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Universi^ Micrdfilms International 300 N INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce u this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)” . If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. 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These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. Universi^ Micrdfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8318373 Hoskison, James Taylor A GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY OF THE GUDE LANGUAGE The Ohio Slate University Ph.D. 1983 University Microfilms Internetioricll300 N. zeeb Roaa. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Copyright 1983 by Hoskison, James Taylor All Rights Reserved A GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY OF THE GUDE LANGUAGE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment cf the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By James Taylor Hoskison, B.A., M.A., M.S. The Ohio State University 1983 Reading committee: Approved By David L. Stampe, Chairman - A Catherine A. Callaghan Adviser Arnold M. Zwicky Department of Linguistics To Peter Landerman, whose enthusiasm for linguistics was contagious. 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study is based on five years of field work done in Nigeria between 1970 and 1976. During that time, my wife Nancy and I were working under a cooperative agreement between the Institute of Linguistics (a branch of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, Inc.) and Amadu Bello University. I wish to thank both of these institutions for making this field work possible. It was our privilege to live during these years in Lamurde village near Mubi, in what is now Gongola State, Nigeria (formerly Northern Sardauna Province, North- Eastern State). We greatly appreciate the warm hospitality of the the Mubi Local Authority and of the Gude people. In collecting and checking Gude language materials, I have benefited greatly from the help of Mr. David Dahiru Shala, my principal secretary and language teacher. I wish to acknowledge my gratitude to him and to the other men who have patiently tried to teach me their language: Amos Jali Njairi, Halilu Nyada, Mohammed Ahmadu Mashi, and Yusufu Alhaji Nwanwi. At various times, members of the Summer Institute of Linguistics assisted me in the analysis of Gude phonology and syntax. I wish to especially thank Katy Barnwell, Joseph Grimes, and Roger Mohrlang. I am indebted to Richard Rhodes for many of the insights into Gude phonology which are encluded in chapter I and in my previous M.A. thesis Notes on the Phonology o f Gude (Hoskison 1975). Examination of my bibliography will reveal the names of some of the many Chadic linguists who have influenced the style and content of my work. I am grateful for a brief but stimulating correspondence with Russell Schuh. This study also benefited from the use of a concordance of Gude texts which was made by computer at the University of Oklahoma under NSF grant GS-1605. I wish to thank OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. for tuition assis­ tance and for use of their word processing equipment. This dissertation has been printed on a Canon LBP-10IMAGEN laser printer using the Te X typesetting sys­ tem. I ! iii I also wish to thank my OSU instructors for thier generous assistance in the analysis of Gude and in the preparation of this grammar and dictionary, especially David Stampe, lise Lehiste, Catherine Callaghan, and Arnold Zwicky. Needless to say, any errors or oversights in these pages are my own responsibility. Finally, I must acknowledge my wife Nancy, who has assisted more than anyone else in the creation of this grammar and dictionary. IV VITA May 23, 1945 .................................. Born - Richmond, California 1968 ...................................................... B.A., Southern California College, Costa Mesa, California 1970-1976 .......................................... Linguistic researcher and translator, the Institute of Linguistics, Nigeria 1975 ...................................................... M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1976-1978 .......................................... Teaching Associate, Department of Linguistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1980 ...................................................... M.S., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1&79-Present ...................................... Systems Analyst, OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc., Dublin, Ohio PUBLICATIONS Hoskison, James T. 1974. ‘Prosodies and verb stems in Gude’. Linguistics 141: 17-26. Hoskison, James T. 1975. ‘Focus and topic in Gude’. Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on African Linguistics. OSU Working Papers in Linguistics 20: 227-233. Hoskison, James T. (forthcoming) ‘Ideophones in Gude’. Proceedings of the 12th West African Languages Congress (1976). Ife, Nigeria: University of Ife. V TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................... iii VITA ...................................................................... V LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... xii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................... xiii ABBREVIATIONS........................ xiv KEY TO SIG N S ................................................................................................... xvi INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1 PART I A GRAMMAR OF THE GUDE LANGUAGE Chapter 1. Phonology ................................................. 9 1.1 Consonants ................................................................................. 9 1.1.1 Plain c o n so n a n ts ............................................................. 9 1.1.2 Labiovelarized consonants ............................................ 11 1.1.3 Palatalized consonants..................................................... 12 1.2 Vowels ......................................................................................... 14 1.3 T o n e ......................................................• ....................................... 17 1.4 The standard orthography ......................................................... 17 Chapter 2. Nouns and noun phrases .............................................................. 22 2.1 Common n o u n s ............................................................................. 22 2.1.1 Basic n o u n s ..................................................................... 22 2.1.2 Derived nouns ................................................................. 25 VI 2.Ï.2.1 Abstract nouns .................................................. 25 2.1.2.2 Agentive and instrumental nouns ................. 27 2.1.2.3 Compound nouns . ...................................... 30 2.2 Noun in fle c tio n s ........................................................................... 34 2.2.1 P lu rality................................................................. 34 2.2.1.1 Regular plurals .................................................. 34 2.2.1.2 Irregular p lu rals .............................................. 35 2.2.2 Possessive pronominal s u f f ix e s ........................ 39 2.2.2.1 Non-inherent p o ssessio n .................................. 39 2.2.2.2 Inherent possession .......................................... 41 2.2.2.3 Independent possessive pronominals .... 44 2.2.3 Demonstratives ................................................. .... 45 2.2.3.1 Demonstrative suffixes ...................................... 45 2.2.3 2 Independent demonstrative pronominals . 47 2.2.4 Definiteness ......................................................... 47 2.3 Pronouns ................................................................ 48 2.4 Proper nam es ..............................................................................
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