Notes and References

1/The Meaning of Representation I Hanna F. Pitkin, The Concept of Representation. 2 Ibid., pp. Io-II. 3 Ibid., p. 225. 4 Karl Marx, Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right, in T. B. Bottomore (ed.) Karl Marx: Early Writings, p. 58. 5 , The Political System. 6 In this paragraph I have changed my mind since I wrote Representative and Responsible Government. 7 See B. C. Parekh, 'India: A Case Study in the Ideology of Representation', mimeographed paper presented at the 7th World Congress of the Inter• national Political Science Association, Brussels, I967.

2/Medieval Concepts and Practices I See Walter Ullmann, A History of Political Thought: the Middle Ages. 2 S. B. Chrimes, English Constitutional History, p. 53· 3 John Fortescue, The Governance of England, chap. XII. 4 Ullmann, op. cit., p. I3. 5 Ibid. 6 Ibid. 7 Christopher Hill, Puritanism and Revolution, p. 57. 8 Ibid., p. 58. 9 Antonio Marongiu, Medieval Parliaments, p. 47· IO Ibid., p. 52. II Ibid., p. 62. 12 E. Perroy, cited by Marongiu, op. cit., p. 99· 13 C. H. Mcilwain, 'Medieval Estates', in Cambridge Medieval History, p. 68o. 14 Quoted ibid., p. 687. 15 Quoted in Chrimes, op. cit., p. 79· This formula remained unchanged from 1294 to 1872. 16 Helen M. Cam, Liberties and Communities in Medieval England, p. 225. I7 G. L. Haskins, The Growth of English Representative Government, p. 10. 18 William Stubbs, Select Charters, p. 395· 19 Cam, op. cit., pp. 226-7.

3/The Birth of Representative Government I A remark by John Locke quoted in J. W. N. Watkins, Hobbes's System of Ideas, p. 73· 2 This point is made (rather more strongly) in Pitkin, op. cit., chap. 2. 133 134/Notes and References 3 See John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, section 140. 4 For an excellent summary and criticism of Locke's political ideas see John Plamenatz, Man and Society, chap. 6. S Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, chap. XV, p. 83. 6 J.P. Kenyon, The Stuarts, pp. 2S-7· 7 See A. S. P. Woodhouse (ed.), Puritanism and Liberty, p. 66. s Ibid., p. s6. 9 Algernon Sidney, Discourses Concerning Government, chap. III, p. 451. 10 Parliamentary History, Vol. 9, col. 421. II Ibid., Vol. 9, col. 43S· 12 Edmund Burke, Works, Vol. I, p. 447· 13 Reprinted in S. K. Padover (ed.), Thomas Jefferson on Democracy, p. 27. 14 Ibid., p. 22. IS See D. J. Boorstin, The Americans: the National Experience, pp. 489-91. 16 Ibid., p. 494· 17 See the letter quoted in Carl Becker, The Declaration of Independence, p. 26. 18 Alexander Hamilton et. al., The Federalist, No. 52. 19 In a letter to S. Kercheval, quoted in Padover, op. cit., p. 35· 20 See particularly Nos. 10 and 51. 21 The Federalist, No. 68. 22 Isaiah Berlin, 'Montesquieu', in Proceedings of the British Academy, Vol. 41, Oxford University Press, London, 1956, p. 272. 23 Norman L. Torrey, Les Philosophes, p. 9· 24 In this paragraph I follow the convenient summary in S. E. Finer's 'Chronological Note' in the English translation of E. J. Sieyes, What is the Third Estate?, pp. 33-48. 25 Sieyes, op. cit., p. 58. 26 Peter Campbell, in Introduction to Sieyes, op. cit., p. 15. 27 See Giovanni Sartori, 'Representational Systems', in International Encyclo• paedia of the Social Sciences, The Macmillan Co. and the Free Press, New York, 1968, p. 466. 28 For a succinct discussion of Robespierre~s political ideas, see Alfred Cobban, Aspects of the French Revolution, chaps. 8 and 9·

4/Eiective Representation and the Franchise I George Cornewall Lewis, Remarks on the Use and Abuse of Some Politcal Terms, p. xos. 2 Joseph Priestley, Essay on the First Principles of Government. 3 Richard Price, Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty and Additional Observations. 4 SeeP. A. Brown, The French Revolution in English History, p. 84. S Jeremy Bentham, Constitutional Code, in the Bowring edition of Bentham's Works. 6 James Mill, Essay on Government, p. 84. 7 Ibid., p. 67. 8 Ibid., p. 69. 9 Ibid., p. 70. 10 Ibid., p. 73· II J. F. S. Ross, Parliamentary Representation, p. xo6. 12 Ibid., p. 109. Notes and References/135 13 Ibid., p. II2. 14 The Times (London), January 17, 1958. 15 In a programme called 'Let's Find Out', broadcast on September I, 19(50. 16 See H. Finer, The British Civil Service; H. J. Laski, Parliamentary Govern- ment in England; H. R. G. Greaves, The British Constitution; and R. K. Kelsall, Higher Civil Servants in Britain. 17 Clive Jenkins, 'The Labour Party and the Public Corporations', in The Insiders, a supplement to Universities and the Left Review, London, 1957, p. 31. I8 Ibid., p. 45· 19 James Mill, op. cit., p. 89. 20 Ibid., p. 90· 21 Peter Campbell, French Electoral Systems and Elections, 1789-1957· 22 Campbell, op. cit., gives an excellent short summary of each successive electoral system in France. 23 Quoted by J. S. Mill in Dissertations and Discussions, Vol. II, pp. 28-9. 24 J. S. Mill, Considerations on Representative Government, p. 129. 25 Ibid., p. 130. 26 The contrast between the elder and the younger Mill has been well brought out in an unpublished paper by Alan Ryan entitled 'Two Views of Democ• racy. James and John Stuart Mill', which was presented to the Annual Conference of the U.K. Political Studies Association in 1969. 27 J. S. Mill, Consideration .•., op. cit., p. 213. 28 In this section I am greatly indebted to the concise summary in W. J. M. Mackenzie, Free Elections.

5/Representing Interests I The Fortnightly Review, October 1876, p. 449· 2 The Nineteenth Century, November 1877, p. 516. 3 The Federalist, No. 10, p. 43· Italics added. 4 Ibid. 5 Ibid., p. 44· 6 The Federalist, No. 52, p. 269. 7 The Federalist, No. 57, pp. 292-3. 8 Quoted in Charles 0. Jones, Every Second Year, p. 36. 9 The Federalist, No. 10, p. 47· See also No. 51, p. 266. 10 See Nigeria: Report of the Commission appointed to enquire into the fears of Minorities and the means of allaying them, H.M.s.o., London, Cmnd. 505 of 1958. II The Federalist, No. 51, p. 265. 12 Quoted in August 0. Spain, The Political Theory of John C. Calhoun, p. 79· 13 John C. Calhoun, Disquisition on Government, p. 76. 14 Ibid., p. 14. 15 Ibid., p. 28. 16 See A. F. Bentley, The Process of Government, passim. 17 See , The Governmental Process, passim.

&/Representing Opinions I See Thomas Hare, Treatise on the Election of Representatives, and Henry Fawcett, Mr. Hare's Reform Bill Simplified and Explained. I36fNotes and References 2 J. S. Mill, Considerations on Representative Government, p. I96. 3 Ibid., p. 2or. 4 Ibid., p. 2I6. 5 Ibid., p. 249. 6 Ibid., pp. 209-IO. 7 Principles of Political Obligation, Section 9· 8 A. D. Lindsay, Essentials of Democracy, p. 33· Italics added. 9 L. T. Hobhouse, Liberalism, pp. I24-S· IO H. J. Laski and others, The Development of the Representative System in Our Times, p. I3. II Ernest Barker, Reflections on Government, p. 36. I2 J. Ramsay MacDonald, Socialism and Government, Vol. I, p. viii. I3 Ibid., p. 2I. I4 George B. Galloway, The Legislative Process in Congress, p. 244· IS Walter Lippmann, The Public Philosophy, p. 42. I6 Charles E. Gilbert, 'Operative Doctrines of Representation', in American Political Science Review, Vol. 58, I963, p. 6o6. I7 See Henry Maine, Popular Government. 18 See M. Ostrogorski, Democracy and the Organisation of Political Parties. 19 Sidney Low, The Government of England, pp. 58-9. 20 American Political Science Association, Towards a More Responsible Two• Party System, pp. 17-18. 21 Fritz Morstein Marx, 'Party Responsibility and the Legislative Pro• gramme', in John C. Wahlke and Heinz Eulau (eds.), Legislative Behaviour at p. 59· 22 Quoted in American Political Science Review, Vol. 57, 1963, p. 673. 23 A. H. Birch, Representative and Responsible Government, p. 12I. 24 Heinz Eulau, 'Changing Views of Representation', reprinted in Micro- Macro Political Analysis, p. 77· 25 Ibid. 26 Ibid., p. 83. 27 Quoted in 'Political and Economic Planning', Advisory Committees in British Government, p. 6. 7/The Functions of Representation David E. Apter, Some Conceptual Approaches to the Study of Modernisation, p. 3II. 2 Henry B. Mayo, An Introduction to Democratic Theory, p. 6o. 3 John C. Wahlke, Heinz Eulau, William Buchanan and Leroy C. Ferguson, The Legislative System, pp. 27o-2. 4 Ibid., p. 394· 5 Ibid., p. 274. 6 J. Roland Pennock, 'Political Representation: an Overview', in J. Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman (eds), Representation, p. 13. 7 Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, p. 269. 8 Quoted in Mayo, op. cit., p. 97· 9 V. 0. Key, Politics, Parties and Pressure Groups, p. 10. 10 Heinz Eulau, Micro-Macro Political Analysis, p. 205. II House of Lords Debates, April 23, 1962. 12 Walter Lippmann, The Public Philosophy, p. 46. 13 Rousseau, The Social Contract, pp. 8-9. 14 Daily Telegraph, January 4, 197I. Notes and References/I37 8/Conclusions I The best general studies of pressure group activities in Britain are S. E. Finer, Anonymous Empire, and Allen M. Potter, Organised Groups in British National Politics. 2 }. Blonde!, Voters, Parties and Leaders, p. I47· 3 See H. J. Eysenck, The Psychology of Politics. 4 John Wahlke, 'Public Policy and Representative Government: the Role of the Represented', mimeographed paper prepared for the 7th World Congress of the International Political Science Association, I967. 5 See Blonde!, op. cit., pp. 75-87. 6 R. S. Milne and H. C. Mackenzie, Straight Fight, p. I39· 7 Warren E. Miller and Donald E. Stoke, 'Constituency Influence in Con• gress', in American Political Science Review, Vol. 57, I963, p. 55· 8 Ibid. 9 Kenneth Prewitt and Heinz Eulau, 'Political Matrix and Political Repre• sentation', in American Political Science Review, Vol. 63, I969, p. 429· IO Paul E. Peterson, 'Forms of Representation: Participation of the Poor in the Community Action Program', in American Political Science Review, Vol. 64, I970. I I Some examples are and , The Civic Culture, Ian Budge, Agreement and the Stability of Democracy, and }. Dennis, L. Lindberg and D. McCrone, 'Support for Nation and Government among English Children', in British Journal of Political Science, Vol. I I97I. Bibliography

The handful of texts on representation which have acquired the status of classics have all been discussed in this book and need not be singled out for special mention here. In addition to these, there is a large literature of theoretical and propagandist works in favour of this or that view of the proper nature of representation; an even larger literature on the working of representative insti• tutions; and an ever-growing number of studies of the political behaviour of both represented and representatives. It would not be feasible to list all these works and it is not easy to draw a clear line between those which raise problems of conceptual interest and those which do not. Accordingly, this bibliography is restricted to (a) the books to which I have referred in the text and (b) a limited number of other books which seem to me to be of central importance.

ALMOND, GABRIEL and VERBA, SIDNEY, The Civic Culture, Little, Brown & Co., Boston 1965. AMERICAN POLITICAL ScmNCE AssoCIATION, Towards a More Responsible Two• Party System, Rinehart & Co., New York 1950. APTER, DAVID E., Some Conceptual Approaches to the Study of Modernisation, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 1968. BACHRACH, PETER, The Theory of Democratic Elitism, Little, Brown & Co., Boston 1967. BARKER, ERNEST, Reflections on Government, Oxford University Press,London 1942. BECKER, CARL L., The Declaration of Independence, Harcourt Brace & Co., New York 1922, reprinted 1942. BEER, SAMUEL H., Modern British Politics, Faber & Faber, London 1965. BENTHAM, JEREMY, Collected Works (ed. John Bowring), William Tait, Edin• burgh 1843. BENTLEY, A. F., The Process of Government, first published 1908, second edition Principia Press, Bloomington, Indiana 1935. BERELSON, BERNARD, LAZARSFELD, PAUL and McPHEE, WILLIAM, Voting, Chicago University Press, Chicago 1954. BmCH, A. H., Representative and Responsible Government, Allen & Unwin, London 1964. ---Small-Town Politics, Oxford University Press, London 1959. BLONDEL, JEAN, Voters, Parties and Leaders, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, Middlesex 1963. BOORSTIN, DANmL J., The Americans: the National Experience, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, Middlesex 1969. BOTTOMORE, T. B., Elites and Society, Watts, London 1964. ---(ed.), Karl Marx: Early Writings, McGraw-Hill, New York 1964. BRoWN, P. A., The French Revolution in English History, Lockwood & Sons, London 1918. Bibliography/139 BtJDGB, IAN, Agreement and the Stability of Democracy, Markham Publishing Co., Chicago 1970. BURKB, EDMUND, Works, Bohn's Standard Library, London 1887. BURNS, JAMBS M., The Deadlock of Democracy, John Calder, London 1964. BtJTLBR, DAVID and ROSB, RICHARD, The British General Election of 1959, Macmillan, London 196o. BuTLER, DAVID and STOKES, DONALD, Political Change in Britain, Macmillan, London 1969. BUTLIIR, J. R. M., The Passing of the Great Reform Bill, Longmans, London 1914. CAI.HoVN, JoHN C., Disquisition on GO'Oernment, first published in 1853, re• printed by Peter Smith, New York 1943. CAM, HBLBN M., Liberties and Communities in Medieval England, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1944 and Merlin Press, London 1963. CAMPBBLL, ANGus, CoNVBRSB, Plm.IP E., MILLER, WARRBN and SToKES, DONALD E., The American Voter, John Wiley & Sons, New York 196o. CAMPBBLL, PBTBR, French Electoral Systems and Elections, 1789-1957, Faber & Faber, London 1958. CHRIMBs, S. B., English Constitutional History, Oxford University Press, London 1947, fourth edition 1967. CoBBAN, ALFRBD, Aspects of the French Revolution, Paladin, London 1971. DAHL, RoBBRT A., A Preface to Democratic Theory, Chicago University Press, Chicago 1956. DE GRAZIA, ALFRED, Public and Republic, A. A. Knopf, New York 1951. EASTON, DAVID, The Political System, A. A. Knopf, New York 1953. EULAu, HEINz, Micro-Macro Political Analysis, Aldine Publishing Co., Chicago 1969. EULAU, HEINZ, ELDERSVELD, SAMUEL J. and JANOWITZ, MoRRIS, Political Be• haviour, The Free Press, Glencoe, Illinois 1956. EYSENCK, H. J., The Psychology of Politics, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London 1954· FARRAND, MAx, The Framing of the Constitution of the United States, Yale University Press, New Haven 1913. --- The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, 4 vols., Yale University Press, New Haven 19II. FAWCETT, H., Mr. Hare's Reform Bill Simplified and Explained, T. Brettell, London 186o. FINBR, HERMAN, The British Civil Service, Allen & Unwin, London 1937· FINBR, S. E., Anonymous Empire, The Pall Mall Press, London 1958. --- Comparative Government, Allen Lane The Penguin Press, London 1970. FoRTESCUE, SIR JoHN, The Governance of England, written 1471, first printed edition 1546, revised edition, ed. Charles Plummer, The Clarendon Press, Oxford 1885. FRIEDRICH, CARL J., Constitutional GO'Oernment and Democracy, Ginn & Co., Boston 1950. GAllOWAY, G. B., The Legislative Process in Congress, Thomas Crowell, New York 1953. GIBBONS, P. A., Ideas of Political Representation in Parliament, Basil Blackwell, Oxford 1914. GooCH, G. P., English Democratic Ideas in the Seventeenth Century, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1954· Greaves, H. R. G., The British Constitution, Allen & Unwin, London 1938. 140/ Bibliography GREEN, T. H., Principles of Political Obligation, first published 1882, new edition Longmans, Green & Co., London 1941. HAMBURGER, Joseph, Intellectuals in Politics: John Stuart Mill and the Philo• sophic Radicals, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1965. HAMILTON, ALEXANDER, JAY, JoHN and MADISON, JAMES, The Federalist, first published 1787-8, new edition Everyman's Library, London 1918 HANsoN, RoYCE, The Political Thicket: Reapportionment and Constitutional Democracy, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 1966. HARE, THOMAS, A Treatise on the Election of Representatives, Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts, London 1859. HAsKINS, GEORGE L., The Growth of English Representative GOf1ernment, Oxford University Press, London 1948. H.M.S.O., Nigeria: Report of the Commission appointed to enquire into the fears of Minorities and the means of allaying them, London, Cmnd. 505 of 1958. HILL, ClnusTOPHER, Puritanism and Revolution, Seeker and Warburg, London 1958. HOBBES, THoMAS, Leviathan, first published 1651, new edition ed. Michael Oakeshott, Basil Blackwell, Oxford 1946. HoBHOUSE, L. T., Liberalism, first published 19II, reprinted Thornton Butter• worth, London 1934. HOFSTADTER, RICHARD, The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It, Vintage Books, New York 1945. JEFFERSON, THoMAS, The Life and Selected Writings of Jefferson, ed. A. Koch and W. Peden, The Modern Library, New York 1944· --- Thomas Jefferson on Democracy, ed. S. K. Padover, Mentor Books, New York 1946. ]ONES, Charles 0., Every Second Year, The Brookings Institution, Washington 1967. KELSALL, R. K., Higher Civil Seroants in Britain, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London 1955. KENDALL, WILLMOORE, John Locke and the Doctrine of Majority Rule, Illinois University Press, Urbana, Illinois 1941. KENYON, J.P., The Stuarts, Collins Fontana Library, London 1966. KEY, V. 0., Politics, Parties and Pressure Groups, Crowell, New York (third edition) 1952. ---Public Opinion and American Democracy, A. A. Knopf, New York 1961. LAsKI, H. J., Parliamentary GOf1ernment in England, Allen & Unwin, London 1938. LASKI, H. J. et al., The Development of the Representative System in Our Times, Geneva 1928. LEWIS, GEORGE CoRNEWALL, Remarks on the Use and Abuse of Some Political Terms, first published 1832, new edition James Thornton, Oxford 1877. LINDSAY, A. D., The Essentials of Democracy, Oxford University Press, (second edition), London 1935. LIPPMANN, WALTER, The Public Philosophy, Little, Brown, Boston 1955· LoCKE, JoHN, Two Treatises of GDf1ernment, first published 1690, new edition ed. Peter Laslett, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 196o. Low, SIDNEY J., The Governance of England, T. Fisher Unwin, London 1904. MAcDoNALD, JAMES RAMsAY, Socialism and Government, Independent Labour Party, London 1909. MciLWAIN, C. H. (ed.), Cambridge Medieval History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1932. Bibliography/141 MACICENZIB, W. J. M., Free Elections, Allen & Unwin, London 1958. McKBNzm, R. T., British Political Parties, Wm. Heinemann, London 1955· MADISON, JAMES, The Forging of American Federalism, selected writings ed. S. K. Padovet, Harpet & Row, New York 1965. MAINE, SIR HENRY, Popular GOfJernment, John Murray, London 1886. MARONGUI, ANToNio, Medieval Parliaments, Eyre & Spottiswood, London 1968. MAYo, HENRY B., An Introduction to Democratic Theory, Oxford University Press, New York 196o. MILL, JAMES, Essay on GOfJernment, first published 1828, reprinted Hobbs• Merrill, New York 1955· MILL, JoHN STUART, Autobiography, first published 1873, new edition, Oxford University Press, London 1924. --- Considerations on Representative Government, first published 1861, new edition ed. R. B. McCallum, Basil Blackwell, Oxford 1946. ---Dissertations and Discussions, Longmans, London 1859. MILNB, R. S. and MACKENzm, H. C., Straight Fight, Hansard Society, London 1954· MoNTBSQumu, BARON, The Spirit of the Laws, first published 1748, new edition ed. F. Neumann, Hafner Classics, New York 1969. OsTROGORSKI, M., Democracy and the Organisaion ofPolitical Parties, Macmillan, London 1902. PENNOCK, J. RoLAND and CHAPMAN, JoHN W. (eds.), Representation, Atherton Press, New York 1968. PITKIN, HANNA F., The Concept of Representation, California University Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles 1967. PLAMBNATZ, JoHN, Man & Society, Longmans, Green, London 1963. PoUTICAL AND ECONOMIC PLANNING, Advisory Committees in British Govern• ment, Allen and Unwin, London 196o. PoLSBY, NELSON W., Community Power and Political Theory, Yale University Press, New Haven 1963. PoTTER, ALI.EN M., Organised Groups in British National Politics, Faber & Faber, London 1961. PRICB, RICHARD, Additional Observations on the Value of Civil Liberty, T. Cadell, London 1777· --- Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty, T. Cadell, London 1776. PRmsTLBY, JOSEPH, An Essay on the First Principles of GOfJernment, J. Johnson, London 1768. RAE, DouGLAS W., The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws, Yale University Press, New Haven 1967. Ross, J. F. S., Parliamentary Representation, Eyre & Spottiswood, London 1948· RouSSEAu, JEAN-JACQUES, The Social Contract, first published 1762, new edition, Everyman's Library, London 1913. SCHATTSCHNEIDER, E. E., The Semisovereign People, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York 1960. SCHUMPETER, J. A., Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, Harpet Bros., New York 1942. SIDNEY, ALGERNON, Discourses Concerning GOfJernment, London 1698. SmYEs, E. J., What is the Third Estate}, first published Paris 1789, English translation ed. S. E. Finet, Pall Mall Press, London 1963. SPAIN, A. 0., The Political Theory of John C. Calhoun, Brookman Associates, New York 1951. 142/ Bibliography STUBBS, WILLIAM, Select Charters and other Illustrations of English Constitutional History, ninth edition, The Clarendon Press, Oxford 1929. TOCQUEVILLE, ALExiS DE, Democracy in America, first published 1862, new edition ed. J.P. Mayer and Max Lerner, Harper & Row, New York I966. TORREY, N. L., Les Philosophes, Capricorn Books, New York 1960. TRUMAN, DAVID B., The Governmental Process, A. A. Knopf, New York 195I. ULLMANN, WALTER, A History of Political Thought: The Middle Ages, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, Middlesex 1965. WAHLKE, JoHN C. and EuLAU, HEINZ (eds.), Legislative Behaviour, The Free Press, Glencoe, illinois 1959. WAHLKE, JoHN C., EULAU, HEINZ, BUCHANAN, WILLIAM and FERGUSON, LEROY C., The Legislative System, John Wiley & Sons, New York 1962. WATKINS, J. W. N., Hobbes's System of Ideas, Hutchinson, London 1965. WILLIAMS, PHILIP M., Crisis and Compromise: Politics in the Fourth Republic, Longmans, London 1964. WooDHOUSE, A. S. P. (ed.), Puritanism and Liberty, J. M. Dent & Sons, London I951· WOODWARD, E. L., French Revolutions, Oxford University Press, London, 1934. Index

Abolition of slavery, 85, 86 Bentham, Jeremy, 44, 53-8, 6o, 72, 89, Abortion, 75 9I Abortion Law Reform Society, I04 Bentley, A. F., 87-8 Absolutism, 40; age of, 30 Berlin, Isaiah, 44 Accountability, 107 Birmingham, 51 Adam, I7 Birth control, 75 Advisory committees, 120 Black Panthers, 122 African states, assembly composition, Black Prince, 35 20,6o Board of Trade, 4I Agreements of the People, 37 Boothby, Lord, 58-9 Algexian Liberation Front, 116 Bosanquet, Bexnard, 93 Ambassadors, 15, 16 Boycotting of elections, II8 America, see United States of America Bradley, F. H., 93 American colonies, 31, 4o-2 Bristol, 39, 79 American Political Science Associa- British Transport Commission, 59 tion, 99 Broadcasting Council, proposed, 120 Animal welfare groups, 102 Burke, Edmund, 39, 53, 78-80 Annual conferences, 112 Burns, James M., 99 Annual elections, 52, 54 Anti-Vivisection Society, 104 Apartheid, and the franchise, 69 Calhoun,JohnC.,78, 84-5 Apter, David, 106-7 California, 85 Arab world, 17 Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Arabs, in Israel, 73 103 Aristotle, 41 Canada, cabinet structure, 19, 6o, I I9i Ascending theory of authority, 23-4 English/French division, 6o, 87 Asian states, assembly composition, 20 Canadians, voting rights in Northern Asians, in Kenya, 69 Ireland, 68 Asquith, H. H., 95 Cape Province, 69 Assemblies, medieval, 25-9 Capital punishment, 89, I 10 Assembly of Notables (France), 45 Capitalist states, 74-5 Attorney, powex of, 32 Castile, 25 Augustine, St, 23 Catalonia, 25 Austria, 48 Catholic Church, 22, 30 Authority, concept of, 13 Censorship, 89 Central control, Io6-7 Balanced ticket, 20 Charles I, King of England, 35 Bantus, 69 Chartists, 53 Barker, Sir Ernest, 95 Chicago, 130 Belgium, constitution, 48; linguistic China, Communist Party, I07i man• conflicts, 87 darins, 117 143 144/Index Chinese, in Indonesia, 73; in Malaya, Conventions, I02 6S; in Malaysia, 6o Cotton Board, I04 Christ, I7 Credit restrictions, u6 Christian theology, 17 Customary law, 23 Church reform, 35 Daily Telegraph, I20 Churches in the Modern State, 7S D'Alembert, Jean le Rond, 44 Churchill, Sir Winston, uS Danegeld, 26 Citizenship, 6S-9 Danton, Georges-Jacques, 53 Civil rights groups, I02 Decimal currency, I IO Civil Service, 59 Declaration of Independence (u.s.), Civil War (England), 35 31, 33. 42, 4S, I06 Civil War (u.s.), 64 De Gaulle, Charles, 116 Class interests, representation of, 72, Delegated representation, 15-I6; 74-S, IOO limitations, S6-S Cleveland, 2I Democracy, concept of, 124; direct, Clientalism, I04 34.43 Coalition government, uS Denmark, 4S Cole, G. D. H., 7S Department of Education, I04 Colonial administration, 4I-2 Descending theory of authority, 23-4 Coloured Persons Representative De Tocqueville, Alexis, see Tocque- Council,69 ville, Alexis de Committee on Political Parties (u.s.), Devaluation, u6 99 Developing nations, 101 Common Market, I IO Dicey, A. V., S7 Communications, I6, 2S, 4I, 119 Dictatorships, 114; military, 115, 117 Communist Manifesto, 46 Diderot, Denis, 44 Communist Party, 117; in China, I07; Direct democracy, 34, 43 in France, I22; in Italy, I22; in Discourses Concerning Government, 38 Soviet Union, I07 Disquisition on Government (Calhoun), Communist systems, 115 S4 Community Councils, I2I Disraeli, Benjamin, 62 Community Relations Commission, Drug supply, 9I I2I Community Relations Councils, I2I East Africa, Asian settlers, 56 Condillac, Etienne de, 44 Easter Rising, I23 Condorcet, Marquis de, 44, 53 Easton, David, IS Congress (u.s.), 43, so, 6o, S3, Ss, I I3, Economic classes, 74-5 119, I27-S Education, and the franchise, 6o, Congress Party (India), 2I 64-7; see also Universities Conscription, u6 Edward, the Black Prince, 35 Consent, government by, 33-4; and Edward I, King of England, 29 representation, 16, 10S, 119-20 Edward II, King of England, 25 Conservation groups, I02 Eire, 6S Conservative Party, 1923 election, Elected representatives, 19-2I I29; party discipline, 9S; and the Elections, I9-20, uS; frequency, 3S, working class, 77-S; see also Tories 42, 54, 55, So-I; manifestos, 9S, 99, Constantine, Sir Learie, 21 100; see also Franchise Constituents, relationship with elected Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 35 representatives, I9-20, 3S-40, 79 Emergency debates, I21 Constitutional Convention, 53 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 6I Consultative committees, I20 England, Anglo-Saxon kings, 23; birth Consumers' committees, I20 of representative government, 30 31; Civil War, 35; development of Great Britain, American colonies, 3I• parliamentary assemblies, 22, 25, 4o-2; citizenship, 68-9; consultative 26-9, 35-7; English Revolution, committees, 120; electoral reform, 1688, 33, 36; franchise, 26, 36; 50-9; group interests, 102-4; im• imposition of taxes, 34; Norman migration of African-Asians, 56; Yoke, 24; philosophical approach to Irish voting rights, 68; Parliament• representation, 13; war with France, ary composition, 20; Parliamentary 25; Whig party, 37-40; see also elections, u8; Parliamentary re• Great Britain form, 50-9, ro6; political parties, Equality, concept of, 13, 124 97-100; race relations, 121, 126; Essay on GO'Vernment (Mill), 55, 61-2 representatives as trustees, 6o-2; Estates-General (France), 25, 30, representation on the Security 45-6, so, 6o Council, 19; universities, 12o-r, Ethics, professional, 15, 16 123; virtual representation, 51-2; Eulau, Heinz, IOI, 109, II6, 129 voter behaviour, 128-9; women and European Economic Community, uo the franchise, 69-70; see also England The Federalist, 42-3 Greaves, H. R. G., 59 Feudalism, decline of, 30 Greeks, ancient, 13 Fifth Republic, 109 Green, T. H., 93, 94 Figgis, 78 Grey, Edward, Viscount, 95 Finer, Herman, 59 Group interests, 102-4, I 12, 120, Fortescue, Sir John, 23 125-6 Founding Fathers, 43, So Fourth Republic, ro8, II3 Hailsham, Lord, u6 France, birth of representative govern• Haldane, Richard Burdon, Lord, 95 ment, 30, 3I, 44-7, 48, so; Com• Haldane Committee on the Machinery munist Party, 122; constitution, 63; of Government, 103 Estates-General, 25, 30, 45-6, so, Hall, Governor, 4o-2 6o; Fifth Republic, 109; Fourth Hamilton, Alexander, 42, 43, So-x Republic, 109, II3; franchise, 62-3; Hammer and sickle, 17 medieval parliaments, 25-6; Paine Happiness, 44, 54, 55-6, 72, 76 flees to, 53; representatives as Hare, Thomas, 89-91, 92 trustees, 6o Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 94 Franchise, 36, 45, so-71, 92 Helvetius, Claude Adrien, 44-5 French Canadians, 19, 6o Henry III, King of England, 29 French Revolution, 44-7, 53, 61, 62, Hill, Christopher, 24 70, 8I, I06 Hindus, 21 Hitler, Adolf, II4 Galloway, George, 96 Hobbes, Thomas, 31-2, 33, 35, 40, 47 Geneva, 35 Hobhouse, L. T., 95 George III, King of England, 31, 41, Hogg, Quintin, see Hailsham, Lord 42 Holbach, Paul Heinrich Dietrich, 44 German Federal Republic, 48 Holland, 48 Germanic tribes, 23 House of Assembly (South Africa), 69 Germany, 48, u8; medieval, 26 House of Commons, balance of power, Ghana, 107 35; length of parliaments, 38; and Gilbert, Charles, 96-7 political parties, 98; reform, 5 I, 54 Ginger groups, 102 House of Lords, 21, 35, 54 Gladstone, William Ewart, 76 House of Representatives (u.s.), So-x Goal specification, 106-7 Government by consent, 33-4 Idealist attitude of representation, 93-7 146/lndex Ignorance, and the franchise, 45, 6o, Labour Representative Committee, I9 61,64-7 Landowners, representation, 5 I Immigration, 56-7 Laski, H. J., 59, 95 India, and African-Asian immigration, Law, customary, 23 56; brahmins, 117; linguistic con• Lawyers, 15-16, 125 flicts, 87; partition of, 20; Leadership, I07, 108, II4-I7 Indian communities, in Africa, 56; in Legislative Assembly (France), 62 Malaysia, 6o Legitimizing function, Io8, II7-I9 Indians, voting rights in Northern Leicester, 51 Ireland, 68 Leon, 25 Indonesia, 73 Levellers, 36, 37, 9I Industrial revolution, 51 Leviathan (Hobbes), 3I-2 Industrial Relations Bill, 126 Lewes, 38 Institutional coherence, 107 Lewis, Sir George, 52 Interests, class, 72, 74-8, roo; groups, Liberals, and class conflict, 76; and 102-4, II2, 120, 125-6; personal, growth of the Labour Party, 76-7; 72-4, roo; sectional, 72, 78-86, ror individualistic assumptions of, 95 International politics, 18, 19 Liberty, concept of, I3, 124; political, Interviews, doorstep, 109 44 Ireland, campaigns by Charles I, 35; Lindsay, A. D., 95 Northern, 59, 68, 73, 87, 122-3; Linguistic conflicts, 6o, 87 Republic of, 68 Lippmann, Walter, 96, II6 Irish Convention, 123 Liverpool, 5 I Israel, 73 Locke, John, 3I, 33-4, 42, 45 Italy, Communist Pary, 122; consti• Londonderry, 122 tution, 48; medieval, 26 Louis XIV, King of France, 30 Low, Sidney, 98 James I, King of England, 30 Lowe, Robert, 76 Japan, n8 Loyalty and the franchise, 70 Jefferson, Thomas, 34, 4o-42 Jesus Christ, 17 McCarthy, Eugene, I22 Jinnah, M. A., 21 MacDonald, J. Ramsay, 95-6 John, King of England, 25, 26-7 Machiavelli, 24 Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 81 Madison, James, 42, 78-81, 82-7 Justice, concept of, 13 Magna Carta, 24, 26 Maidstone, 38 Kelsall, R. K., 59 Maine, Sir Henry, 97 Kennedy, John F., 56 Majority, rule of the, 33 Kent, 38 Malaya, 68 Kenya, Asian population, 56, 69; and Malaysia, 6o the franchise, 67; Mau Mau crisis, Manchester, 51 70 Manhood suffrage, 36, 52, 54, 57, 6I, Key, V. 0., II5 62, 63,64 Kings, divine right of, 3o-I; financial Marshall, Thurgood, 2I and administrative needs, 24, 25; Marsilio of Padua, 24 and councillors, 28-9; succession, Marx, Fritz Morstein, 99 I I7; as symbolic representatives, 23; Marx, Karl, 17, 46, 75 as ultimate authority, 43 Marxism, 74-8 Mau Mau campaign, 70 Labour Party, annual conference, 77, Mayo, I09 II2; growth of, 77; party discipline, Medieval concepts of representation, 98; social background, I26-7 22-9 Medieval parliaments, 25-9 Parliaments, medieval, 25-9 Military dictatorships, us, II7 Parties, political, 72, 97-100, 101, I06, Mill, James, 53, 55, 56, 57> 61-2, 89 II3, II5 Mill, John Stuart, 66-7, 90, 91-3 Party conferences, 102 Miller, 129 Payment of representatives, 52, 58, Ministry of Defence, 103 102 Monarchy, divine right of kings, 3o-1; Peaceful change, xo8 :financial and administrative needs, Pennock, Roland, II I 24, 25; and councillors, 28, 29; as Pennsylvania, 64 symbolic representative, 23; suc• Personal interests, representation of, cession, II7; as ultimate authority, 72-4, 100 43 Personal opinions, representation of, Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, 44 72, 89-105 Morality, 56 Peterson, I30 Muslim League, 2I Philadelphia, I30 Muslim societies, 70 Philadelphia Convention, 8o, 84 Philip the Fair, 25, 29 Napoleon, 63 Philosophers, and political authority Nation, definition (Sieyes), 46 23; and representation, 13 National Assembly (France), 46 Pitkin, Hanna, 13-I4, 124, 130 National Union of Students, I03 Plato, 13 National Union of Teachers, I04 Plural voting, 66-7, 92 Nationalized industries, 59, 120 Political activity, definition, x8-I9 Netherlands, 48 Political authority, 23 New York, I30 Political liberty, 44 Newark, 21 Political parties, 72, 97-IOO, 10I, I06, Nigeria, boycott of elections, u8; II3, IIS tribal conflicts, 87 Political obligation, 3 I -2 Nigerian Minorities Commission, 83 Political representation, I8-2I Nixon, Richard M., 59, u6 Political system, definition, 19 Nkrumah, Kwame, I07 Politics, international, 18, 19 Norman Yoke, 24 Poll tax, 64 Northern Ireland, 59, 68, 72, 87, Pope, 23,25 122-3 Popular control, I07, I09-I4, 13I Poverty and the franchise, 65 Power of attorney, 32 Obligation, 3I-2 Press conferences, II9 Ombudsman, I2I Pressure groups, I9, 102, 125-6 Ontario, I9 Pressure, relief of, 108, 12o-3 Opinion polls, I IO Prewitt, I29 Opinions, representing, 72, 89-105 Price, Richard, 52-3 Ostrogorski, 97 Priestley, Joseph, 52 Oswald, Lee, 56 Principles of Morals and Legislation, 51 Professional ethics, IS, I6 Paine, Tom, 49, 53 Prohibition, 9I Painites, 53 Protestants, in Northern Ireland, 59, Pakistan, 56 I22 Palestine Liberation Front, 18 Prussia, 48 Paris, I9, 25, 45 Public opinion polls, no Parlements (France), 45 Parliamentarians v. Royalists, 35 Qu'est-ce que le Tiers Etat!, 46 Parliamentary Commissioner, I2I Question Time, IZI 148/lndex Race relations, IZI, xz6; see also Sartori, Giovanni, 47 Apartheid Scandinavia, 121 Rainborough, Colonel, 37 Schattscheider, E. E., 99 Referenda, 9 I Schumpeter, Joseph, II3-14 Reform Act, 1832, 6o-1 Scotland,35, 123 Reform Act, I867, 61, 76, 97 Scottish National Convention, pro- Reform Act, 1884, 61 posed, 123 Relief of pressure, 108, 12o-3 Scottish Nationalists, 123 Religious conflict, 59, 73, 87, 122-3 Scutage, 26 Representation, of class interest, 72, Second Treatise (Locke), 33 74-8, 100; and consent, 16, 108, Secret ballots, 52 II9-20; delegated, 15-16, 86-8; Sectional interests, and representation, elected, 19-21, 5o-71; functions of, 72, 78-86, 101 106-23, 124-5; and group interests, Security, personal, 32 102-4, xzs-6, idealist attitudes to, Security Council (U.N.), 19 93--7; medieval, 22-9; and personal Senate (France), 63 interests, 72-4; and personal Senate (u.s.), 85 opinions, 72, 89-105; political, 18- Senates, university, 121 zx; and responsiveness, 125-30; and Septennial Act, 17I6, 38 sectional interests, 72, 78-86, 100; Sex and the franchise, 69--70 symbolic, 17-18, 21, 23, 63, xz6; Sheffield, 5 I virtual, 51-3 Sidney, Algernon, 38, 42 Representative government, birth of, Sieyes, Emmanuel Joseph, 46, 53 3Q-49 Sit-ins, 120 Representative, definitions, 13-18, 32 Slavery, abolition of, 85, 86 Representative sample, I6-17 Smith, Adam, 73 Republic (Plato), 13 The Social Contract, II7 Responsibility, 108, II4-I7 Social democratic parties, 77 Responsiveness, 107 Social determinism, 75 Revolution, right to, 33 Society of Supporters of the Bill of Rhodesia, 67 Rights, 53 Richard III, King of England, 35 Somerset, Lord Noel, 38 The Rights of Man (Paine), 53 South Mrica, 69, 87 Robespierre, Maximilien Marie Isi- South Carolina, 84 dore, 47, 49 Southern Rhodesia, 67 Roman Catholic Church, decline in Soviet Union, Communist Party, 107; authority, 30; representative insti• election to the Supreme Soviet, 63, tutions in, 22 u8; elections u8; hammer and Roman Catholics, in Northern Ire• sickle symbol, 17; opposition to land, 59, 73, 122-3 political system, 70; representative Ross, J. F. S., 58 system, 108; Russian Revolution, 70 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 31, 34-5, 52, Spain, 25 82, 89, 94, 109, II7 Stalin, Josef, 63 Royal Ulster Constabulary, 59 Stalin Constitution, 1936, u8 Royalists v. Parliamentarians, 35 Stokes, I29 Royce, Josiah, 96 Stubbs, Bishop, 29 Rule of the majority, 33 Student/staff committees, 121 Russia, see Soviet Union Sub-Committee of Westminster, 52 Russian Revolution, 70 Suffrage, 36, 45, 50--71, 92 Suffragettes, 70 Sales representatives, 13, IS Supreme Court (Canada), II9 Samples, 16 Supreme Court (u.s.), 21, 59, 6o, II9 Index/I49 Supreme Soviet, 63, II8 corruption, 61; political parties, 97, Sussex, 38 99; sectional interests, 78-86; Sweden, 48 Supreme Court, 21, 59, 6o, II9; Switzerland, 48 tyranny of the majority, 65; Vietnam Symbolic representation, 17-18, 21, Peace Talks, 19; Vietnam War, u6; 23, 63, 126 voter behaviour, 127-8, 129-30 System maintenance, 107, II7-23, 131 Universities, 103, 104, 12o-1, 123 University Grants Committee, 104 Taxes, on American colonists, 41; Unknown Warrior, Westminster Charles I attempts to raise, 35; Abbey, 17 France, 45; Locke on, 34; in medi• U.s.s.R., Communist Party, 107; elec• eval England, 26, 27, 28; and politi• tion to the Supreme Soviet, 63, u8; cal change, 47; poll, 64 elections, u8; hammer and sickle Third Estate (France), 45-6 symbol, 17; opposition to political Thomas Aquinas, St, 23 system, 70; representative system, Tiffany, I. H., 41 108; Russian Revolution, 70 Times, 58 Utilitarianism, 54-8, 75-6 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 64, 65-6, 92 Utilitarians, 53, 66, 72-4, 93 Tories, king as ultimate authority, 43; role of M.P.s, 38, 40; and virtual representation, 51 Vietcong, 18 Totalitarian systems, 106 Vietnam, Paris Peace Talks, 19; u.s. Trade unions, 18, 125, 126 withdrawal, II6 Tredgold Commission, 67 Virginia Declaration of Rights, 48 Truman, David, 78, 87 Virtual representation, 51-3 Trusteeship, 33, 6o-4 Voltaire, Francois Marie Arouet de, 44 Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, 44 Voters' behaviour, 67, 77, 99-100, Tyranny of the majority, 65 127-8 Voting, plural, 66-7, 92 Uganda, 56 Ullman, 24 Ulster, 59 Walllke,}ohn, 109, IIO, 128 Uneducated and the franchise, 6o, 61, Warren Commission, 56 64-7 Wealth, redistribution, 45 United Nations, Security Council, 19 Westminster Abbey, 17 United States, assassination of Ken• Whigs, theory of representation, 36, nedy, s6; birth of representative 37-40, 42, 43, 46; and virtual government, 30, so; as a British representation, 51-3 colony, 31, 4o-2; cabinet posts, us; Wildman, 36 constitution, 43, 48-9, 83, 85; Wilkes, John, 52 Declaration of Independence, 31, William I, King of England, 24 33, 42, 48, 106; early representation, Willis, John, 39, 40 40-3; ethnic loyalties, 20; franchise, Wittgenstein, L., 14 64; mobilization of consent, II9; Women, and the franchise, 69-70 national elections, u8; philo• Word usage, 13-15 sophical idealism, 96-7; political World War n, 58, 64, 95, n8, 122