Le Mérite Signification, Possibilité Et Valeur

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Le Mérite Signification, Possibilité Et Valeur Le mérite Signification, possibilité et valeur Aurélien Allard Thèse de doctorat Discipline : Philosophie Directeur de thèse : Bertrand Guillarme, Université Paris 8 Université Paris 8 Table des matières Remerciements .................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Première partie Fondations conceptuelles de l’idée de mérite ................................................... 14 Chapitre 1 Définir le mérite .......................................................................................................... 15 Chapitre 2 Les critères du mérite.................................................................................................. 43 Chapitre 3 La centralité du mérite dans les conceptions morales ordinaires ................................ 60 Deuxième partie De l’importance des données empiriques pour une philosophie normative . 87 Chapitre 4 Pourquoi une philosophie expérimentale ? ................................................................. 88 Chapitre 5 La question de l’expertise philosophique ................................................................. 122 Troisième partie Justifier le mérite ............................................................................................. 144 Chapitre 6 Justifier le mérite : Trois premières approches ......................................................... 145 Chapitre 7 Justifier le mérite par sa valeur communicative : Introduction aux débats théoriques ......................................................................................................................................................... 174 Chapitre 8 La valeur communicative de la peine : données empiriques .................................... 186 Chapitre 9 Justifier les théories communicationnelles de la peine ............................................. 218 Quatrième partie Mérite et responsabilité ................................................................................. 230 Chapitre 10 Responsabilité et égalitarisme de la fortune ........................................................... 231 Chapitre 11 Responsabilité et mérite : études expérimentales ................................................... 244 Chapitre 12 L’importance de ce dont nous ne sommes pas responsables .................................. 262 Conclusion Défense du mérite et théorie pluraliste de la justice .............................................. 272 Appendice général Méthodes expérimentales et problèmes de généralisation .......................... 284 Bibliographie ................................................................................................................................... 297 2 Remerciements J’ai bénéficié, tout au long de cette thèse, du soutien d’un très grand nombre d’amis, de proches, et de collègues. Je tiens en tout premier lieu à remercier mon directeur de thèse, Bertrand Guillarme, pour son soutien tout au long de cette thèse, et pour ses remarques et commentaires extrêmement pertinents sur les premières versions de ce travail. Même si leur influence sur cette thèse a été moins directe, je souhaiterais également remercier quatre philosophes qui ont eu une grande influence sur mon orientation philosophique. Tout d’abord, je souhaiterais remercier Chantal Hasnaoui, ma professeure de khâgne, qui m’a véritablement initié à la philosophie et changé mon regard sur le monde. Plus tard, j’ai également bénéficié à l’École normale supérieure d’un tutorat extrêmement bénéfique de la part de Mathias Girel, qui a su me guider pendant tout mon temps à l’école, et grâce à qui j’ai pu découvrir toutes les richesses de la philosophie américaine. Toujours à l’ENS, en troisième année de licence, j’ai eu la chance de faire un stage de philosophie expérimentale auprès de Florian Cova. Ça a été une expérience fantastique, qui a été ma première véritable introduction au monde de l’expérimentation. Enfin, je tiens à remercier Sophie Guérard de Latour, qui a dirigé mes travaux de mémoire de Master avec beaucoup d’attention. Le deuxième mémoire portait déjà sur le thème du mérite, et je lui suis encore reconnaissant pour toutes les remarques et critiques qu’elle y a porté. Cette thèse a été élaborée sur deux continents, et dans trois pays. J’ai effectué deux séjours de recherche à Belfast, auprès de Paulo Sousa, à l’automne 2015 et 2016. La collaboration avec Paulo a été extrêmement agréable et utile. Je remercie également Samuel Arty Ward, Hugh Turpin, et Mathilde Hernu, pour les nombreuses discussions de psychologie morale que nous avons eues à l’époque. Je suis également resté un an à Philadelphie, pour travailler avec Geoff Goodwin sur des expériences de psychologie morale. Là encore, l’expérience a été très riche, et ça a été un immense plaisir de travailler avec Geoff. Je tiens aussi à remercier Hanne M. Watkins et Ivan 3 Denker pour de multiples discussions sur la psychologie morale et sur l’amélioration des méthodes en psychologie. L’année à Philly aurait été beaucoup moins agréable sans eux. Sur Paris, je voudrais remercier tout particulièrement les membres de Sodalicium, et notamment Antoine Marie, Sacha Yesilaltay, Joffrey Fuhrer, Charlotte Barot, Fabien Dézèque, Léo Fitouchi, Matthias Michel, Benoît de Courson, Loïa Lamarque, et Camille Williams pour toutes les discussions que nous avons eues au cours de la dernière année de thèse. Sodalicium a représenté un soutien moral énorme au cours de cette période. Enfin, l’aide apportée par ma famille a été fantastique tout au long de cette thèse. Je tiens à remercier mes parents, ma sœur, mon frère, pour tout le temps passé ensemble pendant ces trois ans, et pour ces voyages irlandais ou américains que nous avons faits ensemble. Je tiens également tout particulièrement à remercier ma sœur, qui a relu un chapitre de la thèse, mon père, qui en a relu quelques-uns, et ma mère, qui a relu la quasi-intégralité du travail. L’ensemble du texte serait beaucoup moins lisible sans le temps qu’ils ont pris à me relire et à me corriger. 4 Introduction Le mérite constitue une notion fondamentale dans la vie courante et dans le débat politique. On retrouve constamment des références au mérite dans les revendications de justice sociale. L’État devrait soutenir les étudiants méritants. Un bon employé devrait recevoir le salaire qu’il mérite. Les promotions devraient être reconnues selon les mérites des individus, et non selon le genre ou l’origine ethnique. Dans le domaine pénal, l’idée de mérite semble également fondamentale. Seul le coupable mérite d’être puni. Un criminel mérite de recevoir une punition proportionnée, ni trop peu ni trop sévère. Il est difficile de s’imaginer à quoi ressemblerait notre vie morale si elle était expurgée de l’idée de mérite. De fait, de multiples enquêtes internationales ont constaté sa popularité dans un très grand nombre de pays. Dire que quelqu'un mérite de recevoir quelque chose semble une raison très forte de la lui donner. On pourrait même dire que le mérite semble l’idée la plus fondamentale pour constituer une théorie de la justice, voire qu’une théorie de la justice est avant tout une théorie du mérite. Les remises en cause de l’idée de mérite Pourtant, malgré leur caractère extrêmement courant et banal, les jugements de mérite cachent de fortes difficultés. D’un point de vue purement philosophique, il est possible de remettre en cause la validité du concept de mérite, de douter que l’idée courante de mérite possède un véritable sens. D’un point de vue proprement politique, il est également possible de remettre en cause la valeur du mérite, en ce que la notion semble remettre en cause l’idée d’égalité. A tout le moins, les deux notions semblent entrer dans de possibles conflits. Un premier reproche possible à la notion de mérite est qu’elle semble être terriblement vague. On pourrait en effet soutenir que le fait qu’un individu mérite d’obtenir telle ou telle 5 récompense est plus ou moins synonyme de dire qu’il est bon ou approprié de lui fournir cette récompense. Plus généralement, on peut dire par exemple que tout être humain mérite d’être heureux, que tout le monde mérite de voir ses besoins satisfaits, etc. II devient alors difficile d’envisager que l’idée de mérite ait un contenu spécifique. On pourrait alors avoir le sentiment que le mérite est une idée consensuelle et omniprésente parce qu’il s’agit d’une idée complétement vide. Puisqu’il est possible de justifier n’importe quoi au nom du mérite, il ne peut s’agir d’une idée fondamentale, puisque, à première vue, une idée fondamentale doit posséder un contenu spécifique. Les idées d’égalité ou de justice possèdent un certain contenu. On pourrait craindre que le mérite soit une idée trop vaste et trop large pour en posséder un. Cependant, de tels doutes sont probablement exagérés. Même si le terme de mérite peut être utilisé dans tous les sens dans la langue courante, cela ne veut pas dire qu’il ne soit pas possible de trouver un sens plus limité, correspondant à une idée morale précise1. De fait, l’idée qu’un individu mérite un bon salaire semble posséder un contenu conceptuel fort. Dire qu’il a besoin de ce salaire, ou qu’il serait bon qu’il le reçoive, renvoit à d’autres idées. S’il le mérite, c’est qu’il a fait quelque chose qui le met en droit de le recevoir, probablement pour une raison précise. On
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