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Lexikon Politik Улс Төрийн Тайлбар Толь

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Lexikon Politik Улс Төрийн Тайлбар Толь Lexikon Politik Улс төрийн тайлбар толь Lexikon Politik Улс төрийн тайлбар толь Энэхүү тайлбар толийг Монсудар хэвлэлийн газрын санаачлагаар Монгол дахь Конрад-Аденауэр-Сангийн дэмжлэгтэйгээр орчуулан хүргэв. ДАА ННА У Lexikon Politik Улс төрийн тайлбар толь Төслийн зохицуулагч Б.Оюундарь Орчуулагч Б.Ганхөлөг, Б.Энхтөгс, Б.Эрдэнэчимэг, Д.Үүрцайх, О.Цэрэнчимэд, У.Отгонбаяр, О.Ариунаа, Ц.Уянга, М.Сэргэлэн (Монгол-Германы гүүр төрийн бус байгууллагын баг) Орчуулгын редактор О.Цэрэнчимэд (Удирдлагын академийн Бодлого, Улс төр судлалын тэнхимийн эрхлэгч, дэд профессор) Д.Үүрцайх (ХБНГУ-ын Бонн хотын их сургууль, хууль зүйн ухааны магистр) Ц.Уянга (ХБНГУ-ын Льюдвиг Максимиллианы Их Сургуулийн Улс төрийн шинжлэх ухааны магистр, Австралийн Мельбурний Их Сургуулийн хөдөлмөрийн эрх зүйн магистр) Редакторууд Б.Батбаатар, Д.Очирмаа Монгол орчуулгын эрх © 2019 Монсудар хэвлэлийн газар RECLAMS UNIVERSAL-BIBILIOTHEK Nr. 18714 2009 Philipp Reclam jun. GmbH & Co. KG, Siemensstraße 32, 71254 Ditzingen. Тус бүтээлийн орчуулгыг Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung Mongolei ивээн тэтгэсэн болно. ISBN Бүх эрх хуулиар хамгаалагдсан болно.Энэхүү номын эхийг хэвлэлийн газрын зөвшөөрөлгүйгээр хэсэгчлэн болон бүтнээр нь дахин хэвлэх,хайлтын системд байршуулах, цахим,механик,фото хуулбар зэрэг ямар ч хэлбэрээр хувилж олшруулах,түгээн тараахыг хатуу хориглоно. Агуулга Удиртгал . 9 Abgeordnete – Парламентын гишүүн . 17 Außenpolitik – Гадаад бодлого . 20 Autoritäres Regime – Авторитар дэглэм . .24 Bürgertugenden – Иргэний ухамсарт үйл . 28 Deliberative Demokratie – Зөвлөлдөх ардчилал . 33 Demokratie – Ардчилал . 37 Demokratisierung/ Demokratisierungswellen – Ардчиллын давлагаа . 43 Diktatur – Диктатур . 48 Diskurs – Дискурс . 51 Elektronische Demokratie – Цахим ардчилал . .55 Eliten – Элитүүд . .59 Europäische Union – Европын Холбоо . 64 Extremismus – Экстремизм . 69 Faschismus – Фашизм . 72 Feminismus – Феминизм . 76 Föderalismus – Федерализм . .80 Freiheit – Эрх чөлөө . 84 Gemeinwohl – Нийтийн сайн сайхан . .89 Gerechtigkeit – Шударга ёс . 94 Gesetze/Gesetzgebung – Хууль, хууль тогтоох . 100 Gewalt – Хүч хэрэглэх эрх мэдэл . .106 Gewaltenteilung – Эрх мэдлийн хуваарилалт. .109 Gewerkschaften – Үйлдвэрчний эвлэл . .113 Gleichheit – Тэгш байдал . 118 Globalisierung – Даяаршил . 122 6 Агуулга Grund-und Menschenrechte – Үндсэн эрх ба хүний эрх 127 Herrschaft – Ноёрхол . 132 Ideologie – Идеологи . 136 Innenpolitik – Дотоод бодлого . 139 Institutionalismus – Институционализм . 143 Institutionen – Институци . .148 Integration – Интеграц . .151 Interessenverbände – Сонирхлын холбоод . 155 Internationale Beziehungen – Олон улсын харилцаа. .160 Internationale Regime – Олон улсын дэглэм . 165 Kommunalpolitik – Орон нутгийн улс төрийн бодлого 168 Kommunismus – Коммунизм . 172 Kommunitarismus – Коммунитаризм . 176 Konfliktlinien – Зөрчилдөөний зааг . .180 Konsensus-und Mehrheitsdemokratie – Зөвшилцлийн болон олонхын ардчилал . 184 Konservatismus – Консерватизм . 189 Konstitutionalismus – Үндсэн хуульт ёс . 193 Kosmopolitische Demokratie – Дэлхий нийтийн ардчилал . 196 Legitimität – Хүлээн зөвшөөрөгдөх байдал. .201 Liberalismus – Либерализм . 205 Macht – Эрх мэдэл . 211 Massenkommunikation – Олон нийтийн харилцаа . 214 Mehrheitsprinzip – Олонхын зарчим . 219 Nation/Nationalismus – Үндэстэн/Үндсэрхэг үзэл. .222 Nationalstaat – Үндэстний улс . 227 Nichtregierungsorganisationen – Төрийн бус байгууллагууд. .230 Öffentliche Meinung- Олон нийтийн үзэл бодол . 234 Агуулга 7 Öffentlichkeit – Олон нийт . 237 Parlament- Парламент . .242 Parlamentarische präsidentielle Demokratie – Парламентын ба ерөнхийлөгчийн ардчилал . 245 Parteien – Улс төрийн намууд . .250 Parteiensystem – Улс төрийн намуудын тогтолцоо . 253 Partizipative Dempkratie – Оролцоот ардчилал . 259 Politik – Улс төр . .264 Politikwissenschaft – Улс төрийн шинжлэх ухаан . .270 Politische Ethik – Улс төрийн ёс зүй . 277 Politische Gemeinschaften – Улс төрийн хамтын нийгэмлэг . .281 Politische Kultur – Улс төрийн соёл. .284 Politische partizipation – Улс төрийн оролцоо . 289 Politische Performanz – Улс төрийн гүйцэтгэл . .293 Politische Soziolisation – Улс төрийн нийгэмшил . 299 Politische Unterstützung – Улс төрийн дэмжлэг . 304 Politisches Prozess – Улс төрийн үйл явц . 308 Politisches System – Улс төрийн тогтолцоо . .313 Politisches Vertrauen – Улс төрийн итгэлцэл . 318 Rechtsstaat – Эрх зүйт төр . .321 Regierung – Засгийн газар . 326 Repräsentation – Төлөөлөл . 330 Repräsentative/liberale Demokratie – Төлөөллийн/Чөлөөт ардчилал . 334 Republikanismus – Бүгд найрамдах ёс . 340 Solidarität – Эв санааны нэгдэл . 343 Souveränität – Бүрэн эрхт байдал. .348 Sozialdemokratie – Нийгмийн ардчилал . 352 8 Агуулга Soziale Bewegungen – Социал хөдөлгөөн . .356 Sozialismus – Социализм . 361 Sozialstaat – Социал төр . .365 Staat – Төр . 370 Staatsbürgerschaft – Иргэний харьяалал. .374 Staatsformen – Төрийн байгуулал . 378 Steuerung – Удирдлага . .382 Systemtransformation – (Улс төрийн) Системийн шилжилт . 387 Terrorismus – Терроризм . 392 Totalitarismus – Тоталитаризм . 396 Vereinte Nationen – Нэгдсэн Үндэсний Байгууллага (НҮБ). .399 Verfassung – Үндсэн хууль. .404 Verhandlungen – Хэлэлцээр . 409 Vertrag/Vertragstheorien – Гэрээ/Гэрээний онол . 413 Verwaltung – Захиргаа . 418 Volk – Ард түмэн . .422 Voelkerrecht – Олон улсын эрх зүй/Улс түмний эрх зүй 425 Volksabstimmung – Ард нийтийн санал асуулга . 430 Volkssouveränität – Ард түмний бүрэн эрх . .434 Wahlen – Сонгууль . .437 Wahlrecht/Wahlsysteme – Сонгох эрх/ Сонгуулийн тогтолцоо . .441 Zivilgesellschaft – Иргэний нийгэм. .448 Дэлгэрүүлж унших бүтээл. .454 Удиртгал 9 Удиртгал Улс төрийн талаар хүн бүр өөрийн гэсэн ойлголттой байдаг. Энэ нь иргэн бүр сонгох эрхтэй, дийлэнх нь тэрхүү эрхээ эдэлдэгтэй холбоотой. Олон нийтийн мэ- дээллийн хэрэгслүүд улс төрийн сэдвүүдийг тогтмол хөнддөг тул иргэдийн ойлголтод нь нөлөөлж байдаг. Улс төрийн толь бичиг нь эдгээр ойлголтыг тодорхой болгон сайжруулах, ялгаатай байдлыг нарийвчлан авч хэлэлцэхээс гадна улс төр нийгмийн онцгой нэг хэсэг болох талаар таниулахад хувь нэмэр болох учиртай юм. Улс төрийн шинжлэх ухаанд хэрэглэгддэг агуулгаар энэхүү тайлбар тольд багтсан зуун үндсэн нэр томьёог тайлбарлах нь зорилгодоо хүрэх арга хэрэгсэл бол- но. Эдгээр нэр томьёоны ухагдахуун нь улс төрийг танин мэдэхүйн салбарт шинжлэх ухааны үүднээс судлах хэрэглээг тодорхойлох болжээ. Уг тайлбар тольд оруулсан үндсэн нэр томьёо нь зөвхөн сурагч, оюутан, улс төрийн шинжлэх ухааны салбарын багш нарт төдийгүй ажил мэргэжлийн хувьд улс төртэй холбоотой, улс төрийг идэвхтэй сонирхон судлахыг хүссэн хэн бүхэнд зориулсан болно. Эдгээр үндсэн нэр томьёоны тайлбар нь улс төрийн хамрах хүрээг тодор- хойлж, хэрэгжүүлэхэд чиглэгдсэн болно. Энэ хүрээнд бид хоёр асуудалтай тулгарсан юм. Эх- нийх нь нэр томьёонуудыг хэрхэн зөв сонгох талаар байв. Учир нь улс төр иж бүрэн зангилаа үзэгдлийн хүрээнд олон янзын нэр томьёонд тусгалаа олж байдаг 10 Удиртгал билээ. Мөн зөвхөн зуун нэр томьёогоор хязгаарласан тохиолдолд улс төрийн нэлээд олон асуудлыг орхиг- дуулах шийдвэр гаргах шаардлагатай болж байв. Бид агуулгыг үндсэндээ зөвхөн ардчилсан засаглалын улс төрөөр хязгаарласан явдал юм. Хэдийгээр ардчилалд хамааралтай хамгийн чухал үзэл баримтлалын ху- вилбарыг голлон авч хэлэлцсэн хэдий ч үзэл санааны хүрээнд (фашизм, коммунизм гэх мэт), институцийн зохион байгуулалтаар (авторитар дэглэм, дарангуй- лал, тоталитаризм гэх мэт) болон үйл ажиллагааны түвшинд (хүчирхийлэл, терроризм гэх мэт) багтааж оруулсан болно. Хоёр дахь шийдэл нь дотоод, гадаад улс төрийн бодлого, орон нутгийн улс төрийн бодлого, социаль төр зэрэг зөвхөн цөөн хэдэн голлох материал- лаг улс төрийн бодлогын зохицуулалтын хэрэгслийг (policies) хамруулсан явдал юм. Үндсэн нэр томьёоны агуулгад анхаарал хандуулснаар бид улс төрийн сал- барын өргөн хүрээний асуудлыг зайлшгүй авч үзэх шаардлагагүй юм. Юуны өмнө бидний сонгож авсан түлхүүр үгс нь ардчиллын судалгааны гурван түвшний хоёрт нь ха- маарна. Тухайлбал, оюун санааны хүрээнд үнэт зүйлс, хэм хэмжээ, зарчмууд болон үзэл баримтлалын урсга- лууд, төрийн байгууллын хүрээнд институци1 болон 1 Герман хэлэнд Institut болон Institution гэсэн хоёр ойлголтыг ялган авч үздэг. Энэхүү бүтээлд Institut гэдгийг институт хэмээн, харин Institution гэдгийг институци хэмээн хөрвүүлсэн болно. Аль аль нь этимологийн хувьд institutum хэмээх латин үгнээс гаралтай. Хөгжлийн явцад институци гэдгээр илүүтэй тодорхой байгууллагыг, бүр тухайлбал урлаг, соёл шинжлэх ухааны байгууллага, хүрээлэнг илэрхийлэх болжээ. Германы эрх зүйн шинжлэх ухаанд мөн эрх зүйн институци гэсэн ойлголтыг авч үздэг ба энэ нь “өмч”, “мэргэжлийн төрийн алба” Удиртгал 11 улс төрийн дэглэмүүд. Улс төрийн үйл явцын өрнөл буюу гурав дахь хүрээ нь юуны өмнө хамгийн чухал эвлэлдэн нэгдсэн оролцогч талууд болох үйлдвэрчний эвлэл, сонирхлын холбоод, нийгмийн хөдөлгөөнүүд, улс төрийн намууд, олон нийтийн мэдээллийн хэрэг- сэл зэргийг тухайн асуудлын төлөөл болгон авч үзлээ. Эцэст нь ийнхүү сонгосон зуун үндсэн нэр томьёоны хүрээнд мэдээжийн хэрэг зарим нэр томьёог багтаах шаардлагагүй байсан, түүний оронд өөр нэр томьёог сонгох ёстой байсан хэмээн мэтгэлцэх боломжийг ол- госон болно. Тодорхой стандарт эдгээр нэр томьёонуу- дыг сонгох тал дээр байхгүй. Тийм ч учир толь бичгийг хэвлэн нийтлэгч зайлшгүй маргаж болохоор сонгол- туудыг хийх ёстой. Гэхдээ бидний сонгосон үндсэн нэр томьёоны дийлэнх нь маргаангүй чухал ойлголтууд гэ- дэгт итгэлтэй байна. Хоёрдугаар асуудал нь энэхүү үндсэн нэр томьёонуу- дын тодорхойлолт дээр асуудалтай тулгарсан юм. Нэр томьёонуудыг тодорхойлолтын асуудлаар зарим үед “суурь асуудлыг хөндсөн” буруу
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