DOCSLIB.ORG

Dissecting the Genome of Star Fruit (Averrhoa Carambola L.)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dissecting the Genome of Star Fruit (Averrhoa Carambola L.) Dissecting the genome of star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) Fan, Yannan; Sahu, Sunil Kumar; Yang, Ting; Mu, Weixue; Wei, Jinpu; Cheng, Le; Yang, Jinlong; Mu, Ranchang; Liu, Jie; Zhao, Jianming; Zhao, Yuxian; Xu, Xun; Liu, Xin; Liu, Huan Published in: Horticulture Research DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0306-4 Publication date: 2020 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY Citation for published version (APA): Fan, Y., Sahu, S. K., Yang, T., Mu, W., Wei, J., Cheng, L., Yang, J., Mu, R., Liu, J., Zhao, J., Zhao, Y., Xu, X., Liu, X., & Liu, H. (2020). Dissecting the genome of star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.). Horticulture Research, 7, [94]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-020-0306-4 Download date: 01. okt.. 2021 Fan et al. Horticulture Research (2020) 7:94 Horticulture Research https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-020-0306-4 www.nature.com/hortres ARTICLE Open Access Dissecting the genome of star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) Yannan Fan 1,SunilKumarSahu 1,TingYang1,WeixueMu1,JinpuWei1,LeCheng2, Jinlong Yang2, Ranchang Mu3, Jie Liu3, Jianming Zhao3, Yuxian Zhao4,XunXu1,5,XinLiu1,6 and Huan Liu 1,7 Abstract Averrhoa carambola is commonly known as star fruit because of its peculiar shape, and its fruit is a rich source of minerals and vitamins. It is also used in traditional medicines in countries such as India, China, the Philippines, and Brazil for treating various ailments, including fever, diarrhea, vomiting, and skin disease. Here, we present the first draft genome of the Oxalidaceae family, with an assembled genome size of 470.51 Mb. In total, 24,726 protein-coding genes were identified, and 16,490 genes were annotated using various well-known databases. The phylogenomic analysis confirmed the evolutionary position of the Oxalidaceae family. Based on the gene functional annotations, we also identified enzymes that may be involved in important nutritional pathways in the star fruit genome. Overall, the data from this first sequenced genome in the Oxalidaceae family provide an essential resource for nutritional, medicinal, and cultivational studies of the economically important star-fruit plant. Introduction diffusion into the bloodstream and controlling the blood 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; The star-fruit plant (Averrhoa carambola L.), a member glucose concentration. of the Oxalidaceae family, is a medium-sized tree that is In addition to its use as a food source, star fruit is uti- distinguished by its unique, attractive star-shaped fruit lized as an herb in India, Brazil, and Malaysia and is widely (Supplementary Fig. 1). A. carambola is widely distributed used in traditional Chinese medicine preparations4 as a around the world, especially in tropical countries such as remedy for fever, asthma, headache, and skin diseases5. India, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines, and is Several studies have demonstrated the presence of various considered an important species; thus, it is extensively phytochemicals, such as saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, cultivated in Southeast Asia and Malaysia1,2. It is also a and tannins, in the leaves, fruits, and roots of star-fruit popular fruit in the markets of the United States, Aus- plants6,7; these compounds are known to confer anti- tralia, and the South Pacific Islands3. Star fruits have a oxidant and specific healing properties. A study by Cab- unique taste, with a slightly tart, acidic (in smaller fruits) rini et al.5 indicated that the ethanolic extract from A. or sweet, mild flavor (in large fruits). Star fruit is a good carambola is highly effective in minimizing the symptoms source of various minerals and vitamins and is rich in of ear swelling (edema) and cellular migration in mice. A natural antioxidants such as vitamin C and gallic acid. flavonoid compound (apigenin-6-C-β-fucopyranoside) Moreover, the presence of high amounts of fiber in these isolated from A. carambola leaves showed anti- fruits aids in absorbing glucose, retarding glucose hyperglycemic action in rats, and might show potential for use in the treatment and prevention of diabetes8. Moreover, 2-dodecyl-6-methoxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4- Correspondence: Huan Liu ([email protected]) dione (DMDD) extracted from the roots of A. carambola 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, China National GeneBank, BGI- exhibits potential benefits in the treatment of obesity, Shenzhen, 518120 Shenzhen, China fi ’ 2 insulin resistance, and memory de cits in Alzheimer s BGI-Yunnan, BGI-Shenzhen, 650106 Kunming, China 9,10 Full list of author information is available at the end of the article. disease . These authors contributed equally: Yannan Fan, Sunil Kumar Sahu © The Author(s) 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a linktotheCreativeCommons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Fan et al. Horticulture Research (2020) 7:94 Page 2 of 10 Although A. carambola plays very significant roles in BWA-MEM software15. In total, 943,278,896 (99.12%) traditional medicine applications, there are very limited reads could be mapped to the genome, and 88.13% of studies on A. carambola at the genetic level, mainly due to them were properly paired (Supplementary Table 2). a lack of genome information. Therefore, filling this genomic gap will help researchers to fully explore and Genome annotation understand this agriculturally important plant. As a part A total of 68.15% of the assembled A. carambola gen- of the 10KP project11,12, the draft genome of A. carambola ome was composed of repetitive elements (Supplementary collected from the Ruili Botanical Garden in Yunnan, Table 3). Among these repetitive sequences, LTRs were China, was assembled in this study using an advanced 10X the most abundant, accounting for 61.64% of the genome. genomics technique to further elucidate the evolution of DNA class repeat elements represented 4.19% of the the Oxalidaceae family. A fully annotated genome of A. genome; LINE and SINE classes accounted for 0.28% and carambola will serve as a foundation for pharmaceutical 0.016% of the assembled genome, respectively. For gene applications of the species and the improvement of prediction, we combined homology-based and de novo- breeding strategies for the star-fruit plant. based approaches and obtained a non-redundant set of 24,726 gene models with 4.11 exons per gene on average. Results The gene length was 3457 bp on average, while the Genome assembly and evaluation average exon and intron lengths were 215 and 827 bp, Based on k-mer analysis, a total of 35,655,285,391 k- respectively. The gene model statistical data compared mers were used, with peak coverage of 75. The A. car- with seven other closely related species are shown in ambola genome was estimated to be ~475 Mb in size Supplementary Fig. 3. To evaluate the completeness of the (Supplementary Fig. 2). To perform genome assembly, a gene models for A. carambola, we used BUSCO with total of 156 Gb of clean reads were utilized by Supernova Embryophyta odb9. A total of 1281 (88.9%) complete v2.1.113. The final assembly contained 69,402 scaffold orthologs were detected from the predicted star fruit gene sequences, with an N50 of 2.76 Mb, and 78,313 contig sets (Supplementary Table 4). sequences, with an N50 of 44.84 Kb, for a total assembly Functions were assigned to 16,490 (66.69%) genes. size of 470.51 Mb (Table 1). Completeness assessment These protein-coding genes were then subjected to fur- was performed using Benchmarking Universal Single- ther exploration against the KEGG, NR, and COG protein Copy Orthologs (BUSCO) version 3.0.114 with Embry- sequence databases16, in addition to the SwissProt and ophyta odb9. The results showed that 1327 (92.20%) of TrEMBL databases17, and InterProScan18 was finally used the expected 1440 conserved plant orthologs were to identify domains and motifs (Supplementary Table 5, detected as complete (Supplementary Table 1). To further Supplementary Fig. 4). Noncoding RNA genes in the evaluate the completeness of the assembled genome, we assembled genome were also annotated. We predicted performed short read mapping using clean raw data with 759 tRNA, 1341 rRNA, 90 microRNA (miRNA), and 2039 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes in the assembled genome (Supplementary Table 6). Table 1 Statistics of genome assembly. Since star fruit is an important cultivated plant, the fi Contig Scaffold identi cation of disease resistance genes was one of the focuses of our study. Nucleotide-binding site (NBS) genes Size (bp) Number Size (bp) Number play an important role in pathogen defense and the cell cycle. We identified a total of 80 non-redundant NBS- N90a 5420 12,457 7033 3988 encoding orthologous genes in the star fruit genome N80 13,875 7548 39,210 608 (Supplementary Table 7). Among these genes, TIR (encoding the toll interleukin receptor) motif was found N70 23,325 5165 34,6109 131 to be significantly smaller than in other eudicot plants, N60 33,460 3619 1,307,770 60 except for cocoa. Unlike other plants, the leucine-rich N50 44,841 2503 2,757,598 35 repeat (LRR) motif was not the most or second most 19 Longest 717,770 – 14,768,062 – common motif in the NBS gene family in star fruit .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Collection and Evaluation of Under-Utilized Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Genetic Resources in Malaysia
    J]RCAS International Symposium Series No. 3: 27-38 Session 1-3 27 Collection and Evaluation of Under-Utilized Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Genetic Resources in Malaysia WONG, Kai Choo' Abstract Fruit tree genetic resources in Malaysia consist of cultivated and wild species. The cul­ tivated fruit trees number more than 100 species of both indigenous and introduced species. Among these fruits, some are popular and are widely cultivated throughout the country while others are less known and grown in small localized areas. The latter are the under-utilized fruit species. Apart from these cultivated fruits, there is also in the Malaysian natural forest a diversity of wild fruit tree species which produce edible fruits but are relatively unknown and unutilized. Many of the under-utilized and unutilized fruit species are known to show economic potential. Collection and evaluation of some of these fruit tree genetic resources have been carried out. These materials are assessed for their potential as new fruit trees, as sources of rootstocks for grafting and also as sources of germplasm for breeding to improve the present cultivated fruit species. Some of these potential fruit tree species within the gen­ era Artocarpus, Baccaurea, Canarium, Dimocarpus, Dialium, Durio, Garcinia, Litsea, Mangif era, Nephelium, Sa/acca, and Syzygium are highlighted. Introduction Malaysian fruit tree genetic resources comprise both cultivated and wild species. There are more than 100 cultivated fruit species of both major and minor fruit crops. Each category includes indigenous as well as introduced species. The major cultivated fruit crops are well known and are commonly grown throughout the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Averrhoa Bilimbi 1 Averrhoa Bilimbi
    Averrhoa bilimbi 1 Averrhoa bilimbi Averrhoa bilimbi Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Oxalidales Family: Oxalidaceae Genus: Averrhoa Species: A. bilimbi Binomial name Averrhoa bilimbi L. Averrhoa bilimbi 2 Averrhoa bilimbi (commonly known as bilimbi, cucumber tree, or tree sorrel) is a fruit-bearing tree of the genus Averrhoa, family Oxalidaceae. It is a close relative of the carambola. Nomenclature The tree and fruit are known by different names in different languages.[1] They should not be confused with the carambola, which also share some of the same names despite being very different fruits. Balimbing in the Philippines actually refer to carambola and not bilimbi (which they call iba in Cebuano and kamias in Tagalog). Averrhoa bilimbi fruit Country Name English cucumber tree or tree sorrel India bilimbi,Irumban Puli,Chemmeen Puli,bimbul Sri Lanka Bilincha, bimbiri Dominican Republic Vinagrillo Philippines kamias,kalamias, or iba Malaysia belimbing asam, belimbing buloh, b'ling, or billing-billing Indonesia belimbing wuluh or belimbing sayur Thailand taling pling, or kaling pring Vietnam khế tàu Haiti blimblin Jamaica bimbling plum Cuba grosella china El Salvador & Nicaragua mimbro Costa Rica mimbro or tirigur Venezuela vinagrillo Surinam and Guyana birambi Argentina pepino de Indias France carambolier bilimbi or cornichon des Indes Seychelles bilenbi Averrhoa bilimbi 3 Distribution and habitat Possibly originating on the Moluccas, Indonesia, the species is cultivated or found semi-wild throughout Indonesia, The Philippines, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar (Burma) and Malaysia. It is common in other Southeast Asian countries. In India, where it is usually found in gardens, the bilimbi has gone wild in the warmest regions of the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article (PDF)
    eFood Vol. 1(2); April (2020), pp. 126–139 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/efood.k.200406.001; eISSN 2666-3066 https://www.atlantis-press.com/journals/efood Review Emerging Exotic Fruits: New Functional Foods in the European Market Laura Cornara1,*, Jianbo Xiao2, Antonella Smeriglio3, Domenico Trombetta3, Bruno Burlando4,5 1Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, Genova 16132, Italy 2Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 3 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Messina 98166, Italy 4Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, Genova 16132, Italy 5Biophysics Institute, National Research Council (CNR), via De Marini 6, Genova 16149, Italy ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History The consumption of exotic fruits is rapidly increasing in European countries. Some of these products have attracted much interest due to their alleged properties of preventing malnutrition, over-nutrition, and disease, maintaining a healthy body. Received 23 February 2020 Accepted 31 March 2020 Scientific studies on these fruits are multiplying, including chemical characterizations and biological investigations onin vitro and in vivo experimental models. This review concerns four edible fruits:Hylocereus undatus (dragon fruit), Annona cherimola Keywords (cherimoya), Citrus australasica (finger lime), andAverrhoa carambola (carambola or star fruit). By screening biomedical Superfruits databases, viz. Scopus, WOS, and PubMed, a total of 131 papers have been selected. Data reveals a wide series of biological functional food effects that confirm traditional medicinal uses or suggest new therapeutic applications.
    [Show full text]
  • Acute and Sub-Chronic Pre-Clinical Toxicological Study of Averrhoa Carambola L
    Vol. 12(40), pp. 5917-5925, 2 October, 2013 DOI: 10.5897/AJB10.2401 ISSN 1684-5315 ©2013 Academic Journals African Journal of Biotechnology http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB Full Length Research Paper Acute and sub-chronic pre-clinical toxicological study of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) Débora L. R. Pessoa, Maria S. S. Cartágenes, Sonia M.F. Freire, Marilene O. R. Borges and Antonio C. R. Borges* Federal University of Maranhão, Physiological Science Department, Pharmacology Research and Post-Graduate Laboratory. Av. dos Portugueses. S/N, Bacanga, São Luís – Maranhão-Brazil, CEP 65085-582. Accepted 18 June, 2013 Averrhoa carambola L., a species belonging to the Oxalidaceae family, is associated with neurological symptoms in individuals with renal diseases. The objective of this work was to accomplish a pre- clinical toxicological study of the hydroalcoholic extract (HE) from A. carambola leaves. Wistar rats and Swiss mice, both male and female, were used in these experiments. The rats were used in the acute toxicity assessment, with the extract administered at doses of 0.1 to 8.0 g/kg (oral route), and 0.5 to 3.0 g/kg (via intraperitoneal route). The mice received the extract in doses of 0.5 to 5.0 g/kg (via oral and intraperitoneal routes) and were observed for 14 days. Rats were also used in the sub-chronic toxicity evaluation, and divided into three groups (n=10): control group, HE 0.125 g/kg and HE 0.25 g/kg. These animals received HE for a 60 day period, at the end of which a macroscopic analysis of selected organs was performed with biochemical analysis of the blood.
    [Show full text]
  • Star Fruit(Carambola)
    THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND AGRO-BASED INDUSTRY KUALA LUMPUR MALAYSIA FFOORR MMAARRKKEETT AACCCCEESSSS OONN SSTTAARR FFRRUUIITT ((CCaarraammbboollaa)) CROP PROTECTION & PLANT QUARANTINE SERVICES DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE KUALA LUMPUR Technical Document For Market Access On Star fruit (carambola) October 2004 MALAYSIA 2004 Page i Ms. Asna Booty Othman, Director, Crop Protection and Plant Quarantine Services Division, Department of Agriculture Malaysia, wishes to extend her appreciation and gratitude to the following for their contribution, assistance and cooperation in the preparation of this Technical Document For Star fruit (Carambola):- Mr. Muhamad Hj. Omar, Assistant Director, Phytosanitary and Export Control Section, Crop Protection and Plant Quarantine Services Division, Department of Agriculture Malaysia; Ms. Nuraizah Hashim, Agriculture Officer, Phytosanitary and Export Control Section, Crop Protection and Plant Quarantine Services Division, Department of Agriculture Malaysia; Appreciation is also extended to Y. Bhg. Dato’ Ismail Ibrahim, Director-General of Agriculture, for his support and guidance in the preparation of this Document. Technical Document For Market Access On Star fruit (carambola) October 2004 Page ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page No. Agronomy Aspects Scientific Name 1 Family 1 Common Name 1 Introduction 1 Nutrient Composition 1 Origin 2 Adaptation 2 Use And Potential 2 Marketing 2 Main Areas 3 Varieties/Clones 3 Botanical Description 3 Tree 3 Leaves 3 Flowers 4 Fruit 4 Crop Requirement 4 Climate
    [Show full text]
  • ECHO's Catalogue and Compendium of Warm Climate Fruits
    ECHO's Catalogue and Compendium of Warm Climate Fruits Featuring both common and hard-to-find fruits, vegetables, herbs, spices and bamboo for Southwest Florida ECHO's Catalogue and Compendium of Warm Climate Fruits Featuring both common and hard-to-find fruits, vegetables, herbs, spices and bamboo for Southwest Florida D. Blank, A. Boss, R. Cohen and T. Watkins, Editors Contributing Authors: Dr. Martin Price, Daniel P. Blank, Cory Thede, Peggy Boshart, Hiedi Hans Peterson Artwork by Christi Sobel This catalogue and compendium are the result of the cumulative experi- ence and knowledge of dedicated ECHO staff members, interns and vol- unteers. Contained in this document, in a practical and straight-forward style, are the insights, observations, and recommendations from ECHO’s 25 year history as an authority on tropical and subtropical fruit in South- west Florida. Our desire is that this document will inspire greater enthusi- asm and appreciation for growing and enjoying the wonderful diversity of warm climate fruits. We hope you enjoy this new edition of our catalogue and wish you many successes with tropical fruits! Also available online at: www.echonet.org ECHO’s Tropical Fruit Nursery Educational Concerns for Hunger Organization 17391 Durrance Rd. North Fort Myers, FL 33917 (239) 567-1900 FAX (239) 543-5317 Email: [email protected] This material is copyrighted 1992. Reproduction in whole or in part is prohibited. Revised May 1996, Sept 1998, May 2002 and March 2007. Fruiting Trees, Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants Table of Contents 1. Fruiting Trees, Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants 2 2. Trees for the Enthusiast 34 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Carambola and Bilimbi
    Fruits - vol . 45, n°5, 199 0 - 49 7 Carambola and bilimbi. A. LENNOX and Joanne R AGOONATH* CARAMBOLA AND BILIMBI . CARAMBOLE ET BILIMBI . A . LENNOX and Joanne RAGOONATH . A . LENNOX et Joanne RAGOONATH . Fruits, Sep .-Oct . 1990, vol . 45, n° 5, p . 497-50 1 Fruits, Sep : Oct . 1990, vol . 45, n° 5, p . 497-501 . ABSTRACT - Presentation of two fruit species, the carambola (Chi- RESUME - Présentation de deux espèces fruitières, le carambolie r nese gooseberry) and the bilimbi, which belong to the genus Averrhoa , et le bilimbi, appartenant au genre Averrhoa avec référence plus with special reference to Trinidad and Tobago . The following aspect s particulière à Trinidad et Tobago . Sont abordés les aspects suivants : are discussed :botany, varieties, multiplication techniques and cultural botanique, variétés, techniques de multiplication et pratiques cultu- practices . Several physical and chemical characteristics of the frui t rales . Trois tableaux regroupent plusieurs caractéristiques physique s varieties studied are shown in three tables . et chimiques des fruits des variétés étudiées . INTRODUCTIO N Although these two species of Averrhoa have bee n introduced into Trinidad and Tobago over 100 years ago , There are two species of Averrhoa, belonging to the today there is only one commercial producing plot o f family Oxalidaceae and both are found in the tropics . The y carambola of about 0,4 hectares . This was planted in 198 4 are Averrhoa carambola and Averrhoa bilimbi, the carambo- at La Vega Estate, Gran Couva by Bert Manhin who col- la and the bilimbi respectively . lected seed material from Bankok, Taiwan, Miami, Grenada , Guyana and Cuba .
    [Show full text]
  • The One Hundred Tree Species Prioritized for Planting in the Tropics and Subtropics As Indicated by Database Mining
    The one hundred tree species prioritized for planting in the tropics and subtropics as indicated by database mining Roeland Kindt, Ian K Dawson, Jens-Peter B Lillesø, Alice Muchugi, Fabio Pedercini, James M Roshetko, Meine van Noordwijk, Lars Graudal, Ramni Jamnadass The one hundred tree species prioritized for planting in the tropics and subtropics as indicated by database mining Roeland Kindt, Ian K Dawson, Jens-Peter B Lillesø, Alice Muchugi, Fabio Pedercini, James M Roshetko, Meine van Noordwijk, Lars Graudal, Ramni Jamnadass LIMITED CIRCULATION Correct citation: Kindt R, Dawson IK, Lillesø J-PB, Muchugi A, Pedercini F, Roshetko JM, van Noordwijk M, Graudal L, Jamnadass R. 2021. The one hundred tree species prioritized for planting in the tropics and subtropics as indicated by database mining. Working Paper No. 312. World Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/WP21001.PDF The titles of the Working Paper Series are intended to disseminate provisional results of agroforestry research and practices and to stimulate feedback from the scientific community. Other World Agroforestry publication series include Technical Manuals, Occasional Papers and the Trees for Change Series. Published by World Agroforestry (ICRAF) PO Box 30677, GPO 00100 Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254(0)20 7224000, via USA +1 650 833 6645 Fax: +254(0)20 7224001, via USA +1 650 833 6646 Email: [email protected] Website: www.worldagroforestry.org © World Agroforestry 2021 Working Paper No. 312 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of World Agroforestry. Articles appearing in this publication series may be quoted or reproduced without charge, provided the source is acknowledged.
    [Show full text]
  • (Averrhoa Carambola, L.) I
    Pertanika 9(2), 219 - 224 (1986) Polyphenoloxidase from Starfruit (Averrhoa carambola, L.) I TENGKU ADNIN BIN TENGKU ADNAN, M.A. AUGUSTIN and HASANAH MOHD. GHAZALI Department ofFood Sc~'ence, Faculty ofFood Science and Technology, Un'iversiti Pertanian Malaysz"a, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Key words: Polyphenoloxidase; starfruit; catechol. ABSTRAK Polifenoloksidase (PPO) telah diasingkan dar'ipada belz"mbing besi (Averrhoa carambola, L.) dan ditulenkan melalui pemendakan aseton dan dialisis. pH optimum untuk pengoksidaan katekol yang d'imangkinkan oleh PPO yang dz"tulenkan dengan aseton adalah 7.2. Kajian penyahaktifan haba menunjukkan bahawa enzim PPO adalah labil terhadap haba. Hayat-separa untuk penyahaktifan PPO pada 70°C dan 75°C mas'ing-masing ialah 4.6 m'in dan 3.1 min. Didapatijuga bahawa malar 1 Michaelis (K dan V untuk katekol dengan PPO masing-masing ialah O. 061M dan 20 U ml- • J max ABSTRACT Polyphenolox'idase (PPO) was z50lated from starfru'it (Averrhoa carambola, L.) and purif'ied by acetone preC£pz"tat'ion and d'ialysis. The optimum pH for the aCl}tone purif'ied PPO catalysed ox'idat£on of catechol was found to be pH 7.2 Heat 'inact£vat'ion stud'ies showed that the enzyme was heat-labile. Haif-Hvesfor PPO 'inact'ivat'ion at 70°C and 75°C were found to be 4.6 m'in and 3.1 m'in respect'ively. The M'ichaelis constant (K j and V Jor catechol with PPO was O. 061M and 20 U ml- 1 respect'ively. INTRODUCTION polyphenoloxidase. It has generally been found that PPO is a relatively difficult enzyme to Starfruit (Averrhoa carambola, L.) is con­ extract and purify (Mayer and Hare!, 1979).
    [Show full text]
  • Quick Harvest and Postharvest Tips for Better Quality and Longer
    Fruit, Nut, and Beverage Crops July 2014 F_N- 36 Quick Harvest and Postharvest Tips for Better Quality and Longer Postharvest Life Ken Love,1 Nancy Chen,2 and Robert Paull2 1Hawaii Tropical Fruit Growers Association, Captain Cook, Hawai‘i; 2Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i Abiu Acerola Pouteria caimito Malpighia emarginata Abiu fruit are harvested when they become bright yellow, Acerola is extremely fragile and must be harvested gently. and the fruit continue to ripen after harvest. Full ripening Generally, acerola should be picked when almost fully occurs in 1 to 5 days after harvest, when the fruit pulp no red. Fruit are often field-packed into clamshell plastic longer has a sticky latex. The translucent flesh becomes containers, no more than two layers deep. A third layer jelly-like, with a pleasant, somewhat caramel-flavored often puts too much weight on the bottom fruit. The pulp. The tough, leathery skin can be easily bruised, but clamshell should be placed in a pre-chilled cooler in the if handled carefully the fruit has a good postharvest life. field to reduce the temperature of the fruit as quickly as The flesh browns quickly after slicing, and the fruit is possible. With rapid cooling, the postharvest life can be usually prepared just before eating. increased from about 4 to 10 days. Fruit with a longer postharvest life are more desirable to grocery stores and chefs and enhance your reputation for high-quality fruit. Atemoya / Cherimoya Annona squamosa x A. cherimola / Annona cherimola It is notoriously difficult to determine the best time to harvest atemoya and its relatives.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Functional Analysis of SWEET Gene Family in Averrhoa Carambola L
    Identification and functional analysis of SWEET gene family in Averrhoa carambola L. fruits during ripening Qihua Lin, Qiuzhen Zhong and Zehuang Zhang Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China ABSTRACT Sugar Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEETs), a type of sugar efflux transporters, have been extensively researched upon due to their role in phloem loading for distant sugar transport, fruit development, and stress regulation, etc. Several plant species are known to possess the SWEET genes; however, little is known about their presence in Averrhoa Carambola L. (Oxalidaceae), an evergreen fruit crop (star fruit) in tropical and subtropical regions of Southeast Asia. In this study, we established an Averrhoa Carambola L. unigenes library from fruits of `XianMiyangtao' (XM) by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). A total of 99,319 unigenes, each longer than 200 bp with a total length was 72.00 Mb, were identified. A total of 51,642 unigenes (52.00%) were annotated. Additionally, 10 AcSWEET genes from the Averrhoa Carambola L. unigenes library were identified and classified, followed by a comprehensive analysis of their structures and conserved motif compositions, and evolutionary relationships. Moreover, the expression patterns of AcSWEETs in `XM' cultivars during fruit ripening were confirmed using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), combined with the soluble sugar and titratable acids content during ripening, showed that AcSWEET2a/2b and AcSWEET16b might participate in sugar transport during fruit ripening. This work presents a general profile of the AcSWEET gene family in Averrhoa Carambola L., which can be used to perform further studies on elucidating the functional roles of AcSWEET genes.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnobotany and Conservation of Indigenous Edible Fruit Plants in South Aceh, Indonesia
    BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 21, Number 5, May 2020 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 1850-1860 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d210511 Ethnobotany and conservation of indigenous edible fruit plants in South Aceh, Indonesia ADI BEJO SUWARDI1,♥, ZIDNI ILMAN NAVIA2, TISNA HARMAWAN3, SYAMSUARDI4, ERIZAL MUKHTAR4 1Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Samudra. Jl, Meurandeh, Langsa 24416, Aceh, Indonesia. Tel.: +62-641-426535, ♥email: [email protected] 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Samudra. Jl, Meurandeh, Langsa 24416, Aceh, Indonesia 3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Samudra. Jl, Meurandeh, Langsa 24416, Aceh, Indonesia 4Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Universitas Andalas. Jl. Unand, Limau Manis, Padang 25163, West Sumatra, Indonesia Manuscript received: 8 November 2019. Revision accepted: 8 April 2020. Abstract. Suwardi AB, Navia ZI, Harmawan T, Syamsuardi, Mukhtar E. 2020. Ethnobotany and conservation of indigenous edible fruit plants in South Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 1850-1860. The traditional knowledge system is immensely important in the context of plant resource conservation, utilization, and environmental management. The objectives of this study, therefore, were to document local knowledge on the diversity, utilization and sustainable management of indigenous fruit yielding species in the South Aceh region of Indonesia. This research was based on extensive field surveys, plant collection, and interviews with the local people, and a total of 56 indigenous edible fruit species belonging to 24 families were identified. Furthermore, the recognized varieties have numerous applications and serve multiple use categories. For example, they have been adopted as food (56 species), by medicine (16 species), construction materials (14 species), furniture (13 species) and firewood (12 species).
    [Show full text]