyalists, who sup- petition. It said they at the women of were printed in would boycott (not Edenton for “un- newspapers. That’s ported Britain’s king. All were very brave buy) British goods. ladylike” behavior. where people read to step outside of their traditional roles. It was unheard Warren’s plays.

l For the first d Loyalist women Boston shop. Local few years of the also made their Patriots wanted Revolution, most of opinions known. them to stop. Betsy the fighting was in Many took pride in told the Patriots the North. Then the serving imported that they were British attacked tea. Anne and hurting “two indus- the South. The last Elizabeth (Betsy) trious girls who major battle was Cummings kept [were trying] in an fought in Yorktown, selling British honest way to [get Virginia, in 1781, goods in their their] bread.”* but some smaller fights took place after that.

*Elizabeth Cummings. From Those Remarkable Women of the by Karen Zeinert. The Millbrook Press, 1996.

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Ann Bailey’s military career Serving the Cause as Robert Shurtliff. did not go as Women were not allowed to serve She served for a well as Deborah year and a half. Sampson’s. In in ’s Conti- One story says she 1777, Bailey enlist- nental Army. But evidence shows was hit by a mus- ed in the army as that at least four women became ket ball and cut the Samuel Gay. Within ball out of her own three weeks she part of the fighting force. Boys as u Deborah Sampson leg to avoid being was promoted to young as 14 joined the army. So a was a Massachu- looked at by a doc- corporal, but soon woman could wear loose clothing setts farmworker tor. Later, a doctor her disguise was and schoolteacher discovered her discovered and she and pretend she was a boy. One who loved adven- secret while treat- ran away. A few woman from Maine joined up with ture. In 1782, after ing her for a fever. months later, Bailey the last battle of the The army gave was captured her brother in 1775. She served war but while there Sampson an hon- and tried in court. until the war ended in 1781. In was still some fight- orable discharge in She was fined, 1776, an unidentified Cherokee ing, she joined the October 1783. sentenced to two months in jail, and woman was found dead on a battle- discharged from field. She wore face paint like male the army. Cherokee warriors did, and she r Militias were had a bow and arrows. local fighting units. Some operated in l Sally St. Clair backwoods areas was part French away from large and part African. towns. Women Some say she who lived in these joined the army places were used in disguise to be to firing weapons near her boyfriend. to defend against Her identity was Native American five or six Loyalists not discovered attacks. Some put who attacked until she died at these skills to use her home while the British siege of against the enemy. her husband was Savannah, Georgia, Nancy Morgan Hart away. She shot two in 1778. of Wilkes County, and captured the Georgia, took on rest. volunteered to carry a message, know- ing that a woman 1777, he asked wouldn’t attract as her to get on a much attention as horse and call out a man. But just to his militiamen. be safe, she memo- They were needed rized the message to defend against before she hid it in a British attack u In the summer her clothing. Sure near Danbury, of 1781, the com- enough, British sol- Connecticut. Sybil mander of the diers stopped her. rode her horse Continental Army in When they went about 40 miles to South Carolina was to get a woman u Another brave remote farmhouses camped near the to search Emily, Patriot messenger to alert her father’s home of 16-year-old she ripped up the was also a teen- men that night. Emily Geiger. He message and swal- age girl. Sybil needed more troops, lowed the pieces. Ludington, 16, was but the nearest ones The British soon the daughter of a were far away. The let her go, and she New York militia countryside was full delivered the mes- commander. One of Loyalists. Emily sage aloud. rainy night in

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It required great courage for a woman to take an active part in the Patriot cause. What do you think made the women described on these pages so daring? What was more important to them than the dangers they faced?

Revolutionary_Women_4-5.indd 3 3/7/17 2:39 PM 6 each day. Very little thrown out of camp was known about for offenses like preventing disease petty (minor) theft. Camp Followers at that time. Nurses Women sometimes risked catching any did dangerous jobs. Thousands of women followed diseases the sol- Sarah Osborn carried their husbands to battle. They diers had. food to men at the were known as camp followers. front during the Siege of Yorktown. When Some were looking for adven- d Life was hard George Washington ture, and others wanted to be for camp followers. asked if she was with their loved ones. But most u Some camp Diseases spread afraid of the cannon- followers worked as quickly through the balls, Osborn replied, became camp followers because they nurses in field hos- crowded camps. “It would not do for needed to survive. They were poor pitals. They were Lice, fleas, bedbugs, the men to fight and paid, but not much. and other pests starve, too.”* women who feared that they and their In those days, were a constant children would starve while their nursing was not a problem. Food skilled or respected was scarce (hard husbands were at war. Camp followers *Sarah Osborn. From American job. Nurses emp- to come by). Like Lives: An Anthology of were paid for their services as laundresses tied chamber pots, men, women could Autobiographical Writing, edited by Robert F. Sayre. University of and nurses. They also were fed. But wom- bathed and fed sick be whipped or Wisconsin Press, 1994. en got only half a soldier’s portion of food soldiers, and tried to keep hospital – or half rations – and children got only wards clean by quarter rations. sprinkling vinegar around many times

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d Officers’ wives this by organiz- usually came to ing dances and visit their husbands card parties. Even only during winter camp, when the (below) joined army stayed in one her husband place. They knitted in winter quar- socks and sewed ters. On her first for the soldiers. visit, to Boston, she But their main task brought George’s was to keep up favorite jams and their husbands’ relishes and sev- spirits. They did eral cured hams.

u George Wash- marched through ington was an in upper-class gentle- August 1777, he man. He was used ordered the camp u British troops food. They were to women with followers to use also had their allowed to stay in good manners the backstreets. He camp followers. America only as who dressed in didn’t want them Many had sailed to long as their hus- fine clothing. He to be seen with the America with their bands could fight. thought the camp soldiers. But he husbands. They The first widows followers made believed that hav- were ragged and and orphans sailed his army look ing wives in camp often hungry, and back to England sloppy. When the kept some men Loyalists accused in the summer of Continental Army from deserting. them of stealing 1775.

A few camp Molly Pitcher. followers served Corbin took over on the battlefield. her husband’s can- Some of them non when he died carried cold water in battle. She fired for cooling down it until her arm was the cannons. Two nearly torn off by famous water car- grapeshot (small riers were Margaret iron balls shot from Corbin and Mary a cannon). Hays Hays, known as also took over from her husband, when he collapsed from the heat. One soldier’s journal claims a British cannonball blew off the lower part of her petticoat, but she kept on firing.

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d Patriot women tion there. Thanks to usually gave the a tip from her, Patriot Spies and troops tips they had forces captured simply overheard. Major John André. But Sally Townsend He was an impor- was part of a pro- tant British spy. The Saboteurs fessional spy ring. papers he carried In wartime, it helps to know When the British proved that Patriot took over New York traitor Benedict the enemy’s plans. A spy’s City, some of them Arnold was about job is to find out enemy se- u Lydia Darragh son then carried made the Townsend to turn over the fort crets. Women made good was a midwife, the information home their head- at West Point to the nurse, and under- to Washington’s quarters. Sally British. spies during the Revolution taker. She was a troops outside the gathered informa- because many people Quaker, so she did city. Once, when thought they were not clev- not believe in war. Darragh thought But she supported the danger was er enough or brave enough the ideals of the too great for her to do the job. Several wom- Revolution. When son, she walked six en became saboteurs (sa- British officers miles to meet one took over rooms of Washington’s buh-TERS). Saboteurs in her Philadelphia scouts. Her infor- commit acts of sabotage, home for meetings, mation helped Darragh listened to Washington pre- meaning that they destroy their conversations pare for a British things the enemy could use. at a keyhole. Her attack.

many important people there. When the Revolution started, Wright began to spy for the Patriots. She passed along infor- mation she heard from her famous friends. People say she hid important u Laodicea “Dicey” tias. One night she u In 1780, that Loyalists u Patience Lovell messages inside Langston was 15 traveled 20 miles Martha Bratton’s planned to raid the Wright was an art- wax sculptures years old when to warn her broth- husband left warehouse. So she ist who made wax that were shipped Loyalist troops er’s militia about her guarding a set it on fire. All the figures of famous to the colonies for camped near her a planned Loyalist warehouse full ammunition was people. In 1772, display. family’s South attack. Langston of gunpowder in destroyed, but this she moved to Carolina farm. defended her father South Carolina. kept it from falling England. She met She watched against British sol- Bratton learned into Loyalist hands. the Loyalists for diers (above), who months and passed were impressed by on information to her bravery. d Many Patriot New York Harbor. local Patriot mili- prisoners of war Conditions on were kept on British these ships were prison ships in horrible. Elizabeth small items. She Burgin was a wid- was able to pick up ow and a mother. important informa- She often took tion, such as the food and supplies number of troops to the prisoners. In and the kinds of 1779, she helped u Loyalist women as a peddler and weapons they more than 200 also spied for their traveled from one had. She relayed men escape by side. Ann Bates Patriot camp to that information to giving them the was a Pennsylvania another, selling Loyalist leaders. details of a Patriot schoolteacher. She sewing needles, Bates was never plan to get them disguised herself combs, and other caught. off the ships.

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Some Patriot women burned their own property to keep it out of Loyalist hands. In upstate New York, Catherine Schuyler set fire to her family’s wheat fields. That kept British troops from using the crops. In revenge, the British burned down Schuyler’s house.

Finding out impor- tant information can change the way battles are planned and fought. During the American Revolution, some women served as spies, learning information and passing it on. How easy or hard do you think it was to learn enemy secrets when Patriots and Loyalists lived side by side? What would you have done to learn help- ful information for the Patriots?

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Family in Wartime y father was in the army during the whole eight years of the Revolutionary War. . . . My mother had the sole charge of four lit- “Mtle ones. . . . When my father was permit- ted to come home, his pay was short, and he had not much to leave us. . . . Yet when he went, my mother ever bade him farewell with a cheerful face, and told him not to be anxious about his children, for she would watch over them night and day. . . . Sometimes we wondered that she did not mention the cold weather, or our short meals, or her hard work. . . . But she would not weaken his hands or sadden his heart, for she said a soldier’s life was harder than all.”*

*From Women on the American Frontier by William W. Fowler. SS. Scanton & Co., 1881.

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Women who lived near the fighting were sometimes forced to house British soldiers. That created extra work and put a strain on food supplies. Some Patriot women feared their daughters would fall in love with British offi- cers. For two years, British officers lived in Rebecca Motte’s home in Charleston, South Carolina. She went to great lengths to keep her daugh- ters hidden from view. After British troops took over her house and made her family leave, Motte helped set the place on fire.

On the Home Front Life on the home front was not easy. With r was one of the men away at war, women had to protect most famous their families, earn a living, and defend the women on the family’s property. This was in addition to home front. For most of the war, all the hard work they usually did to run her husband, John, the household in peacetime. was away on offi- cial business. So Abigail took charge of the family farm in Braintree, Massachusetts. She had to deal with a shortage of farmhands, rising prices, and a lack than when he last She was also the of wool and cotton saw it, and that mother of John for clothing. But Mrs. [Adams] was Quincy Adams, she kept the farm like to outshine the sixth American u Women on farms well as their other Revolution, women going. She also all the Farmers.”* president. were not used to full-time chores. usually wrote about kept the family out Abigail Adams

being in charge However, many “your farm.” But of debt. John wrote became First Lady *From Letters of John Adams of planting and took to the work by the end of the that their friend when her husband Addressed to His Wife by Charles Francis Adams. harvesting crops. quickly. Letters to war, more women James Warren told was elected the Freeman and Boles, 1841. They had to take husbands show that were calling it “our him “that my Farm second president of on these jobs as at the start of the farm.” never looked better, the United States.

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r MANY NATIVE American nations sided with the British, hoping the British would keep settlers from taking more land. Seneca chief Red Jacket is shown, wearing British red. Patriot u FROM THE START forces attacked of the war, the Indian villages. British promised Mary Jemison, a to free enslaved white woman who Africans who had lived among left their own- the Seneca since ers. Thousands of age 15 or 16, u IT WAS HARD to do the work enslaved people reported that Patriot for southern on their planta- escaped. They u LOYALIST WOMEN to Loyalist-held militias burned women to run plan- tions. The British traveled with faced many of the areas. Conditions crops, destroyed tations while their encouraged the British army. same struggles in refugee camps houses, and killed husbands were enslaved people to Old Ross was a as Patriot women. were harsh. By cattle and horses. at war. For one escape. Southern 56-year-old African Plus, Loyalists who the end of 1782, In 1781, Nancy thing, they could no women feared that woman who helped lived behind enemy in a camp near Ward, a Cherokee longer sell goods, enslaved people a group of fellow lines feared vio- Charleston, about married to a white such as cotton, to who didn’t escape enslaved people, lence against their 200 Loyalists died trader, tried to Britain, which had would revolt. In including three families and prop- each day of hunger work out a peace been their main South Carolina, of her children, erty. Many left their and exhaustion. agreement between buyer. For another, 60 percent of the escape from a homes, becoming More than half her people and they depended on population was plantation in South refugees, and moved were children. American officials. enslaved people enslaved Africans. Carolina.

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During the war, six women pub- lished newspapers. Mary Katherine Goddard took over the Maryland Journal and the Baltimore Advertiser from her brother in 1774. Paper was hard to find. But Goddard kept publishing through the end of the war. She helped Patriot readers stay up to date with facts when rumors were running wild. She was so good at her work that she was asked, in 1777, to print the first copies of the Declaration of Independence with the names of all the signers.

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r Phillis Wheatley George Washington was brought to and sent it to him. Boston in 1761 He invited her to Aiding the Cause from Senegal, in visit his camp near West Africa, on Boston. Wheatley Besides keeping the home a slave ship. The was given her fires burning, many women family that bought freedom when her taught her to her owner died in took on other work to help read and gave 1778. But she died the war effort. Some col- her time to write in poverty in 1784, lected metal candlesticks, poetry. Wheatley just a few days supported the before her poem kettles, and plates. These Revolution. In celebrating the were melted down and then 1775, she wrote end of the war a poem about was printed. made into bullets and can- nonballs. Groups of women who called themselves Daughters of Liberty got together to knit socks, weave cloth, or sew shirts for the soldiers.

d Native American At first, the Iroquois women often stayed out of had great influ- the war between u Esther de Berdt for soldiers. It rich. Reed wanted ence among their Britain and its Reed was the wife was unheard of to give a small people. Mary Brant colonies. But Brant of Pennsylvania’s for women to do cash amount to was a Mohawk was the widow of governor. She fund-raising. But each soldier. But woman. The a British official. wrote The these women went Washington feared Mohawk were part She convinced Sentiments of an from door to door the soldiers would of the Iroquois the entire Iroquois American Woman. asking for money. waste the money Confederacy in nation to side with It called on women They collected rather than spend western New York. the British. to actively support $300,000 in paper it on supplies. He the Revolution. money (worth convinced the Reed and other about $7,500 in women to use the women formed the gold) from 1,645 money to buy fab- Ladies Association people – from free ric and sew shirts of Philadelphia African American for the soldiers. to raise funds women to the very

l Loyalist women 1774 to 1776, were not as orga- when British troops nized as Patriot occupied Boston. women. Loyalists Patriot newspa- were sometimes pers attacked her. harassed (attacked) They accused and driven out of her of telling lies Patriot areas. One and betraying her Loyalist woman country. When ran a newspaper. British troops Margaret Draper left Boston on inherited (received March 17, 1776, from her hus- Draper went to band when he Canada. Here (left), died) the Boston Loyalists draw lots News-Letter. She for land after arriv- published it from ing in Canada.

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l Many male speech, she soldiers were dressed in her old After the War given a pension uniform, marched (regular payment) around the stage, After the Siege of Yorktown, Virginia, in for their war and fired her 1781, Britain knew it could no longer service. In 1792, musket. She told hold on to its American colonies. Fighting Deborah Sampson audiences: “My asked the state of achievements are continued in some areas, but the war was Massachusetts for a breach [break over. Soldiers returned to their farms and a pension. It was in custom] in the finally granted in decorum [behav- businesses. Women went back to their tra- 1804. In the mean- ior] of my sex. ditional roles. Women’s daily lives had not time, she and her . . . I must frankly changed much. But the war had given ma- husband struggled confess I recollect to pay their bills. them with a kind ny women different views of their abilities. To earn money, of satisfaction.”*

Their new confidence laid the groundwork Sampson gave *Deborah Sampson. From The speeches about her American Counterrevolution: for the equal rights fight that would take A Retreat from Liberty, war experiences. At 1783–1800 by Larry E. Tise. place many years in the future. the end of each Stackpole Books, 1998.

u By 1785, some in the Caribbean. home. Still, most 100,000 Loyalists However, most were proud of their had left the U.S. Loyalists moved to Loyalist heritage. u Most Native much of their of 1838–1839, Some of them went eastern Canada, Eventually, they Americans had land after the war. 16,000 Cherokee to Britain, where where their lives made this known supported the Within 50 years of men, women, and people called them were not always by writing U.E.L. British, so many the Revolution, the children were quitters. Others easy, especially (United Empire went to Canada. U.S. government forced to travel the took their enslaved at the beginning. Loyalist) after their But more and more began moving all “Trail of Tears.” people with them Some families names. Some of settlers were mov- Native Americans It took them from and went to the lived in tents until their descendants ing west. Even the in the East to their eastern British West Indies they could build a still do this. Native Americans lands west of the homes to Indian who had backed Mississippi River. Territory in what is the Patriots lost During the winter now Oklahoma.

r In the new United States, the Declaration of Independence was an inspiration to many enslaved people. Some went to court to get their freedom. The best-known per- u During the who had no prop- in . But son to do this was Revolution, New erty in their own the New Jersey leg- Mum Bett, later court order By 1804, most Jersey gave women names, would be islature took away called Elizabeth in 1781. Two northern states who owned property represented by this right in 1807. Freeman. She was years later, had taken steps to the right to vote. It their husband’s U.S. women would granted freedom by Massachusetts free the enslaved. was assumed that vote. So only single not get the right to a Massachusetts outlawed slavery. married women, women could vote vote until 1920.

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The new nation Massachusetts law ary (high-school) understood that said every town education. This women had an had to provide emphasis on edu- important role to public education cation contributed play in raising good for boys and girls. to the women’s citizens. To do this, But the law was rights movement. women needed mostly ignored. This movement education. After In all the states, officially began the Revolution, private academies with a convention teaching girls offered teenage in Seneca Falls, became more girls from wealthy New York, in 1848. important. A 1789 families a second- It is still going on.

Revolutionary_Women_16-17.indd 3 3/7/17 3:03 PM 18 Activities WRITE A LETTER Imagine you are a soldier away from home fighting in the Revolutionary War. Your family is worried and eager to receive a letter from you. They might be Patriots or Loyalists, but some of the dangers and hardships you face are the same. Write a letter to your family. Describe the dangers and hardships you have experienced. Before writing the letter, review the information in this magazine so you can include details and facts your fami- ly will want to know.

DESIGN A FLAG Take sides in the Revolutionary War. Imagine you are either a Patriot or a Loyalist. Then imagine you’ve been asked to design a flag to show support for your side. What message should the flag send? What images would you include? Draw a sketch of the flag. Then draw the final design. Below the design, write a paragraph explaining the design and images you’ve selected and the mes- sage they convey.

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American Revolution Declaration of George Washington “No taxation without representation!” Independence A humble, modest, and kind man, That was the response of many colo- It’s hard to believe that just over a George Washington probably didn’t nists to Britain’s taxation of the colo- thousand words could change world strike many as a great military hero. nies. From the Boston Massacre to the history, but one document – only But his successes on the battlefield Boston Tea Party, explore the events 1,337 words long – did just that. This were just as pivotal to the birth of our that propelled the colonies into war document’s ideas shook up the mighty nation as the years he served as our with Britain. Learn about the battles, British Empire. It launched a new first president. Learn about the heroic key figures, and outcomes that gave nation. And it is still greatly admired and patriotic man who was America’s birth to America’s independence. today. What is this document? It’s the first commander in chief. Declaration of Independence.

CALIFORNIA STANDARDS

HSS 5.6 Students understand the course and consequences of the American Revolution. 5.6.1 Identify and map the major military battles, campaigns, and turning points of the Revolutionary LEARN War, the roles of the American and British leaders, and the Indian leaders’ alliances on both sides. MORE 5.6.3 Identify the different roles women played during the Revolution (e.g., Abigail Adams, Martha ONLINE! Washington, Molly Pitcher, Phillis Wheatley, Mercy Otis Warren). 5.6.4 Understand the personal impact and economic hardship of the war on fam- • On March 31, 1776, Abigail ilies, problems of financing the war, wartime infla- tion, and laws against hoarding goods and mate- Adams wrote a letter to her rials and profiteering. 5.6.7 Understand how the husband, John Adams, who ideals set forth in the Declaration of Independence was part of the Continental changed the way people viewed slavery. Congress. John and his fel- low congressmen were busy Historical and Social Sciences Analysis writing up their reasons for Skills: wanting independence from Historical Interpretation Great Britain. “Remember the 1. Students summarize the key events of the era ladies,” Abigail urged him in they are studying and explain the historical con- her letter. Learn what else texts of those events. she said in her letter, online! Research, Evidence, and Point of View 2. Students pose relevant questions about events they encounter in historical documents, eyewitness accounts, oral histories, letters, diaries, artifacts, photographs, maps, artworks, and architecture.

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Editor: Jennifer Dixon Fact-Checker: Amy McIlwaine Art Direction: Hopkins/Baumann, Brobel Design Author: Lois Markham, Designers: Ian Brown, Ed Gabel, Patricia Fogarty David Ricculli, Jeremy Rech Author Team Lead: Amy K. Hughes Photo Research: Ted Levine, Elisabeth Morgan, Sheila Sarmiento President and CEO: Activities Writer: Marjorie Frank Ted Levine Chairman and Founder: Proofreader: Paula Glatzer, Mark Levine Amy McIlwaine

GRADE 5 TITLES Researchers: p.16 top center (Deborah Sampson); Heritage Image Partnership Ltd: p.19 top center (Declaration of Independence). Bridgeman Images: Massachusetts Historical Regions of North America George Washington Society, Boston, MA, USA: p.19 bottom (letter from Abigail Adams to John Adams, March 31, 1776). Getty Images: Anonymous/Private Collection: p.2 top (Boston Tea Party); Eastern Woodland Indians Thomas Jefferson Interim Archives/Archive Photos: p.4 lower left (Emily Geiger); Louis S. Glanzman/ Plains Indians National Geographic: p.4 lower right (Sybil Ludington); Bettmann: p.4 right (woman defending home); wynnter: p.7 top right (evacuation of camp followers); Encyclopedia Southwest Peoples The Constitution Britannica/UIG: p.12 bottom left (engraving of a farmyard); Archive Photos: pp. 12–13 Northwest Coast Peoples The New Nation (Abigail Adams); Charles Phelps Cushing/ClassicStock: pp. 12–13 (Seneca chief). Granger: p.8 bottom left (peddler’s wagon); Sarin Images: p.8 top (Lydia Darragh), p.15 America 1492 Lewis and Clark upper left (cloth makers), p.15 lower right (Mohawk village), p.19 top right (commander Exploring the Americas Westward Expansion in chief); p.8 center (Laodicea Langston); p.8 bottom right (British prison ships); p.8 upper right (Sally Townsend, spy); p.8 right (gun powder); p.13 bottom left (Loyalist Early Settlements Pioneers camps); p.15 bottom left (Loyalists drawing lots for land after arriving in Canada); p.16 13 Colonies Immigration left (Trail of Tears); p.15 bottom left (Elizabeth Freeman); p.16 bottom right (New Jersey women voting). Library of Congress: p.2 center (British cartoon); Atlantic Neptune Declaration of Independence Industrial Revolution in America Collection: p.16 upper right (Loyalists leaving Britain). Shutterstock: Galina Dreyzina: American Revolution Civil Rights p.6 upper right (camp follower cooking); Everett Historical: p.13 right (Old Ross), p.15 top center (Phillis Wheatley); LyudmilaKa: p.18 top (old paper); Dario Sabljak: p.18 Revolutionary Women bottom (Betsy Ross flag).

Original Illustrations: Acme Design: Map, p.2.

On the Cover: Revolutionary woman loading a rifle.Getty Images: Bettmann. Michael Kline Illustration: Cartoons: Cover, p.4, p.6.

Picture Credits: Alamy: ART Collection: p.2 right (Mercy Otis Warren); Niday Picture Wood Ronsaville Harlin, Inc.: Rob Spears: Women in Kitchen, p.3; Greg Harlin: Library: p.2 bottom (Loyalist women), p.8 left (Patience Lovell Wright), p.19 top Female Soldier, pp.4–5; Matthew Frey: Woman with Cannon, pp.6–7; Rob Wood: left (Washington Crossing the Delaware); Photo Researchers: p.4 top right (Deborah Woman Setting Fire to Property, p.9; Matthew Frey: Solider Leaving Home, pp.10–11; Sampson); ART Collection: p.7 top left (George Washington); North Wind Picture Greg Harlin: British Troops Occupying Home, pp.12–13; Rob Wood: Female Publisher, Archives: p.7 center (Martha Washington), p.13 lower right (southern plantation); Photo pp.14–15; Ron Spears: Children in School, p.17.

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