Myths Saga, Legend and Nece8Sifcy9 * + S b

A Preface to Liturgy® had to For thousands of years, the students of antiquity/faavjsixread of the wicked T&rquinius Superbus who was driven out of Rome » Also they a ll had to hear the fable of Menenius Agrippa which he told on the stomach and the other members of the human body when he tried to persuade the Plebeians to return to Rome® This is called saga or legend and now is dismissed as not trustworthy for the use in history books# And as Latin disppears from our schools, the two stories about the Republic and the Plobejans on the Adventine are no longer public property • But the schoolchildren of today again are told of some untrustworthy traditions# This time it is not called saga or legend, but the term myth is applied to the Easter grave in Jerusalem® And a firrc e dabate rages on the myth of Christianity or in Christianity®

I find these debates so long fru itle s s as long as nobody seems to know what a saga, a legend, a myth re a lly is , and why they exist and what their righteous place in the life of a society is. To my own surprise, I found fifty years after leaving ray old schoDl that Tarquinius Superbus and ftenenius Agrippa may s t i l l be of some use for the purpose of enlightening us on myth, saga, legend#

Some patient/is needed before the reader w ill see the connection in the following two articles with our own problems of myth. But I feel able to promise the patient reader that we at least wj.ll emerge at the end out of the fog in which the word'myth'now is bandied around without any certainty about the central question : Why myth? and what produces myth with perpetual necessity ? And why and when may we boast of livin g without myth or mythology, in the c la rifie d realm of reason and miracu­ lous freedom ? We may anticipate one answer because this answer w ill not help anybody who is too lazy to read on! Myth remains indispensable for those who are too lazy to participate in the miracle of freedom them­ selves; Mr. Bultmann1s discussion of myth is a frightful indictment of the laziness of those whom he presupposes to make up the Christian Church. Ju p p ite r and Vediovis /

M « i t p K j w n % «*30^' f y ■n ° F SSA.Q N a m i n g yxh© Gods y

Around $000 roost probably since 509 when the temple on th e Capitoline Hill fo r Jupöiter Optimus Maximus, fo r , and for Minerva was built, and un­ t i l , in k9k& the A©diles of the plebs were put in charge of the Aedesxxsumt Sacra© for ^eres , Liber,and Libera , on the Aventine H ill, the religious order of th® Romans underwent a r/adical tranformation. Names t e l l us th is s to ry • T h erefo re, a L atin Grammar a lso is a v aye even th© only explanation of the historynof Roman Religion. Renee, as we may look into this story without any personal bias, we here receive from grammar an o b je c t lesson in the way history works. And it certainly does not proceed in the manner in which the Enjfl, fig h t enment of the la st two hundred years asnmedz assumed history to operate.

The Revolution of $00 B. C. in Rome meant that the Sex^ P rie st, Commander , and Judge at one time in one person, lo st h is role as Commandos -irK Ih ie f to a new patrician, a kind of m ilitary Major domo, called th® Praetor Maximus, the^Blggost Loader » This Praetor was the forerunner o f ijJ the la te r Consuls. But the Greeks , through a l l antiquity, translated the Latin word Consul by the tit le HYPATOS, the BIGgBStt.'VThis would be inex­ plicable unless they simply continued th© £atin usage of Maxizaus , fo r the 1 new office. And the Maximus of course was one only, the Praetor maximus. At this time, then, also The Pontifex*. Maximus, the Cu&lb Maximus , and the vestalia Virgo Maxima, received their titles• The Patricians of Rome under the leadoBship of the two new rfaxim i. Praetor and Pontifex, stripped thejKlng of h is role in battle. He became a rex sj|orotum at home only, Inside the w alls of Rome, **lntra ppmoorium.* The God whom he embodied was^Dles, thé King of Heaven, Rex” . The Die8 , however, who was worshipped on the Capitoline H ill, was not invoked as”Rex” . TfcAs was not easily accomplished. And w© find in this necessity a of dropping the byword'Rex' from* the Divine liim rg *f &«. cta$/h <*& Qksi /f-MiWo Jn-thi s-ne oes sl-ty-,_tho—-nse-of—the-torn —-Max-iiHus—y-^inds Jita, v ' explanation. Dies or Diovis beaame , instead of Dies %x, Juppiter Optimus Maximus. ikeSCthree.changes together would propitiate the God. i He remained the FATHER, he f ^ s called the h ig h e st and the richest as well« The three changes wfeee ingeniuusly coupled by the invocation Juppiter. this vocative form bore no semblance any more to Diovis Rex. And thus, as Juppiter prevailed exclusively now, the forbidden combination of Diovis Rex was made linguistfically inaccessible. The Tabab- of language with which we here m è% i s aWlghty weapon in the chang ©tf|>f re lig io n . As tb® change in the ? command o r the army of men was the issue, Juno Regi­ na did not loose her title ‘regina* • But she never had ac.coi|ttpanied her hu< husband^brother into the fie ld . Minerva now( the motherle’ss daughter of ..squeezed Juno out as th# single companion.* Minerva, raastermina in the assembly ox men, had to be accented by jealous Juno ct

'-*Ju!5bkfce r and yjelnvi;S> Lround $ 0 0 , the Kin, o f RomK lost his•position of the commandor - i n - i / ____ Lef of the army*'' A H^Tpato. a Praetor /Maxuraus tob ils place* the Rex deura hCminumque , Uiovis was t^ be/the K n&mua» in line with the prae >r maximus » the Curio maximus » tab Ve^talis Virgo maxima, and tnebhe pont pontirex if ex maximus» maximus, m «xa-- title of DioviSQA th £ name/Rex8ceased to he aptooprlate * f Juno reginaAdid not see A offensive as thip was a military revolution, a change in the colamahd of the army* Juno Regina » an invooatioj^left intact .r B u ^ i°vi8/ maximus ƒ optimuaj instead of ’Rex/ ^cftSbi-beat-ho. Mm Hp&mfd by only spox 'speaking I f him now in the vpcati^form of 'JuppiterW The predilection for* Juppiten.* instead/of y$&$r£iy, came about » /wken^lt was important to av&id the temptation of callin g B * ^ * # e x > (4 n e form of the Nominativ D ilsgiter disppeared now® We oiuy0read^idW of Jiippiter . This made any Yev iv al of a Diovis\%x im- bXar-unfeasibltoWdVor, the hew invocation of Juppiteh Maximus Optlraus .m x on thjrGapitoljNhad further consequence^ dfAgreat litu rg ic a l in^- pacty Juno-R©gina^—worshipp©d~ln~th0^gr0ve" wi-th-Biovia^ was not- t^TOn~up~to'~th@~-Cap4to3rin®“Hiirl® Minerva» the'sovereign Mind of V Juppiter himself » -thok-Juno^s^plaoey once mores, stressing the A -^as^emblj/of men», the %hqiy, as tinspired by the Godct-v^ ‘rujcr, u [s x u ttn , -tuCi W ' The b ro th er of yputhful Juno» the Diovls of ?h$ a n cie n t Brother-Sister marriage, beoamo, in precise contrast to the new Optimua Maximus» theAVediovls, the little» small» low, ^ q a j / Diovls who kept his cult at the foot of the Palatine Hillo * f S o alsoj-reraained everywhere over Latiura# As Juppiter Anxur» ° L j ^ j * *or asf vediovis where the Roman reform struck» he remained . Cui as the J u lii neauihiax served him as his priests down to the days of ^ e s a r in their Latin town« £hxx±ilmt ^ci^od

We are told that the Plebs had tribuni plebis now-» and f*«*» *he temple of Os® r e s » Liber , and Libera, the./had aediles plebis, p r ie s ts of the Aedes 3'acrae on the Aventine 1 1 1 1 4

Both, the names of the d e itie s worshipped in the temple, and the fact that the priestsƒ/$/// of the plebs were given th e ir name from the new buildings, is equally eloquent® C - -wye J u For, Liber, ( the Greek "Dionysos”» ) and Libera^' replaced Vediovis, the young appearance of iiippjüfKcRKyxtBtiüi« Jovis Res, in the same manner as Ju p p ite r Optimus Maximus , on the Capitol Hill, replaced the Diovis Rex of the Lucus and the Juno Lucina» at the foot o f the Hills® The parallel is astonishing exact® , , J't'.Ls-j t /fix. /-/-dJ-y • was Diovis Rex, the celestial, parallel to the King on earth,xia s p l i t up into the senior and the junior half ofl its own char actor, so to speak®

Diovis Rex ^Juno Regina worahipped cin Luc», in the Grovo. a ll over Latium and in R6me, tqo split/ int® The Deities on the Capitoline H ill The Deities on the Aventine The Triad The T riad Juppiter Optimus Maximus §erOS n /Oe rrjcJIr Minerva his motherless daughter Liber = Dionysos Juno Libera *•

This ^paralleled the army 8s marohing order® H ere, the patricians fDomed the Senior®s, and the name senate , only reflects this senioratus gf the l & m d gentry who served in the cavalry, the celores, under th e Tribuni Celerum® Accordingly, the highest aristocratic colonel , was S ailed Magister golerum , Commander of the Horse» a very close referen- . ce to the term "^axiraus” in Praetor Maximus® 'Magis and Maximus, in-Magiet© j and ^FrMt'©r*~Maxtou's-(“”whora -fche-Greeka ~1n^raial^t®d^y'--the_.term -HYPATjQS/—f-"the Highest)--and? ffhe-patres, the patricians served undfcr the Commander of ; IheJcHsDftdjL^nnder tribuni Celerum® The Ju n io r Part of Rome, the | fo o t s o ld ie r, were the Plebs and they serv ed under wr&buxtl Plebis® ! Plebs and “atres, then, corresponded to senatus and Juventus, to 1 senior and junior partners in the army® In English, gentry and yeomanry would be the exact equivalents®

| The core of the division of patres and plebs, then,was in the array0 Tme jl l b i l / p &SXYeoraanry was the JUNIOR Partner, without the Horse, the ' cavalry, Khen the cavalry wrested the leaddwship of the army from the King, the compensation which the junior p a rs could^eceive, was not to be found in the array itself® i t was found ^ in the doBfistic order® i in a victory over the king1 s supremacy in religiou s matters® For, ^ within the precinct1, within-the w alls, ( pomoerlum i t i s called in Latin, which means post m uros. Inside the walls®} the Rex was in charge of a ll the sacred actions® He was , and remained, the Re:x\ sacroimm® “ence, the privilege of the Jul'or Partner of the Army#'«could neither be found in the fig h tin g order of the army o u tsit the walls® nor 'In the peace­ fu l order of the priest-king Inside the walls® Where and hew then was it ft' bn. found? The plebs-"in opposition to the landed gentry® the* landowners of Rome- now fo r the f i r s t time in history were given sacred lan d , aedes, Juppiter and Vediovis II£L

a@d©@ aaerae^) ; i t la time, the new sacred ground and buildings had to b® found out a id® the district of the King'd p r ie s tly jufjbS’diction, 5 on the Aventine H ill. Hence the precious ring of the naiaesf Aedes SaCrae and Aediles Plebia, in the ears of th e yeomanry® Not the Tribuni Plebis were the revolutI®naryAgain of the Plebs • For, the Tribuni H libis simply paralleled the Tribuni gelerum, of the landed g e n try ® But the Aediles Febis and their Aedes Sacra©* were revolutionary indeedo They emancipated the yeomanry from thesking1s p riestly prerogative in Peace« in the same measure« as the Praetor Maximus with his P o n tifex Maximus« emancipated the landed gentry from the same king's military prerogative® ‘ This then is/the ^reform counselled by the Delphian oracle about 500® The li f e of the Romans, with their Gods itvigxx&ngg was re g u la te d f^ ft«^ in the army by the pontifices of the commander -in-chief® .. in the Plebs outdide the pomegrJLum on the A ventine in the old city by the Rex, aacrojbum, the rem ainder of the regim en of old« and the flomines oJEpiovis, .MM*, .. Mara y gfc*Vw a ny It'.fcusi • Also the .names Liber and Libera- although thi.lat.will be violently denied- must have been chosen as th e singular of LIBER I, =children, and, In this .case, again, the positive ring of the Son, the Liber, against the name vediovis, Small!. Zeus, was not accidental , but carefully planned® . The reformers, as we hear in the sources, were advised by Dekphi® Hence, even the place of worship of the royal family. In the sky, the Luci at the foot of the H ills , were now. to re c eiv e a^Delphian Hero, Lycofeus, Lucoris, as the protector of a Greek asylum® In #7 Compare,Dario Sabbatucci, L' E d llita Romana, Maglstratura • Sacerddf sio, Roma, 1954( Memorie della Accademia dei Bincei) ■Janjoltar»ajQdJ|^diftidA V andHegif uglum other words, not only did the new architecture of the tem ples on, the Capitol ax and on the C apitol supersede the worship in the open groves, these older temenoi without Redes", - we hear of Vulca, the a rtist from Etruscan V eji as adorning the new buildings- but some influence from Delphi did even try to transform the old place of worship, into a hero' s xjdbuaxx asylum® Hence, the royal priesthood lost its power even in its traditional place. For x a l the Latin tradition and the Sabinlan as well, had f e l t that the sacred grove me mirrored the sky, and the great privilege of the "Spectio", of asking from the sky ’world above for orientation below, this system of harmonizing .leaven and earth by which the king reconciled his ancestor God in the sky and h is people on earth, seems to have been lo st at this time, too , to the new magistrates® When we recognize the terra Aedllls for its suggestive powers that in the a e _ .lis , the m ilitary group of infantry men were given a vested interest in the good earth and in the property of a sacred building, for the first time, side by side w ith the proprietors of the land, then we suddenly become aware of the appropriate ness of the'term "pontifex" fo r the priesthood which a t th is time arose and encroached on the rex sacrorum®

For i f we put the rex in the center, as rex sacroimm feha we now see him flanked xhy in the m tlfield l on the Aventine by the in the luci in the valley by the two Maximl aedilis aedis sacrae the Delphian hero Lycfcreus Praetor and pontifex®

TJiis means that aedllls and pontifex are corresponding terms® For the one newly coined term stressed the sacred structure of peace time use, of the ag rarian rites. The Aedllls garanteed this to the plebs, the youth , at homec TL. other stressed the skills of camp making® The excavations of the terra- mare settlements have, shown how closely the Roman Castra were modelled after the moat and bridges plan of these masterpieces of safety in central Italy 0 Thje brig© across the Tiber the pons subllclus, has been held responsible fojr the name and the profession of the "bridgebuilders" the pontifices® But oijce b u ilt, th is bridge and its repairs scarcely could monopolize the a c tiv i­ ties of the pent if ices as a group® Furthermore, thai very fa c t that "Maximus” was not , and at one stroke, the title by which8Rex8was replaced on heaven and on earth, for Juppiter as well as for the lmporator, the praetor, proves that the p arallel of praetor and pontifex was uppermost in th e mind of the actors of\ the day® And the praetor was the milltasty leader outside the city. It th e re fc re yearns reasonable to look for his name and function in the campaigns of the army® It had to be a name x&& by which neither the cavalry, the C elerea , nor t the yeomanry, the plebs, .were singled out, or preferred® The religious men of the array , the Chaplans, had to xuaJtxoxxx be named with a name which stressed the unity of the army corps, not i t s branches® The term pontifex, by concentrating on the camp, instead of the battlefield, f u l f i l l e d this requir rements of g*vrt«gxthwxgfrBlaxg»mjrxxx pointing to the chapldns aV serving the common cause ^©f both force»«® The building of camps, then, was-fthe .skill of the pontiff ,* the owning or a sacred building in peace time, wa3$the;‘new right of the aedllls® Both received their names from the same reformrb&cause the \ VI

Juppiter and tfediovis

reformers wanted t© ritxttx break üp the union of cult® m ilitary leadership, and domestic adminsitration as vested in the King« Whenever , in the course of any political order- be it in England *3 glorious Revolution , or in ittalih utiim&itiiiitm Solon*s Reform in Athens, such a division of powers occurs, the issue lie s between the organisation b e lli domique, war and peace0 Secularisation- and the fight against s a p c the divine right of kings is sedularisation- never is a monifttic, single tentondy0 The Commons of England needed a swèrd on the Continent of Europe® The Dutch prince William III had to be made King, to the great distaste of the British lawyers, and later the Dukes of Marlborough and theJDuke of Wellington had to protect the autocratic government at home in the B ritish Isle s« And this has been the dü\_ep est organisational problem or constitutional riddle of British politics, to combine equality at home and proconsular powers abroad© Therefore, we must not wonder that when in 500, Greek influence pre­ vailed in R&me and did away "with the Indoeuropean divine rights of kings, to a certain extent, the division of war and peace, of army and c iv ilia n constitution created a profound dilemma© P-ntlfex and aedills, Pontifices and aedlles, are twins , Inx&fexx at leas£ in th e ir new roles ; for, it is no reason to believe that the name ppntifex was a new name. But it is every reason to think that PONTIFEX MAXIMUS indeed was a new parallel to Juppiter Maximus®

These Roman names t e ll their own story eloquently enough and Mommsen a l- £ ready saw the implications of the change from Juppiter ftex to S u p p lier Maximui with h is usual s agacity® However, although not as an argument, it seems advisable to put before the reader at this point a historical parallel so that the separation of peace and war, of army and c iv ilia n order, may be more fqj.ly weighed. Since Rousseau and Montesqieu, this c e n tr a l task of the political order has been stra n g e ly obscured*-)All lawyers, for Instance, ^hrlng the la st 200 years, have tried to le g isla te on the peace time army ~^-ud to treat the war time army as nothing but the mobilized peace time {Aarmy® They a ll Jdibehgved like my colonel who in 1915 told us that it was * high time for us to go home and have a decent array again® j The constitution of states , however, is written in war® I and the peace time army always is the shadow, the skeleton, the phantom of j the real thing® The very fact that pontifices were named from the real s itu a tio n of the campaigning array of the Romans,, goes to show that the an­ cients did not think via Montesquieu or Rousseau, but via blood, sweat , and tears® And it seems to me that all the fantastic modern explanations of the title pontifex Bxjoduutgiui&Bdx should be evaluated in the light of this mo­ dern fallacy® For instance, pontifex, waa deriv ed from the paths in heaven, and Marquardt and quite a number of living authors , are inclined to be­ lieve that the rational term pontifex i s a popular etymology of a soared indoeuropean word fo r ‘path. However, the rex of Rome was the priest of the sky® The pontifex was built up against this pathfinder® °f the limitation or the name 'pontifex' for the technician who built or repaired the bridge across the Tiber, we alread y had to speak® It would be quite [inexplicable whence such group could ever have pushed the majesty of royalty into £he background and ever could have occupied the Regia, the resid en ce of the Rex sacrorum, as yft/ the' pontifex ^aximus was allowed to do® i . t ‘ ~ .N | *-) See on this my academic address "Kriegsheer und Rechtsgen{efnschaftn breslau 1932® \ - VII

Juppiter and Vediovis

Our parallel may prove the reality of the dilemma and the power of the constitution of the army In war«

The Merovingian kings inherited the Roman bishoprics in Gaulle, and the divine r ig h t of their own pagan descent feom Wodaitu Shajpc&tt**« They fe ll under the rule of Majordorai, of Commanders-in-Chlef of thé army, and these generalissimos had no foothold in the domestic adminstratIon of the Chitrch of Christ nor in the polyth eistic traditions of the Pranks® K arl Mart©' tell and Pippin conquered, but the religious sanction rested on the royal blood of the Merovingian fam ily • What happened« The more th® Garolingian gaily achievements in war, and the nerovingian heritage drove apart, the more did i t become apparent th a t the carolingians needed a r e lig io u s sanction« They could find tftis only in the clergy with whom they associated during the actual campaigns of the army0 This clergy were the priests Who accom panied the re lic of the patron saint of the arony, the cap of St Martin of Tours, into battle« The groufb of p r ie s ts On whom th is task devolved, at first cannot have had a high rank. They were called the capella, and its individual members received the title capel- lanus. Now, these capellani moved up in rank together with their commanders -in chief, ju s t as Niemöller and Gollwitzer moved up in Dahl era when, Hinden­ burg went to their Church« The same chaplains whose names were unknown when |£arl Kartell defeated the Arabs , were the center of the Frankish Adrainstratlon by 800* Even the archbishops coveted the rank of archichap- lain in addition to their rank as primates of Gaulle or Germany, For the chapel was the king1 s church and a ll the bishops and abbots were educated , trained and selected within the chapel0 When we read that on First, in Rome, the pontifex had to ask the King and the £laminos, the old priesthood,to give him the sacred wool fo r the rites of Februation ", we are very clo se to the relation of archchaplain and archbishop, in Garolingian days« An older Canon Law and a new, dished and had to be reconciled by subtle fictions« The crowning fe a tu re of the reform of 500 was the reform of the calendar® The ten m onth calendar of 360 plus 5, at this time , was replaced by an adapatation of the Greek year and its attempt to HKfciyx harmonize mooncycles and solar cycle, and to forget the Sopdit yearalto­ gether® ' We already have realized in our first part that the Five tremendous days of February 2 k $ 85» 26, 27» 28, could not be forgotten« To this day, The 2i|.th of February is the Day of the intercalated Apostle M a tth ia s/ and in him, the old privilege of the Five Days is transparent®^hat is officially * now the end of February, still shows that i t once has been the opening of the next year. However, we now are in a better position to understand \the calendar makers of. 500® For, Rex and Pontifex "axiraua and aediles now have become understandable« We may expect that the central institu­ tion of royalty, h is leading the y e a r, may have undergone a change, too. And t h is , indeed did happen® The pontifices added two mentis to the calendar, January and February« They tried to have the Five tremendous Days, the "epagomenai, Absorbed in sid e February , and they instead, deve­ loped th* new festival.-of the , at the end of Deceipbier« Nobody has doubted that the mook - king of the Saturnalia, and the re^ffugium 'v;v

V Juppiter and Vediovis VIII

in some unfathomable manner, i f February 2k are /’doubles", But the important thing Is to see the difference between an old sacred ritu a l which is superseded like the jthsxregifugium, and the Saturnalia which i s a gay celebration instead of a sinister and ominous one« xTh±xxsi±i3t At the , the king had to run for his life, into the bush around the grove so that the branches would conceal him* The "bush” , the ju n g le, had to swallow him. And in the interval, not a mock k in g , but an interre x took over« To the end of the Roman republic» the interrex of Rome acted fo r fiv e days® The £Ive days of his office demonstrate his origin in the Wew ^ear in te rv a l* ater on, one Interrex , as a |ameKi.y xtur magistrate , was allowed to appoiht a next interrex, but the true character of h is o ffice, even then, showed in the fact that the I hXx f i r s 1 \ inttrrex, the real subistute during the regifugium, did not have the rig h t of the"specti@y ®f orientating the earth according to the sky« The regifugium , - and this is reflectednjithe loss of the spectio by the interrex- ended the" order on earth as derived from the sky during one round of 260 days* And in our first article , we had recognized that the Sopdit Year was the re^spect, and the circumspect skill t© follow the lieutenants of Sopdit-Sirius, the decans, in th& ir " r e lie f " flrora duty, in the sky» The interrex, then, was without th is circumspection, this insight into the harmony of heaven and earth, on which the sacred order of the territory depended«

K*xl«g While the interrex of the Five Days preceding March First kept a most important p o litic a l place in the new republican order, the King of the Saturnalia , never reached any s ta tu re outside the revelry of the winter solstice« This is an illustration of their very differ© o rig in in time®

The further consequence of this"double " of mock king In December, but interrex as a useful permanent magistrate gratefully pre- - served from the regifugium 1 » February, is that we now are enabled to understand one other Roman ^estival* The day of the publifugia has always been paralleled with the regifugium* L ittle , however, is known about it , and the date of its insertion into th e Calendar has never Been seriously investigated* It in any case was a holiday of the popu- lu s , the people. They l e f t the city in some great hurry, and th ey had to call each other, during this "flig h t"b y their first names, without their family names« Also, the regifugia came on a queer date * For, it was the canon law of Rome rthat no f e a s t day should come between any F ir s t of-the Month and any Nonae * The only holiday which breaks this ru le is the Regifugia. It f a l l s on July fifth, or Quinetilis Fifth, two days before the Nones of that month« , Sh . Why , then, this strange and rather second rate holiday ? , When we consider the new order of the pontifices, the aim of the day is ' not hidden* It comes six month after the Saturnalia • the newly institut ted competitor of the Regifugia* This points to the fact that th e name Regifugia was to be riv a lle d by pkjjrflfugia, just as much as the mock king r iv a lle d with the interrex« The break of the cal$ndaric rule that no holiday should come between cQlendae and Nonae/ f is r a tio n a l enough when we consider that the regifugium was of the j s^me irregular and Illogical date for the new calendar of twelve or th ir te e n moons wit v im

Juppiter and ^ediovis

of e ith e r 3 5 k or 3'78 daus within one solar year/ What was permissible for the King* had to be perm! raissible for the army, too, and thus, the jtaainaxRxHiaima Pupulus Romanus received from the hand of its wartime chapjalalns, she pontifices, th is privilege. That it was reasoned out, as a dialectical attack on the weight of the regifugia , shows in the otherwise strange idea to place it five days after the first of the month, instead of five days before. But th is is typical of studied opposition. An old taboo was to be broken, a royal privilege was to be rivalled. There was no other way to express the purpose of the publifugia except to l e t it break some otherwise respected rule® Finally, as to the content of the fe s tiv a l. Sere, also, meager as our data are, enough is known to see the p arallel' and the difference of the two days when the king flees into the bush, and the populus flees the city. The one name reads regifugium, the other popli­ fugia ® Can we find any^possible cause for this distinction ? Devoto has tried to show that "Fugium” is of very old origin, and as we have accepted from him, meant tbe dlsppearance of the king behind the branches of the trees surrounding the H .ain” , the grovep or Incus® The poplifugia did not demand the same thing from the people® F irst of a ll, they did not leave the but they le f t the walls of Rome® grove Second,-they could not possibly disappear. They very much remained in sight® jSence, regifugia is the older term. Poplifugia is young® It is a name of a countermovement against regifu gia , and i t Is not simultaneous with regifugium. But why regifugium , and poplifugia ? One is a singular, the o th er a p lu ra l. I am not sure that we can know with certainty the cause5 however, one p o ssib le reason may be adduced® The king lo st his titulus, h is name, rank, his sacred address fo r five days, He was made into a nobody by the regifugium. This aalect of the a n cie n t ritu a l is not appreciated among us. The.trembling caused by the loss of one * s name had been thoroughly forgotten by Humanism. Today the concentration camps have resulted from this lightheartedness of the governing classes about the name. In the concentration camps, the Inmates loose their identity® In a state prison, the man is condemned by name, fo r a definite crime® In th e Camps, nothing is said to them, they are nameless and their fate or function has no name® The ignominious loss of one 's name is complete only when both, name as well as function or'; position in society, both are lo st. In fa c t, the essence of the names of antiquity was that it was not separated into proper name of adress and name of office , of degree and t it le . The five names of Pharao of Egypt united to bestow on him/ T itle, rank, degree, function and name. The "ame of King was t i t l e and name in one® The extinction of one * s name, the erzure of the nomen, was done to the CeSars lik e Domitlnaus, by ther.Senate^ In 96. And the Book of Revelation when It gives the figure of 666 to Nero, or Domitlnaus \ Intends to make It unspeakable® By an interesting investigation of ro fe sso r warcus, it has been brought out very recently that the Ruler of Egypt - and later on , in his succesion every man at Mis funeral - had to kix wait fo r the great acclamation®/The formula ran^H e is righly acclaimed”* ) • ' % * ) R. Marcus, Jouxmtl\ of Near Eastern Studies X II, 19j?ij-, 21£f ® * V It Is not superfluous to b rin g in this feature as the ATOMEN Romanum of the city of Rome, receiv ed its own name from the intervening ,fiex. Juppiter and/Ve.diovls PopllfURla and MeRlgugfum

The Pharao of Egypt dad a ll other heavenly rulers of any pagan establish- -»ent did not carry th e ir Title or name for thememlves only* It seems to be har d to understand for modern men that the names formed one stream of infleuence from the heavens to the ruler and through himw to every one ruled by him. This was the Divine Rihgt of Kings that without him* no body could carry the name of the kingdom« The faan ch ise of the citizenry emanated through the king because he alone mediated betwi between heaven and earth« This//is no farfetched mysticism« I tn i s most rational« The earth as we have mentioned in our f ir s t essay An 360+5, divides us« The settlement of any land for good is bashed on a division n: professions, of scribes and peasants, craftsmen and warriors• In sharp contrast to the happy warriors of the nomdaic order, the land demands spe< cialisation, for, at least a priestly class must be supported to devote it s e lf to the observation/i of the sky« The throne of any k in g , his xadbam solium, meant Just this 'one fact that under him, people would have to do • different things« The diversity was made possible by the divine influence the king on his throne. For he thereby re-united those whom space and profession separated« The heaven made for unity, the errth for the division of labor« The king kept the repsiratary process between the twm directions of dispersal and reuinion alive© No wonder , then, that as in Shake pe are it is said by Upyyses in hi,s hr eat speech on order» the order cofees down from heaven and bestows via the R0y a l t it le by which the king rightly is acclaimed as the Son of H&ftvAne, the correct names on a l l th e inhabitants of this heaven-mirroring land® The lo s s of the king * s name, therefore was the chaos• But as the liturgy required the ostensible reinvestment of the R u ler, the re g i- fugia did take this risk , once a year« I have tried to ex p lain why a ll the order passed through the t it le of the king. Nobody could hold t i t l e to land or to any honor in the land except by emanation; the king1 s name ennob/led a ll the o th e r names« And nobody could have a name outside the magic circle of the royal title« , um the i I f we apply this principle to the reglfugi/ and/popi^fugia, the gain is considerable* Wo know of two facts: 1« on the re gif ugluip, the Kingship ceased for fiv e days« The "Interrex" is proof of this « The royal nomen lo s t its c e le s tia l power© The bearer was a man without a name© 2© Now, the poplifugia contained the parallel fact: the populares, peaving the city in a throng, had to ahando their claim t o their t it le s . For the fam ily nam®s were as we have seen name and title and professional function all wrapped 1$ one© Hence, it is clear that they undertook to imitate the King« But as with the r e g i- fugium it is with the poplifugia. The cause ytf( of the regifuglum was not the calamity of the chaos« the cause of the regifuglum was simply that his Hew Installation on “ew xaaR Year’s Day, had to b e 5prepared© On March* F irst, the King of R0me was Mars •‘■riumphant. Glad in purple, smeared ^ with Red, he was the Bull., the Taurus, the Royal Steer© The regifugium prepared his re-establishment in full glory« Applying this to the poplifugia, we have to see the emancipation of Republican\or better of pontifical Rome in the fact that the citizens could re turrit from the poplifugia and don their names again , in their own rightw ithout the king1s intervention The names given up on th e poplifugia, returned to them the next day« This indeed was the triumph over royalty*5: fo r it made a citizen *s name an& t it le and profession independantJfrom t^e. royal name© In th is process, the political problem of the la st millennium before Christ consisted everywhere« We have difficulties In understanding that u. . the basileus, the rex, the kbnig, made the citizenship available;before ' the word G iv is, polites, Buerger , covered any one individual , the king had to be installed through whom this heavenly manna eg correct and truthfAl names receiv ed I t s sanction« The Res Publica of $ 0 0 in Rome became a civitas without the namegiving rex « And the great change is embodied in the fact that with~~~ o the opening of the new temple of Juppiter Optimus Maximus A .n $ 0 9 , th e nam o of the year^S represented by a new name giver, the p ra e to r Maximus» %he ^eponyitr office of the Praetor Maximus which the consuls Inherited, was the emancipation of the Inhabitants of Rome from the naraegiving monopoly of royalty« The Res Publica every year recorded another name fo r this^purpose so that all the poflulus m ight ho ld th e ir names from" the New xear1 s*-Magistrat e , Instead from the annually re-instituted SacrBd King® T ijis, then, is the religious meaning, of the r^epublic® But if Res Publica was the discovery of citizenship without royal sponsorship, the name of poplifugia is most intimately connected with the upsurge of the new theme of a Res Publica outside the Divine Right of Kingd. . . _ .And. what, then could, have been more k*ian bo in s t i­ tute a festival of the Res P u b lica, the toUJtogi« Poplifugia ? During the Fugia, the populus lo st Its RES, Its status as named and entitled citizen of the Republic, At their r e tu r n , they uhm* recbbered- fcjju their property, their goods,and Chattels , in the name of the res publica as represented by pon tiff and aedlles. Again, we can see how carefully the name of aedes sacrae of Ceres, Liber and L ibera were choden, for the su rety and asurance of .the plebs, Sacrae, Sacred Is the namegiving power« A sacrament Is thxx tantamount to this power of bestowing the right names on peoples, land, things« The Son and Daughter, the boy and girl of Rome, in their sacred Tempift on the Abentin, now had the source and origii of their own property,' goods,and chattel, their fam hl/y status garabnte

fugia would have been left dangling in the air unless the relnthronisatlon so to speak , the re-naming of the Res public» was enacted on some p lace o u ts i­ de the city which they had le ft in such ceremonious haste« The newest treatment of the pojjLifugia by "a lte r Krau-s/Isolates the festival from a i l the annual cycle. We already hrve pointed out the striking features of its being one half year removed from the Saturnalia, and its breaking the tabbo of the calendar by comming fiv e days after the Kalendae« We now lik e to add that pcgLifugia do require some re-in stitution « The regifugium is repaired on Wew ^eargs ^ay« The loss of name by the pojbulus, also1 would have to be repaired. But our calendar is silent about any such action« ^et, the Romans were very strict in their ritual of "in contrarium agere,11, or meeting any act by i t s opposite act« As the Poplifugia are left without such a restitution, the restitution may have been a part o f th e day i t s e l f ® That which they losjr inside the pomoerium, they were given back on the Abontln©.' In this wav, the new fountainhead of their law, was powerfully estaMLis hod, and the jS>wred Aedes on the Aventine showed their power to cfe&te names® /In Latin cf*e§.re means to name and to nominate/. I t is always said and printed that bthe ancients did nit know of the c re a tio n out of nothing® Nothing is more arbitrary thaffc th is statement* The creation out of chaos , out o& n o th in g , is the whole content of the **ew Tear/ ceremonies0 The Creation of a new heaven and a new earth was the content of the whole fciftual from China to Mexico® The very word CREARE meant exactly what the Bible means when she has God create heaven and e arth by the word of his mouth® And/// since sacrare, 8acramentum, sacra are the a c ts of creating new order out of nothing, the Temple on the Aventine must have been the center of some enactment of political significance« As to the distinction of the singular regifugium and the plural polifugi g ia, it can hardly be ju stifie d when or as as we compare the two form ative words regi and popli. pofmlus and re g both grammatically are singu­ lars* Ag soon , however, as w© concentrate on the meaning of the two events, the plural becomes indispensable* the one royal nomen and the innumerable nomina of the people , are to su ffer a p a r a lle l temporary eclipse® Hence the singular of polifugium would be most inept® I cannot A say that actually the two forms, noraen and nomina, actually were heard or made themselves f e l t , wh^n polifugia was coined; but the term polifugium would have been incongru- because the populus was not made to leave Rome as one united body bu but as a dissociated 'mob® The forming of the **es Publica out of a mob of nameless people, made nameless for the occasion, is the content of the festival of which we only know by its beginning, the collapse of the named o rd er, in the form of the pnXtSxglxx poplifugia.

Since this collapse proudly superseded./:the collapse of the royal irjiuence upon a ll other names of the noraen Romanum, in the old days, we cannot be surprised to see the name "ediovis supersed the venerable name of Diovis. k In the last years, the excavations., of Rome have recovered the temple of *Vediovis as built in much later days , and in it Vediobis is shown as a beautiful Apollon« This shows that no sinister features, were given to this Diovis when feis royal majesty hxjuuoiix had to be lowered in favor of the . mkxiraus Juppiter • By considering the form of"ve-puratoHin the sense of no fir e , without fir e (pyr) , we may pefchaps 3e~e the vicin ity of the Various new names given in the f ir s t days of the annual namegiving %rchon Bgonymos” of Rome, the Maximus Praetor « Neither tfre wicked Dieus, nor th'e l i t t l e , nor the mad God, seem to me possible explanations of the name vedio^is« ^’rem our study of the creation of names out of nothing , and of their temporal disap­ pearance through the exigencies of the llt ir g y , I am inclined to^look ~ in.the d ire c tio n of namedness fo r the understanding of the "name" • or /urtiname, Vedio> vis« ffe seems to me to form the sax* direct contrast to th e formula for tKe ////

«*»*.— | ƒ'• *. ^v? 1 tU2« i /« the Dies whc Horus of Egypt • This f Qrmula^ran:"fte is righ tly acclaim ed Vediovis/is not rightly acclaimed* »© is without acclamation* The process of invo­ king the Gods is a most' d e lic a te p a rt of old Roman r itu a l* The Gods of enon my cities, for instance, were formally evoked* **ence , a number of verbs acclamare, f a r i, Anvocare, creari, might be supplied to f i l l the name of ediovis with its correct meaning# But an ©mission of invocation seems to me probably involved although I am unable to d efin e its p re ­ cise character# That element however , of the Divinity, which is repudiated by the syllable 11 ve ", should be / sought in the d ire c tio n of the voice* human or divine voice, by which the Gods and men enter into communication« Wether it was the Plebs who were told , Invoke Liber and Libera, instead of young Diovis, Diovis as the adolescent and the brother of Huno, Dies Anxur# or wether the dismissal from the duty to acclaim was stated for the pogmlus Romanus so that after 509# the cult ceased to ^ be «unacted by the whole c&ngragatlon and was restricted to the Flamen D ialis, we do not know# There never seems to have been a priest of Vediovis , by name* B©nCe# the Flamen D ialis must have served in his temple* And this is the reason why I do not think that he ever was invoked as V ediovis, but that he simply was not invoked by the larger group which had done so before, and which now tranferred their allegiance to the Aventine# ThepppMus never was the king's populus; in the regifu- gium, the old ro y a l army was represented by the S a l i i , the awwrddancing p r ie s ts . The excavated temple of Vediovis i s situated between Arx and the Temple of Juppiter Maximus, I t the place of the &dylum of Romulus or Lycoris. If his festivals became/ the task of the flamen alone, it could be compared to those ch ristiin fe stiv a ls which cease to be celebrate« ted in foro and are kept on as festivals in choro* &n example of this is Gandlnmas, which the Pope has made into a h o lid ay in chore« Juno, Diana, The Latin names of Diovis Juppiter , Diovis Anxur, ^ediovis ») ftex, flamen, reglfuglum #) There never was a J u p p ite r Anxur. fo r the term Anxur marked out that ^ heavenly God who was invoked as not yet the Fathers and when V irg il spoke • of Anxur, with one p , by the way, he had to do so because the old religion had become ununderstandable 0 in 509 w ererestricted by the Roman names of Juppiter Optimus Maximus inerva, Ceres, Liber and Libera, gontlfIces amrixAnritlim and Pontifex axiraus, as well as by the Aediles Aedis Sacrae• Senior and Junior Partner of this new es Publica pushed the old order of the year and of the divine services intothe background* The new o rd er distinguished patricians and p le b s, as senior and junior partner of the tSenatus Pofmlusque Romanus * And old and young co in cid ed more or le s s with named and unnamed, with n obility and the mjptitudeo The commonwealth of youth is ijrs abondance, its plethora. And Plebs means this pi ethos, this inexhaustibe supjbly * The w aalth of namedness I 9 the Essence of the nobili ty* It is' important’ that pleb s in 509 did not have the ring of our word pi l plebeian at.all* Of the young as well as of the old , that:quality was underscored , which was most „excellent and enjoyable In them* Plebs had no degrading meaning; It praised the abondance , just as the n obility praised the namedness. These are both advantages* \ ^

1 \ KN

Juppiter and Vediovis ^SC?

U.t ither words, the new hitecture of the temples oh\ the CapltolWnd the Avon» tine, superseded the wo ip in the open groves, the temples without aedes, wnich were cut out by t e 'spectio of the,, sky and tfi© orientation on a sacred plain below on e iwb the honor of the ferove no 4 was to be shared by a hero of thW grov r ■ l \ Vediovis and Lycorpus and Xuno Lucina as © strange ^rikd of the lut are\ the distorted j&Jtjji deities und the pressure f ?om Juppiter Optimus Maximus, Juno na, Minerva o x the one side from \the Pontifex Maximus Von "the'^apitoline H HI and from Ceres, L iber and ikhera, on thXother sid e from the A vehtine and its unheard off Aedes saprae , i s stone tem piss owned by the Junior Partner, the Plebs«

\ \ ^'Xancient ^ The Romans^uid any commonwaalth distinguished theN«|&:and the new ,/tth® old and^tha young, also hy the c o n tra ts oiryhamed am's&anamed® N o b ility is th© name'd p a rt of the commonwealth, and'the plebV. ihsihe unnamed mul­ titu d e* the 'wealth of folks which replenishes by i t s pouthful abondance

No wonder, then, when we find in the history of the names as given h e re , a reflection of this distinction* Liber and Libera, Koros and Kore in Greek, Boy and Girl , as we might though defectively interpret their names, are d e lib e ra te ly nameless* the Young have n o t y e t a name of th e full autority of the mature and adult« In the City of Rome, th e members of the senate , every one of them has mad© a name® The plebs is the wealth of unnamed manhood® In a precise p a ra lle l, a member of the House of Lords in England must be called by his own name* For th is is the meaning of the ^cnraftêltordJYthat you have your own name* But the very o p p o site is tru e of C word LORDy ■ «* thefrblfiSons * In the House of Commons .you are ou£ of order when the Speaker c; ^xalls you by your name* It Is the severest form of censure when this happens Winston Churchill .'is the honorable Momt>er fo r Woodford as long as behavesxsrs' well® To be named by o n e 's own name, in the house of Commons, makes one ignominbus, ignobe, of ill repute ® This is true In our own days? i t goes to show how eternal the orders of society really are* For,the Junuor p a rtn e r has his honor in beind recognized as a member of the Body F o litio , o f the Commonwealth* I t is the se n io r p a rtn e r o nly,, who may add a name o f h is own, to his membership within , and so to speak, on to of this membership® Lordship is no&ditioned on membership first* Nobody can be an aristocrat un­ less he fejR&oxgx undoubtedly shares the rights of the Commons, first* I This may warn the modern analytical mind against oversim plification In the history of Religion , of the Church, and of the State as well« The human classes and orders never are xnuturlly exclusive« The wljtole lo gical scheme . of history is untenable^ C|s we a ll co-represent our own oppposites, too« l Young become old, Folks bee Arne rich , new men become senators'* Any dialec­ tics of yound and old, senators and new people, are Relative and subjugated to their e s s e n tia l polarity and unity* ,Liber, t The Latin names of Diovls, Juppiter, Vediovis/allow ua^to learn an object lesson in the true unfolding of historical life among (tanen« \ % f.: , •" ( i , ^When Julius Cesar became emperor of Rome, one of hifc claims was s t i l l that h is ancestors had been the priest3 of »©diovls, thé Latin Jovis Anxur, through the ages. In a deeper sense, then,vVirgil rightly became the.^ poet of the Cesars by singing of the Latin Kings who were^iespitaii-am e^ XV

Juppiter and ^ediovis

embodied Mars and Diespiter among men* Only, the old ^atin, religion as a ll ancient religions, were not ubiqui­ tous on this earth# As we now approach the end of our jounrtpip, we may r e ­ call that the gentiles before Christ had to be satisfied to have the ubiquitous divinities in the sky above tha many wrinkles of the earth# On e a rth , any ih ill , mountain, obstacle, separated the gods of one pleue of the globe from the gods of another piece of the globe. The Gods in the sky alone seemed to overcome this curse of separation. And for this merit of their ubiquitousness-the Book of uenesia calls such a God who is everywhere,Shaddaj- the constant rise and setting of moon, stars and sun, were discounted • M©n of antiquity put up with the problems of the rotation of the firmament and the revolutions of the zodiac, the p la n e ts , etc., in order to benefit from the s ta r s ubiquitousness. Royalty had to implement this c e le s tia l advantage by being able to be present in one plac ce a l l the time. Hence, th e rex sacroium had to occupy the c ity 's pomoeri ium incesaantly. He could not ride axiom on a horse or indorse drawn carri la g e s . ne could not go to b attle. But he was the heavenly bull on th is Sacred earth which his word had consecrated. And as long as th e re wqs to be a Rome, the member of the family in the sky whi alone was omnipresent 2J+ hours a day, had to be kept on. The leadership of the array, the pre­ siding in court, the provision of the fruits, all this could be given to o ther magistrates, from Maximus and Magister to minors• But the f i l l ma­ jesty nominis R0mani depended on the spot where heaven and earth were m arried in holy marriage and for this reason, Diovis Anxur had to rem ain through his embodiment on earth. For it seems not too bold to say that Anxur has to do with the gloss’'anxarey to proclaim, , and that it was the Aius, the Speaker - Kid g and the Speaker God who created the order between heaven and earth, in any place of Latium. What had been achieved fo r the whole g ig a n tic arej area of Egypt o'nce, over one thousand m iles, by the progress of Horus, was now repeated in every one peculiar and particular sacred grove whereu« ever a permanent settlement was invoked and installed by having a godman sit down on a solium, a throne and consecrate the s o il in the image of tb< sky. The earth, by the end of antiquity, had been consecrated in most of its parts. What now was needed was the reunion of all these many separate matrimonies of heaven and earth, the reunion of all the many godspeakers and Biovis Anxurs, in one "ome on earth as it is in heaven. The Roman way at this point becomes clear as a sensible causeway into Christianity® The religion of the Latin Kings already had be-en a good^^eal o ftlf true religion for it had reconciled heaven ande arti^ and God_ s w ill in ■ heaven had been done on earth, too. One of the dhstacles to "our under l | standing this essential unity of all religions, prechristian and Ch$i- | stian, is a last misnomer of the last centuries w ith regard to i/ediov: vis or Diovis Anxur. While we have seen that Anxur is the\Speaker GBd, and vediovis perhaps the God without the people's acclaim^“in Choro, it has been the fashion of many decades to bestow liberaifly op those deities of which we $onot know too much the term " chthonian* and to pre­ tend that they represent something sin ister in the Netherworld. Now, vedi ovis-Apollo was not sin ister, not silen t lik e “ades. He ^spoke. as Anxur and he was beautiful lik e Apollo# " r > XVI

Oscar Goldberg alread y in 193$ showed that the alleged chthonlan Gods of ^reece were in f a c t sim ply the Gods of th is territory, the epicho- rian Gods within the lim its of constellation, orientation,and ausplc&ti* on® The' fashion of the term chthonlan is a mere fashion® When w© dis­ miss It, we recognize th® real process before the coming of Christ® The division of the earth made many mediators necessary whose names cam me between the sky and the people on earth0 The omnipresence of th© ruler on earth and the ubiquitousness of the stars over thé whole of the earth, together expressed mankind1 s religion because men wished to do God’s will then as much- or as little - as we today®

Christ Is the ftex Sacrorum from every city on the globe rolèdd In to one® His death and his resurrection corresponds to the regifugium and the New Tear® And the interlude of the patricians and the democra cies of th e last fivehundred years before his coming, were the time of preparation which was needed to uproot the rex saerorum , the divine kingship of every myth-crowned place on the globe® For ® the mvth is th the price of the local limitations of the d iv in ity «IT the U o d speaks In Rome to the Romans only, a. myth is in d isp en sab le to distinguish the Gofl of Rome from the God Ih Tusctlum or In Alba Longa® Myth- so much debated today and totally misunderstood,Is the price ©f the lo cal boim arles of the divine• That which is restricted in t:\m e.or place in religion, has a myth by which its singularity and particjtparlty may be justified, whereas Christianity is antimythical and historical: because i t s God Is not hidden In the soared grove between th e two peaks of the capitoline H ill. I t is well known although never mentioned by the_ Bultmarm8s that Golgatfaa and thé grave m ^oiuaalea were^left empty lest "Ottriat be a myth and missed out on niT'universal mission to re­ place any one local rex sacrificulus® basileus® divine klhg~or “ local phara© anywhere a lT ”övor ~tho globed ^ " When the Romans dismissed c r it ic a lly ttf© kgxx Hex in the sky and ftex in the Regia of their town, th© coming of Christ came nearer one whole step® And the exaltation of Juppiter into the Biggest and the Highest could, not conceal the weakening of the sacred marriage between heaven and earth® Let us once more stress the f a c t that Juppiter ^aximus and *ediovIs have been sImultan©ousnreations. The old DIovis had Insured a harmony of heaven and earth® This now was pushed into the background, fo r th© sake of the marching regions of the populus Romanus®. The orbis terrarun was conquered by the Juppiter Maximus and his Pontifex ^aximus where th© Latin Kings had been satisfied with keeping the seed and harvest time® Alexander the Great resulted from the d em o cratic reforms in Greece and Julius Cesar resulted from the republican revolution of the Romans t But to this day, the task of reconciling the unity ofl a ll men in one heavenly w ill, and of diversifying the professions by each one man's earthly will , reminds us of the predemocratlc and prerepublican religions® . » One w ill has to prevail in heaven and on earth® iiJZZT. '.

Jupplter and Vediovis )CVi J^3 incarnations ampn^,;ijwxw g^^sl£^uiga«Xgks'^QWj|/ a ld tlittep::-ttad'*t.Qlbiiiik4®a,

nama^S*«* /f7*_£ y e •vt *•' *-X< f £ k *«.js InNtfie Latin cities/ alH©~jw«rg «tetSS» Jhz oi* Axiir) the companion eronia,

S deead« 799Xyirgil/gives him his sacrwd grove *‘ m «0 ^ _ v___ an. upiteKAnxdrus arvis/fi praesidetvirldi gaudejns ^ealonia luco . the h^hit to c a ll kediovis a chthonlan God, aijd the Vsethey of ChtHon&fh!! is one of the pet habir® of the las f which' we\{cnow too l i t t l e , is called chthonia Cioldberg\already hadvshown in 1938* that the\Gods called chfcho simply were 'th^gods o t \ h e good earth, of the country, tme^chora« Greek, They Iw ed within tfye termini of the NOMMEk Homanip , and “reconciled £nlH piece of lkpd to the heavens» gJh©\abuaeIof the wor chthonlan, ih om*. case, woula^make Vediovis into Pluto ,} the God of the Netherworld# y f this, thei*« is*no hint in our tMdi^ions®

The fact 1st tha^Juppiter Maximua and Vediovis werW cocreations And the sacred grove,N$he lucus , oiN^ediovis, dertainfe as l i t t l e as in Dodona or among the kfolsci, suggest'ed^the underworl«io\ He did insure the people of tnhy harmonjr between^th^ skyworld labc^vo and the fields below®JEhis .was hi^central significan®e’^<,or as to, this day "~iirrtTieCXaWr Nosier, has f to prevail in heaTe’it'finrd^on-eartls« And although the enlightenment dp®4- take this harmony for granted, it is the most d iffic u lt achievement of every day life # Any division of labor on earth produces vested interests# And vested Interests are antagonistic# It always takes a^ higher w ill, a divine w ill to re ­ unite those whom their daily work specializes# The heaven stands fo r unity , the earth, for diversity, or division of labor. And it is not any luxury to believe in Vodiovis or in Juppiter or in Ceres# We who believe in One God, Creator of Hoo^ven and Earth, should cease to forget, that our division of labor and our classes , sexes, and ages, Cso threaten us with rfcfts, anarchy, and decadence, unless we have one "ame above a l l these dividfi&g names by which we can explain ourselves to each other is being truly One® vediovis when re-instatod as the God of the Julii, in Cesar*s days, this "youthful edition of the gather of Gods and Men, was unable" to convince the Romans or the Roman provinces, fo r that matter , of the essential unity of the God Cesar and the subject races, of the Roman anc the NonRoman humanity, of slave and free# God had to become slave be- for the exauctorisotion of "ediovis in 500 was compensated for# Christ is that Son of God, the inconspicous one, the Vediovis, but this time nat as the invocation of a spirit, but as the Incarnation of this spirit among us# The true stusSfo- of the capltolln© h i l l in Rome, of the Abentine H ill outside Rome, of the open world of the Roman pontiffs and comman­ ders in Chief, elided in the Son of the Father0 We agfUn divide the invo­ cation into two, young and old, senior and junior, Father and Son# And we know that they are two in one Spirit, and that there is One^SpIrit - out of the Two© The curse of the Cross, of the vanquished, of vedidbis, is lift e d by thf& Bearer of the Cross and of the Curse o f the Cross# *Vepurato*, fesslnguish the f ir e , was an old It a lic formula, and it shows that the syllable ve- intended abolitiop deprecation, extin£tionc He who acdepts the Scandal of the syllable "VE", the negation’of glory, can see in the process of the names of Roman worship, a very simple and unifying history of the One Religion for which a ll the nations have always been heading® The "many" religions are just not thereb "All men i of good w ill alleys have tried to worship the Father, the Son, the Spir. ■.,...... - a- SrfcaiSS

Maximus thanks to The word1maximum| Jay/Hanells b r i l l i a n t reconstruction of tne parallel between Jupiter Maximus against Juppiter ttex before, the praetor raaximus who impressed the Greek world so that HYpyatos remained the term for the later consul, the pontifex maximus as the companion of this new officer, open? ihe way to a further understanding of the two other maximi in Rome, the vestalis maxima , and the Curio MaXimu3tt The Vostalis Maxima replaced the queen. She took over the service inside the home of thus city from the wife of the king, the regina, And the Curio Maximus replaced the King at the religious ceremonies of the Curiae, in the comitiae of these pedigreed families«» ^h© reform is so comprehensive and so logical that we every­ where see one principle: ro y a lty was rep laced by sovereignty, and the systematic thoDOugness makes every one of the five Maximl on earth the rational instruments of the one reform on earth which on the Caplt- d i n e Hill exalted Jupiter Optumus Maxumus•

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